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==引用==
 
==引用==
 
{{reflist|30em}}
 
{{reflist|30em}}
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=== 人工智能教科书 ===
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{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book
 +
| last=Hutter |first=Marcus |author-link=Marcus Hutter |year=2005
 +
| title=Universal Artificial Intelligence
 +
| isbn=978-3-540-22139-5
 +
| publisher=Springer
 +
| location=Berlin
 +
| title-link=AIXI }}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
|last=Jackson
 +
|first=Philip
 +
|author-link=Philip C. Jackson, Jr.
 +
|year=1985
 +
|title=Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
 +
|isbn=978-0-486-24864-6
 +
|publisher=Dover
 +
|edition=2nd
 +
|url-access=registration
 +
|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoar1985jack
 +
|access-date=4 March 2020
 +
|archive-date=26 July 2020
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131713/https://archive.org/details/introductiontoar1985jack
 +
|url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
|last1=Luger
 +
|first1=George
 +
|author-link=George Luger
 +
|last2=Stubblefield
 +
|first2=William
 +
|author2-link=William Stubblefield
 +
|year=2004
 +
|title=Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving
 +
|publisher=Benjamin/Cummings
 +
|edition=5th
 +
|isbn=978-0-8053-4780-7
 +
|url=https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000luge
 +
|url-access=registration
 +
|access-date=17 December 2019
 +
|archive-date=26 July 2020
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726220613/https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000luge
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|url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book |last1=Neapolitan |first1=Richard |last2=Jiang |first2=Xia |year=2018 |author-link1=Richard Neapolitan |title=Artificial Intelligence: With an Introduction to Machine Learning |publisher=Chapman & Hall/CRC |isbn=978-1-138-50238-3 |url=https://www.crcpress.com/Contemporary-Artificial-Intelligence-Second-Edition/Neapolitan-Jiang/p/book/9781138502383 |access-date=3 January 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822201555/https://www.routledge.com/Contemporary-Artificial-Intelligence-Second-Edition/Neapolitan-Jiang/p/book/9781138502383 |url-status=live }}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
|last=Nilsson
 +
|first=Nils
 +
|author-link=Nils Nilsson (researcher)
 +
|year=1998
 +
|title=Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis
 +
|url=https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000nils
 +
|url-access=registration
 +
|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann
 +
|isbn=978-1-55860-467-4
 +
|access-date=18 November 2019
 +
|archive-date=26 July 2020
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131654/https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000nils
 +
|url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
* {{Russell Norvig 2003}}.
 +
* {{Cite book
 +
| first1 = Stuart J.
 +
| last1 = Russell
 +
| first2 = Peter
 +
| last2 = Norvig
 +
| title = [[Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach]] <!-- | url = http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ -->
 +
| year = 2009
 +
| edition = 3rd
 +
| publisher = Prentice Hall
 +
| location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
 +
| isbn = 978-0-13-604259-4
 +
| author-link=Stuart J. Russell
 +
| author2-link=Peter Norvig
 +
}}.
