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[[文件:Charles Darwin by G. Richmond.png|缩略图|左|查尔斯·达尔文年轻时,就成为了科学精英。该肖像由乔治·里士满George Richmond创作。]]
 
[[文件:Charles Darwin by G. Richmond.png|缩略图|左|查尔斯·达尔文年轻时,就成为了科学精英。该肖像由乔治·里士满George Richmond创作。]]
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By the time Darwin returned to England, he was already a celebrity in scientific circles as in December 1835 Henslow had fostered his former pupil's reputation by publishing a pamphlet of Darwin's geological letters for select naturalists.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1835|loc=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LettersOnGeology.html editorial introduction]}}</ref> On 2 October 1836 the ship anchored at [[Falmouth, Cornwall]]. Darwin promptly made the long coach journey to Shrewsbury to visit his home and see relatives. He then hurried to [[Cambridge]] to see Henslow, who advised him on finding naturalists available to catalogue Darwin's animal collections and who agreed to take on the botanical specimens. Darwin's father organised investments, enabling his son to be a self-funded [[gentleman scientist]], and an excited Darwin went round the London institutions being fêted and seeking experts to describe the collections. British zoologists at the time had a huge backlog of work due to natural history collecting being promoted and encouraged through the British Empire, and there was a danger of specimens just being left in storage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 195–198}}</ref>
    
By the time Darwin returned to England, he was already a celebrity in scientific circles as in December 1835 Henslow had fostered his former pupil's reputation by publishing a pamphlet of Darwin's geological letters for select naturalists. On 2 October 1836 the ship anchored at Falmouth, Cornwall. Darwin promptly made the long coach journey to Shrewsbury to visit his home and see relatives. He then hurried to Cambridge to see Henslow, who advised him on finding naturalists available to catalogue Darwin's animal collections and who agreed to take on the botanical specimens. Darwin's father organised investments, enabling his son to be a self-funded gentleman scientist, and an excited Darwin went round the London institutions being fêted and seeking experts to describe the collections. British zoologists at the time had a huge backlog of work due to natural history collecting being promoted and encouraged through the British Empire, and there was a danger of specimens just being left in storage.
 