 +
* {{cite book
 +
|first1      = David
 +
|last1        = Poole
 +
|author-link  = David Poole (researcher)
 +
|first2      = Alan
 +
|last2        = Mackworth
 +
|author2-link = Alan Mackworth
 +
|first3      = Randy
 +
|last3        = Goebel
 +
|author3-link = Randy Goebel
 +
|year        = 1998
 +
|title        = Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach
 +
|publisher    = Oxford University Press
 +
|location    = New York
 +
|isbn        = 978-0-19-510270-3
 +
|url          = https://archive.org/details/computationalint00pool
 +
|access-date  = 22 August 2020
 +
|archive-date = 26 July 2020
 +
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131436/https://archive.org/details/computationalint00pool
 +
|url-status  = live
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book | last=Winston | first=Patrick Henry | author-link=Patrick Winston | year=1984 | title=Artificial Intelligence | publisher=Addison-Wesley | location=Reading, MA | isbn=978-0-201-08259-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/artificialintell00wins | access-date=22 August 2020 | archive-date=26 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131500/https://archive.org/details/artificialintell00wins | url-status=live }}
 +
* {{cite book |last=Rich |first=Elaine |author-link=Elaine Rich |year=1983 |title=Artificial Intelligence |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-052261-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ine0000unse |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131632/https://archive.org/details/ine0000unse |url-status=live }}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
| last=Bundy |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Bundy |year=1980
 +
| title=Artificial Intelligence: An Introductory Course
 +
| publisher = Edinburgh University Press|edition=2nd
 +
| isbn=978-0-85224-410-4
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
|first1=David
 +
|last1=Poole
 +
|author-link=David Poole (researcher)
 +
|first2=Alan
 +
|last2=Mackworth
 +
|author2-link=Alan Mackworth
 +
|year=2017
 +
|title=Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents
 +
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
 +
|edition=2nd
 +
|isbn=978-1-107-19539-4
 +
|url=http://artint.info/index.html
 +
|access-date=6 December 2017
 +
|archive-date=7 December 2017
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013855/http://artint.info/index.html
 +
|url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
{{refend}}
 +
 +
=== 人工智能的历史 ===
 +
{{refbegin|30em}}
 +
* {{Crevier 1993}}.
 +
* {{McCorduck 2004}}.
 +
* {{cite book
 +
| last=Newquist |first=HP |author-link=HP Newquist |year=1994
 +
| title=The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines That Think
 +
| publisher=Macmillan/SAMS |location=New York
 +
| isbn= 978-0-672-30412-5
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
| last=Nilsson |first=Nils |author-link=Nils Nilsson (researcher) |year=2009
 +
| title=The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements
 +
| publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York
 +
| isbn=978-0-521-12293-1
 +
}}
 +
{{refend}}
 +
 +
=== Other sources ===
 +
{{refbegin|30em}}
 +
* {{cite journal |last1=Asada |first1=M. |last2=Hosoda |first2=K. |last3=Kuniyoshi |first3=Y. |last4=Ishiguro |first4=H. |last5=Inui |first5=T. |last6=Yoshikawa |first6=Y. |last7=Ogino |first7=M. |last8=Yoshida |first8=C. |year=2009 |title=Cognitive developmental robotics: a survey |journal=IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=12–34 |doi=10.1109/tamd.2009.2021702 |s2cid=10168773 }}
 +
* {{cite web
 +
|ref        = {{harvid|ACM|1998}}
 +
|publisher  = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]
 +
|year        = 1998
 +
|title      = ACM Computing Classification System: Artificial intelligence
 +
|url        = http://www.acm.org/class/1998/I.2.html
 +
|accessdate  = 30 August 2007
 +
|url-status  = dead
 +
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012025921/http://www.acm.org/class/1998/I.2.html
 +
|archive-date = 12 October 2007
 +
|df          = dmy-all
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
| last1=Goodman
 +
| first1=Joanna
 +
| author-link=Joanna Goodman
 +
| year=2016
 +
| title=Robots in Law: How Artificial Intelligence is Transforming Legal Services
 +
| publisher=Ark Group
 +
| edition=1st
 +
| isbn=978-1-78358-264-8
 +
| url=https://www.ark-group.com/product/robots-law-how-artificial-intelligence-transforming-legal-services
 +
| access-date=7 November 2016
 +
| archive-date=8 November 2016
 +
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052144/https://www.ark-group.com/product/robots-law-how-artificial-intelligence-transforming-legal-services
 +
| url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite encyclopedia
 +
|last=Albus
 +
|first=J. S.
 +
|year=2002
 +
|pages=11–20
 +
|title=4-D/RCS: A Reference Model Architecture for Intelligent Unmanned Ground Vehicles
 +
|editor1-last=Gerhart
 +
|editor-first=G.
 +
|editor2-last=Gunderson
 +
|editor2-first=R.
 +
|editor3-last=Shoemaker
 +
|editor3-first=C.
 +
|encyclopedia=Proceedings of the SPIE AeroSense Session on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology
 +
|volume=3693
 +
|url=http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/documents/albus/4DRCS.pdf
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040725051856/http://www.isd.mel.nist.gov/documents/albus/4DRCS.pdf
 +
|url-status=dead
 +
|archive-date=25 July 2004
 +
|bibcode=2002SPIE.4715..303A
 +
|doi=10.1117/12.474462
 +
|citeseerx=10.1.1.15.14
 +
|series=Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology IV
 +
|s2cid=63339739
 +
}}
 +
* {{Cite book
 +
|last        = Aleksander
 +
|first      = Igor
 +
|author-link  = Igor Aleksander
 +
|year        = 1995
 +
|title      = Artificial Neuroconsciousness: An Update
 +
|publisher  = IWANN
 +
|url        = http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html
 +
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/19970302014628/http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html
 +
|archive-date = 2 March 1997
 +
}} [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bibtex/conf/iwann/Aleksander95 BibTex] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970302014628/http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/research/neural/publications/iwann.html |date=2 March 1997 }}.
 +
* {{cite encyclopedia  |last=Bach |first=Joscha |year=2008 |pages=63–74 |title=Seven Principles of Synthetic Intelligence |editor1-last=Wang |editor1-first=Pei |editor2-last=Goertzel |editor2-first=Ben |editor3-last=Franklin |editor3-first=Stan |work=Artificial General Intelligence, 2008: Proceedings of the First AGI Conference |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=978-1-58603-833-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ZR81Z25z0C&pg=PA63 |access-date=16 February 2016 |archive-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708030627/https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ZR81Z25z0C&pg=PA63 |url-status=live }}
 +
* {{cite news
 +
|ref={{harvid|''BBC News''|2006}}
 +
|date=21 December 2006
 +
|title=Robots could demand legal rights
 +
|work=BBC News
 +
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6200005.stm
 +
|accessdate=3 February 2011
 +
|archive-date=15 October 2019
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015042628/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6200005.stm
 +
|url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite journal  | last=Brooks | first=Rodney | author-link=Rodney Brooks | year=1990 | title=Elephants Don't Play Chess | journal=Robotics and Autonomous Systems | volume=6 | issue=1–2 | pages=3–15 | doi=10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9 | url=http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809020912/http://people.csail.mit.edu/brooks/papers/elephants.pdf | archive-date=9 August 2007 | url-status=live | citeseerx=10.1.1.588.7539 }}
 +
* {{cite encyclopedia
 +
| last=Brooks |first=R. A. |year=1991 |pages=225–239
 +
| title=How to build complete creatures rather than isolated cognitive simulators
 +
| editor-last=VanLehn |editor-first=K.
 +
| encyclopedia=Architectures for Intelligence |location=Hillsdale, NJ |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
 +
|citeseerx=10.1.1.52.9510}}
 +
* {{cite journal
 +
|last=Buchanan
 +
|first=Bruce G.
 +
|year=2005
 +
|pages=53–60
 +
|title=A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence
 +
|journal=AI Magazine
 +
|url=http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/assets/PDF/AIMag26-04-016.pdf
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926023314/http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/assets/PDF/AIMag26-04-016.pdf
 +
|archive-date=26 September 2007
 +
|url-status=dead
 +
|df=dmy
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite news
 +
|last=Butler
 +
|first=Samuel
 +
|author-link=Samuel Butler (novelist)
 +
|date=13 June 1863
 +
|title=Darwin among the Machines
 +
|work=[[The Press]]
 +
|location=Christchurch, New Zealand
 +
|department=Letters to the Editor
 +
|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-ButFir-t1-g1-t1-g1-t4-body.html
 +
|accessdate=16 October 2014
 +
|via=Victoria University of Wellington
 +
|archive-date=19 September 2008
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919172551/http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-ButFir-t1-g1-t1-g1-t4-body.html
 +
|url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite web
 +
|url        = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence
 +
|title      = Why 2015 Was a Breakthrough Year in Artificial Intelligence
 +
|last        = Clark
 +
|first      = Jack
 +
|website    = Bloomberg News
 +
|date        = 8 December 2015
 +
|access-date = 23 November 2016
 +
|quote      = After a half-decade of quiet breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, 2015 has been a landmark year. Computers are smarter and learning faster than ever.