By the time Darwin returned to England, he was already a celebrity in scientific circles as in December 1835 Henslow had fostered his former pupil's reputation by publishing a pamphlet of Darwin's geological letters for select naturalists. On 2 October 1836 the ship anchored at Falmouth, Cornwall. Darwin promptly made the long coach journey to Shrewsbury to visit his home and see relatives. He then hurried to Cambridge to see Henslow, who advised him on finding naturalists available to catalogue Darwin's animal collections and who agreed to take on the botanical specimens. Darwin's father organised investments, enabling his son to be a self-funded gentleman scientist, and an excited Darwin went round the London institutions being fêted and seeking experts to describe the collections. British zoologists at the time had a huge backlog of work due to natural history collecting being promoted and encouraged through the British Empire, and there was a danger of specimens just being left in storage.
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当达尔文回到英国时,他已经是科学界的名人,因为在1835年12月,亨斯洛通过出版一本达尔文的地质学通讯小册子,为选定的自然学家们树立了他以前的学生的声誉。1836年10月2日,这艘船停泊在康沃尔郡的法尔茅斯。达尔文立即乘长途汽车前往什鲁斯伯里拜访他的家人和亲戚。然后他匆忙赶到剑桥去见亨斯洛,亨斯洛建议他寻找可以为达尔文的动物收藏编目的博物学家,并同意采集植物标本。达尔文的父亲组织了投资,使他的儿子成为了一名自费的绅士科学家。达尔文兴奋地在伦敦各机构周围游走,寻找专家来描述这些收藏。当时的英国动物学家有大量的工作积压,因为自然历史的收集工作在大英帝国得到了推广和鼓励。
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当达尔文回到英国的时候,他已经是科学界的名人了。因为1835年12月,汉斯洛专为某些博物学家们出版了达尔文的地质学书信册,从而提高了他以前的学生声誉。1836年10月2日,这艘船停泊在康沃尔郡的法尔茅斯。达尔文立马开始了漫长的教练旅程,他回到什鲁斯伯里的家并探望亲戚。随后,他急忙去剑桥看汉斯洛,汉斯洛建议他去找那些能够分类他收集的动物名单,并同意采集植物标本的博物学家。达尔文的父亲负责投资,使他的儿子成为一名自费的绅士科学家,而兴奋的达尔文则前往伦敦一家机构,寻找专家来描述他的那些藏品。当时英国的动物学家们积压了大量工作,因为大英帝国促进和鼓励动物学们进行自然历史的收集,而且将标本留在仓库中也确实危险。
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By the time Darwin returned to England, he was already a celebrity in scientific circles as in December 1835 Henslow had fostered his former pupil's reputation by publishing a pamphlet of Darwin's geological letters for select naturalists.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1835|loc=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LettersOnGeology.html editorial introduction]}}</ref> On 2 October 1836 the ship anchored at [[Falmouth, Cornwall]]. Darwin promptly made the long coach journey to Shrewsbury to visit his home and see relatives. He then hurried to [[Cambridge]] to see Henslow, who advised him on finding naturalists available to catalogue Darwin's animal collections and who agreed to take on the botanical specimens. Darwin's father organised investments, enabling his son to be a self-funded [[gentleman scientist]], and an excited Darwin went round the London institutions being fêted and seeking experts to describe the collections. British zoologists at the time had a huge backlog of work due to natural history collecting being promoted and encouraged through the British Empire, and there was a danger of specimens just being left in storage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 195–198}}</ref>
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Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist [[Richard Owen]], who had the facilities of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons]] to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinct [[ground sloth]]s as well as the ''[[Megatherium]]'', a near complete skeleton of the unknown ''[[Scelidotherium]]'' and a [[hippopotamus]]-sized [[rodent]]-like skull named ''[[Toxodon]]'' resembling a giant [[capybara]]. The armour fragments were actually from ''[[Glyptodon]]'', a huge armadillo-like creature as Darwin had initially thought.<ref>{{Harvnb|Owen|1840|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F9.1&pageseq=26 16], [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F9.1&pageseq=83 73], [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F9.1&pageseq=116 106]}}<br />{{Harvnb|Eldredge|2006}}</ref><ref name=k206 /> These extinct creatures were related to living species in South America.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 201–205}}<br />{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=349–350}}</ref>
    
Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist Richard Owen, who had the facilities of the Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinct ground sloths as well as the Megatherium, a near complete skeleton of the unknown Scelidotherium and a hippopotamus-sized rodent-like skull named Toxodon resembling a giant capybara. The armour fragments were actually from Glyptodon, a huge armadillo-like creature as Darwin had initially thought.
 
Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist Richard Owen, who had the facilities of the Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinct ground sloths as well as the Megatherium, a near complete skeleton of the unknown Scelidotherium and a hippopotamus-sized rodent-like skull named Toxodon resembling a giant capybara. The armour fragments were actually from Glyptodon, a huge armadillo-like creature as Darwin had initially thought.
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10月29日,Charles Lyell 急切地第一次见到了达尔文,并很快把他介绍给了后起之秀的解剖学家 Richard Owen,他拥有英国皇家外科学院 Royal College of Surgeons of England 的设备来研究达尔文收集的骨骼化石。欧文的惊人发现包括其他已经灭绝的巨型地懒,还有巨型树懒,这是一具几乎完整的骨架,属于不知名的食人兽,还有一个像河马大小的啮齿类动物的头骨,名字叫毒齿龙,形似一只巨型水豚。这些盔甲碎片实际上来自 Glyptodon,正如达尔文最初想象的那样,是一种巨大的犰狳样生物。
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查尔斯·莱尔于10月29日首次与达尔文会面,并很快将他介绍给了崭露头角的解剖学家理查德·欧文Richard Owen,欧文可以使用皇家外科医学院的设施,因此他可以处理达尔文收集的化石。后来欧文得出了令人惊讶的结果,包括其他已灭绝的巨大地面树懒以及大地懒,一个近乎完整的伏地懒全骨,和一只河马大小的啮齿动物般的头骨,名为Toxodon,类似于巨大的水豚。还有一些来自雕齿兽盔甲的碎片,达尔文最初以为它是巨大犰狳类动物。所有这些灭绝的生物发现与南美的生物物种有关。
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Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist [[Richard Owen]], who had the facilities of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons]] to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinct [[ground sloth]]s as well as the ''[[Megatherium]]'', a near complete skeleton of the unknown ''[[Scelidotherium]]'' and a [[hippopotamus]]-sized [[rodent]]-like skull named ''[[Toxodon]]'' resembling a giant [[capybara]]. The armour fragments were actually from ''[[Glyptodon]]'', a huge armadillo-like creature as Darwin had initially thought.<ref>{{Harvnb|Owen|1840|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F9.1&pageseq=26 16], [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F9.1&pageseq=83 73], [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F9.1&pageseq=116 106]}}<br />{{Harvnb|Eldredge|2006}}</ref><ref name=k206 /> These extinct creatures were related to living species in South America.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 201–205}}<br />{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=349–350}}</ref>
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In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to organise work on his collections and rewrite his ''Journal''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=345–347}}</ref> He wrote his first paper, showing that the South American landmass was slowly rising, and with Lyell's enthusiastic backing read it to the [[Geological Society of London]] on 4 January 1837. On the same day, he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the [[Zoological Society of London|Zoological Society]]. The ornithologist [[John Gould]] soon announced that the Galapagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of [[Common blackbird|blackbirds]], "[[Grosbeak|gros-beaks]]" and [[finch]]es, were, in fact, twelve [[Darwin's finches|separate species of finches]]. On 17 February, Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geological Society, and Lyell's presidential address presented Owen's findings on Darwin's fossils, stressing geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 207–210}}<br />{{Harvnb|Sulloway|1982|pp=20–23}}</ref>
    
In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to organise work on his collections and rewrite his Journal. He wrote his first paper, showing that the South American landmass was slowly rising, and with Lyell's enthusiastic backing read it to the Geological Society of London on 4 January 1837. On the same day, he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the Zoological Society. The ornithologist John Gould soon announced that the Galapagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of blackbirds, "gros-beaks" and finches, were, in fact, twelve separate species of finches. On 17 February, Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geological Society, and Lyell's presidential address presented Owen's findings on Darwin's fossils, stressing geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas.
 