 +
|url-status  = live
 +
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence
 +
|archive-date = 23 November 2016
 +
|df          = dmy-all
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite news
 +
|ref={{harvid|''CNN''|2006}}
 +
|title=AI set to exceed human brain power
 +
|work=CNN
 +
|date=26 July 2006
 +
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219001624/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/
 +
|archive-date=19 February 2008
 +
|url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
| last=Dennett | first=Daniel | author-link=Daniel Dennett
 +
| year=1991
 +
| title=Consciousness Explained
 +
| publisher=The Penguin Press
 +
| isbn= 978-0-7139-9037-9
 +
| title-link=Consciousness Explained }}
 +
<!--* {{cite magazine
 +
| last=Diamond |first=David |date=December 2003
 +
| title=The Love Machine; Building computers that care
 +
| magazine=Wired
 +
| url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.12/love.html
 +
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080518185630/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.12/love.html
 +
| archivedate=18 May 2008 |url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
-->* {{cite book
 +
|first1=Pedro |last1=Domingos |author-link=Pedro Domingos
 +
|year=2015
 +
|title=The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World
 +
|publisher = Basic Books
 +
|isbn=978-0-465-06192-1
 +
|title-link=The Master Algorithm }}
 +
* {{cite journal  |last1=Dowe |first1=D. L. |last2=Hajek |first2=A. R. |year=1997 |title=A computational extension to the Turing Test |journal=Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the Australasian Cognitive Science Society |url=http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/publications/1997/tr-cs97-322-abs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628194905/http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/publications/1997/tr-cs97-322-abs.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
| last=Dreyfus | first=Hubert | author-link = Hubert Dreyfus
 +
| year = 1972
 +
| title = What Computers Can't Do
 +
| publisher = MIT Press | location = New York
 +
| isbn = 978-0-06-011082-6
 +
| title-link=What Computers Can't Do }}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
|last1        = Dreyfus
 +
|first1      = Hubert
 +
|author-link  = Hubert Dreyfus
 +
|last2        = Dreyfus
 +
|first2      = Stuart
 +
|year        = 1986
 +
|title        = Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer
 +
|publisher    = Blackwell
 +
|location    = Oxford, UK
 +
|isbn        = 978-0-02-908060-3
 +
|url          = https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey
 +
|access-date  = 22 August 2020
 +
|archive-date = 26 July 2020
 +
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131414/https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey
 +
|url-status  = live
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
| last=Dreyfus | first=Hubert | author-link = Hubert Dreyfus
 +
| year =1992
 +
| title = What Computers ''Still'' Can't Do
 +
| publisher = MIT Press | location = New York
 +
| isbn=978-0-262-54067-4
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
|last=Dyson
 +
|first=George
 +
|author-link=George Dyson (science historian)
 +
|year=1998
 +
|title=Darwin among the Machines
 +
|publisher=Allan Lane Science
 +
|isbn=978-0-7382-0030-9
 +
|url=https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso
 +
|access-date=22 August 2020
 +
|archive-date=26 July 2020
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131443/https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso
 +
|url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite web  |last=Edelman |first=Gerald |author-link=Gerald Edelman |date=23 November 2007 |title=Gerald Edelman – Neural Darwinism and Brain-based Devices |url=http://lis.epfl.ch/resources/podcast/2007/11/gerald-edelman-neural-darwinism-and.html |publisher=Talking Robots |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008184132/http://lis.epfl.ch/resources/podcast/2007/11/gerald-edelman-neural-darwinism-and.html |archive-date=8 October 2009 }}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
|last=Edelson
 +
|first=Edward
 +
|year=1991
 +
|title=The Nervous System
 +
|url=https://archive.org/details/nervoussystem0000edel
 +
|url-access=registration
 +
|publisher=Chelsea House<!--so Worldcat, originally here Remmel Nunn-->
 +
|location=New York
 +
|isbn=978-0-7910-0464-7
 +
|access-date=18 November 2019
 +
|archive-date=26 July 2020
 +
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131758/https://archive.org/details/nervoussystem0000edel
 +
|url-status=live
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
| last=Fearn
 +
| first = Nicholas
 +
| year =2007
 +
| title= The Latest Answers to the Oldest Questions: A Philosophical Adventure with the World's Greatest Thinkers
 +
| publisher = Grove Press
 +
| location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-1839-4
 +
}}
 +
* {{cite book
 +
| last = Gladwell | first = Malcolm | author-link= Malcolm Gladwell
 +
| year = 2005
 +
| title = Blink
 +
| isbn = 978-0-316-17232-5
 +
| publisher = Little, Brown and Co. | location = New York
 +
| title-link = Blink (book) }}
 +
* {{cite conference
 +
| last=Gödel |first=Kurt |author-link=Kurt Gödel |year=1951
 +
| title=Some basic theorems on the foundations of mathematics and their implications
 +
| conference=Gibbs Lecture
 +
}} In<br /> {{cite book
 +
| editor-last=Feferman |editor-first=Solomon |editor-link=Solomon Feferman |year=1995 |pages=304–23
 +
| title=Kurt Gödel: Collected Works, Vol. III: Unpublished Essays and Lectures
 +
| publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514722-3
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}}
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{{refend}}
 +
 +
== Further reading ==
 +
{{refbegin|30em}}
 +
* DH Author, 'Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation' (2015) 29(3) Journal of Economic Perspectives 3.
 +
* [[Margaret Boden|Boden, Margaret]], ''Mind As Machine'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2006.
 +
* [[Kenneth Cukier|Cukier, Kenneth]], "Ready for Robots?  How to Think about the Future of AI", ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', vol. 98, no. 4 (July/August 2019), pp.&nbsp;192–98.  [[George Dyson (science historian)|George Dyson]], historian of computing, writes (in what might be called "Dyson's Law") that "Any system simple enough to be understandable will not be complicated enough to behave intelligently, while any system complicated enough to behave intelligently will be too complicated to understand." (p.&nbsp;197.)  Computer scientist [[Alex Pentland]] writes:  "Current [[machine learning|AI machine-learning]] [[algorithm]]s are, at their core, dead simple stupid.  They work, but they work by brute force." (p.&nbsp;198.)
 +
* [[Pedro Domingos|Domingos, Pedro]], "Our Digital Doubles:  AI will serve our species, not control it", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 319, no. 3 (September 2018), pp.&nbsp;88–93.
 +
* [[Alison Gopnik|Gopnik, Alison]], "Making AI More Human:  Artificial intelligence has staged a revival by starting to incorporate what we know about how children learn", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 316, no. 6 (June 2017), pp.&nbsp;60–65.
 +
* Johnston, John (2008) ''The Allure of Machinic Life: Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI'', MIT Press.
 +
* [[Christof Koch|Koch, Christof]], "Proust among the Machines", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 321, no. 6 (December 2019), pp.&nbsp;46–49. [[Christof Koch]] doubts the possibility of "intelligent" machines attaining [[consciousness]], because "[e]ven the most sophisticated [[brain simulation]]s are unlikely to produce conscious [[feelings]]." (p.&nbsp;48.) According to Koch, "Whether machines can become [[sentience|sentient]] [is important] for [[ethics|ethical]] reasons. If computers experience life through their own senses, they cease to be purely a means to an end determined by their usefulness to... humans. Per GNW [the [[Global Workspace Theory#Global neuronal workspace|Global Neuronal Workspace]] theory], they turn from mere objects into subjects... with a [[point of view (philosophy)|point of view]].... Once computers' [[cognitive abilities]] rival those of humanity, their impulse to push for legal and political [[rights]] will become irresistible – the right not to be deleted, not to have their memories wiped clean, not to suffer [[pain]] and degradation. The alternative, embodied by IIT [Integrated Information Theory], is that computers will remain only supersophisticated machinery, ghostlike empty shells, devoid of what we value most: the feeling of life itself." (p.&nbsp;49.)
 +
* [[Gary Marcus|Marcus, Gary]], "Am I Human?: Researchers need new ways to distinguish artificial intelligence from the natural kind", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 316, no. 3 (March 2017), pp.&nbsp;58–63.  A stumbling block to AI has been an incapacity for reliable [[disambiguation]].  An example is the "pronoun disambiguation problem":  a machine has no way of determining to whom or what a [[pronoun]] in a sentence refers. (p.&nbsp;61.)
 +
* E McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018) [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448 SSRN, part 2(3)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524201340/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448 |date=24 May 2018 }}.
 +
* [[George Musser]], "[[Artificial Imagination]]:  How machines could learn [[creativity]] and [[common sense]], among other human qualities", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 320, no. 5 (May 2019), pp.&nbsp;58–63.
 +
* Myers, Courtney Boyd ed. (2009). [https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/22/singularity-robots-computers-opinions-contributors-artificial-intelligence-09_land.html "The AI Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729114303/https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/22/singularity-robots-computers-opinions-contributors-artificial-intelligence-09_land.html |date=29 July 2017 }}. ''Forbes'' June 2009
 +
* {{cite book |last=Raphael |first=Bertram |author-link=Bertram Raphael |year=1976 |title=The Thinking Computer |publisher=W.H.Freeman and Company |isbn=978-0-7167-0723-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/thinkingcomputer00raph |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726215746/https://archive.org/details/thinkingcomputer00raph |url-status=live }}
 +
* Scharre, Paul, "Killer Apps:  The Real Dangers of an AI Arms Race", ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', vol. 98, no. 3 (May/June 2019), pp.&nbsp;135–44.  "Today's AI technologies are powerful but unreliable.  Rules-based systems cannot deal with circumstances their programmers did not anticipate.  Learning systems are limited by the data on which they were trained.  AI failures have already led to tragedy.  Advanced autopilot features in cars, although they perform well in some circumstances, have driven cars without warning into trucks, concrete barriers, and parked cars.  In the wrong situation, AI systems go from supersmart to superdumb in an instant.  When an enemy is trying to manipulate and hack an AI system, the risks are even greater."  (p.&nbsp;140.)
 +
* {{cite journal | last1 = Serenko | first1 = Alexander | year = 2010 | title = The development of an AI journal ranking based on the revealed preference approach | url = http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_Serenko_AI_Journal_Ranking_Published.pdf | journal = Journal of Informetrics | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 447–459 | doi = 10.1016/j.joi.2010.04.001 | access-date = 24 August 2013 | archive-date = 4 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215236/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_Serenko_AI_Journal_Ranking_Published.pdf | url-status = live }}
 +
* {{cite journal | last1 = Serenko | first1 = Alexander | author2 = Michael Dohan | year = 2011 | title = Comparing the expert survey and citation impact journal ranking methods: Example from the field of Artificial Intelligence | url = http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf | journal = Journal of Informetrics | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 629–649 | doi = 10.1016/j.joi.2011.06.002 | access-date = 12 September 2013 | archive-date = 4 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212839/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf | url-status = live }}
 +
* Sun, R. & Bookman, L. (eds.), ''Computational Architectures: Integrating Neural and Symbolic Processes''. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Needham, MA. 1994.
 +
* {{cite web
 +
|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/533686/2014-in-computing-breakthroughs-in-artificial-intelligence/
 +
|title=2014 in Computing: Breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence
 +
|author=Tom Simonite
 +
|date=29 December 2014
 +
|work=MIT Technology Review
 +
}}
 +
* [[Adam Tooze|Tooze, Adam]], "Democracy and Its Discontents", ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVI, no. 10 (6 June 2019), pp.&nbsp;52–53, 56–57.  "Democracy has no clear answer for the mindless operation of [[bureaucracy|bureaucratic]] and [[technology|technological power]].  We may indeed be witnessing its extension in the form of artificial intelligence and robotics.  Likewise, after decades of dire warning, the [[environmentalism|environmental problem]] remains fundamentally unaddressed.... Bureaucratic overreach and environmental catastrophe are precisely the kinds of slow-moving existential challenges that democracies deal with very badly.... Finally, there is the threat du jour:  [[corporation]]s and the technologies they promote."  (pp.&nbsp;56–57.)
 +
{{refend}}
    
== Further reading ==
 
== Further reading ==
Qige96
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