In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to organise work on his collections and rewrite his Journal. He wrote his first paper, showing that the South American landmass was slowly rising, and with Lyell's enthusiastic backing read it to the Geological Society of London on 4 January 1837. On the same day, he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the Zoological Society. The ornithologist John Gould soon announced that the Galapagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of blackbirds, "gros-beaks" and finches, were, in fact, twelve separate species of finches. On 17 February, Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geological Society, and Lyell's presidential address presented Owen's findings on Darwin's fossils, stressing geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas.
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12月中旬,达尔文在剑桥住下,组织收集工作并重写他的日记。他写了他的第一篇论文,显示南美洲的陆地面积正在缓慢上升,在 Lyell 的热情支持下,他于1837年1月4日将论文读给了青草湖(韩国)。同一天,他向动物学会提交了他的哺乳动物和鸟类标本。鸟类学家 John Gould 很快宣布,加拉帕戈斯群岛的鸟类实际上是十二种独立的雀科鸟类,达尔文曾认为它们是黑鸟、“雀喙”和雀科鸟类的混合体。2月17日,达尔文当选为地质学会理事会成员,莱尔的主席讲话介绍了欧文对达尔文化石的研究结果,强调物种的地理连续性,以支持他的均变论思想。
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同年12月中旬,达尔文寄宿在剑桥,整理他航行中收集的动植物化石标本并重新开始写他的期刊论文。他写的第一篇论文表明了南美大陆正在缓慢上升。他得到了莱尔的热情支持,于1837年1月4日将其发给了伦敦地质学会。当天,他向动物学协会展示了他的哺乳动物和鸟类标本。鸟类学家约翰·古尔德John Gould很快宣布,达尔文认为的加拉帕戈斯鸟类是黑鸟,“喙喙”和十二种雀科的杂交种。2月17日,达尔文被选入理事会地质学会,莱尔的总统发言介绍了欧文关于达尔文化石的发现,并强调了物种的地理连续性可以支撑他的均变论观点。
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In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to organise work on his collections and rewrite his ''Journal''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=345–347}}</ref> He wrote his first paper, showing that the South American landmass was slowly rising, and with Lyell's enthusiastic backing read it to the [[Geological Society of London]] on 4 January 1837. On the same day, he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the [[Zoological Society of London|Zoological Society]]. The ornithologist [[John Gould]] soon announced that the Galapagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of [[Common blackbird|blackbirds]], "[[Grosbeak|gros-beaks]]" and [[finch]]es, were, in fact, twelve [[Darwin's finches|separate species of finches]]. On 17 February, Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geological Society, and Lyell's presidential address presented Owen's findings on Darwin's fossils, stressing geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 207–210}}<br />{{Harvnb|Sulloway|1982|pp=20–23}}</ref>
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Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists and [[expert]]s such as [[Charles Babbage]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-346.html|title=Darwin Correspondence Project&nbsp;– Letter 346&nbsp;– Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., 27 Feb 1837|accessdate=19 December 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629192201/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-346.html|archivedate=29 June 2009}} proposes a move on Friday 3 March 1837,<br />Darwin's Journal ({{harvnb|Darwin|2006|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1–76&pageseq=22 12 verso]}}) backdated from August 1838 gives a date of 6 March 1837</ref> who described God as a programmer of laws. Darwin stayed with his [[freethought|freethinking]] brother Erasmus, part of this [[British Whig Party|Whig]] circle and a close friend of the writer [[Harriet Martineau]], who promoted [[Malthusianism]] underlying the controversial Whig [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834|Poor Law reforms]] to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty. As a [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]], she welcomed the [[radicalism (historical)|radical]] implications of [[transmutation of species]], promoted by Grant and younger surgeons influenced by [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy]]. Transmutation was anathema to Anglicans defending social order,<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=201, 212–221}}</ref> but reputable scientists openly discussed the subject and there was wide interest in [[John Herschel]]'s letter praising Lyell's approach as a way to find a [[Physical law|natural cause]] of the origin of new species.<ref name=Rascals />
    
Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists and experts such as Charles Babbage, who described God as a programmer of laws. Darwin stayed with his freethinking brother Erasmus, part of this Whig circle and a close friend of the writer Harriet Martineau, who promoted Malthusianism underlying the controversial Whig Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty. As a Unitarian, she welcomed the radical implications of transmutation of species, promoted by Grant and younger surgeons influenced by Geoffroy. Transmutation was anathema to Anglicans defending social order, but reputable scientists openly discussed the subject and there was wide interest in John Herschel's letter praising Lyell's approach as a way to find a natural cause of the origin of new species. The two rheas were also distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards.
 
Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists and experts such as Charles Babbage, who described God as a programmer of laws. Darwin stayed with his freethinking brother Erasmus, part of this Whig circle and a close friend of the writer Harriet Martineau, who promoted Malthusianism underlying the controversial Whig Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty. As a Unitarian, she welcomed the radical implications of transmutation of species, promoted by Grant and younger surgeons influenced by Geoffroy. Transmutation was anathema to Anglicans defending social order, but reputable scientists openly discussed the subject and there was wide interest in John Herschel's letter praising Lyell's approach as a way to find a natural cause of the origin of new species. The two rheas were also distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards.
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三月初,达尔文搬到伦敦,加入了莱尔的科学家和专家社交圈,比如查尔斯 · 巴贝奇,他把上帝描述为法律的程序员。达尔文和他自由思想的兄弟伊拉斯谟住在一起,伊拉斯谟是辉格党的一员,也是作家哈丽雅特 · 马丁诺的密友,马尔萨斯倡导了备受争议的辉格党穷人法改革,以阻止福利制度造成人口过剩和更多的贫困。作为一名一神论者,她欢迎物种变异的根本含义,这种变异是由格兰特和受杰弗罗伊影响的年轻外科医生推动的。对于捍卫社会秩序的英国圣公会教徒来说,蜕变是一个诅咒,但是有声望的科学家公开讨论这个话题,而且人们对约翰 · 赫歇尔赞扬莱尔的方法作为一种找到新物种起源的自然原因的方法的信件有着广泛的兴趣。这两种美洲鸵也是不同的物种,3月14日达尔文宣布了它们向南分布的变化。
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来年3月初,达尔文搬到伦敦,从事这项工作,加入了莱尔的科学家和专家社交圈,例如查尔斯·巴贝奇Charles Babbage,他将上帝描述为法律程序员。达尔文与自由思想的兄弟伊拉斯谟呆在一起,加入了辉格党的圈子,另外,他和作家哈里埃特·马丁诺Harriet Martineau也是密友,哈里埃特推动了'''<font color="#ff8000"> 马尔萨斯主义Malthusianism</font>'''的改革,以制止因福利造成人口过剩和更多的贫困,这引起了辉格党穷人法Whig Poor Law的争议。作为一神论者,她赞同'''<font color="#ff8000"> 物种演变Transmutation</font>'''的深远影响,这个概念由格兰特和受杰夫罗伊影响的年轻外科医生推广。物种演变这个概念,在当时是英国国教为了捍卫社会秩序极力咒逐的,但是著名的科学家们则愿意公开讨论这个话题。约翰·赫歇尔John Herschel在信中赞扬莱尔,他认为这是用自然原因来寻找新物种起源的一种方法,因此引起了学界广泛的兴趣。
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Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists and [[expert]]s such as [[Charles Babbage]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-346.html|title=Darwin Correspondence Project&nbsp;– Letter 346&nbsp;– Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., 27 Feb 1837|accessdate=19 December 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629192201/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-346.html|archivedate=29 June 2009}} proposes a move on Friday 3 March 1837,<br />Darwin's Journal ({{harvnb|Darwin|2006|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1–76&pageseq=22 12 verso]}}) backdated from August 1838 gives a date of 6 March 1837</ref> who described God as a programmer of laws. Darwin stayed with his [[freethought|freethinking]] brother Erasmus, part of this [[British Whig Party|Whig]] circle and a close friend of the writer [[Harriet Martineau]], who promoted [[Malthusianism]] underlying the controversial Whig [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834|Poor Law reforms]] to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty. As a [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]], she welcomed the [[radicalism (historical)|radical]] implications of [[transmutation of species]], promoted by Grant and younger surgeons influenced by [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy]]. Transmutation was anathema to Anglicans defending social order,<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=201, 212–221}}</ref> but reputable scientists openly discussed the subject and there was wide interest in [[John Herschel]]'s letter praising Lyell's approach as a way to find a [[Physical law|natural cause]] of the origin of new species.<ref name=Rascals />
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Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galápagos [[mockingbird]]s from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and what Darwin had thought was a "[[wren]]" was also [[Warbler-finch|in the finch group]]. Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the ship, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sulloway|1982|pp=9, 20–23}}</ref> The two [[rhea (bird)|rheas]] were also distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|p=360}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1643&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|title=Darwin, C. R. (Read 14 March 1837) Notes on Rhea americana and Rhea darwinii, ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London''|accessdate=17 December 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210085710/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1643&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|archivedate=10 February 2009}}</ref>
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evolutionary tree.]]
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Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galápagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and what Darwin had thought was a "wren" was also in the finch group. Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the ship, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands.[79] The two rheas were also distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards.
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[进化树]
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古尔德Gould后来遇到了达尔文并告诉他,来自不同岛屿的加拉帕戈斯知更鸟是不同的物种,而不仅仅是变种,而且当初达尔文认为的鹪鹩也归属于雀科类。航行中达尔文没有按岛对雀类进行标记,但是从船上其他人(包括菲茨罗伊)的笔记中,他将物种分配到了各个岛上。有两种美洲鸵也是不同的物种,后来3月14日,达尔文宣布其分布向南延申
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[[File:Darwin Tree 1837.png|right|thumb|alt=A page of hand-written notes, with a sketch of branching lines.|In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his "B" notebook on ''Transmutation of Species'', and on page 36 wrote "I think" above his first [[tree of life (science)|evolutionary tree]].]]
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By mid-March 1837, barely six months after his return to England, Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as the strange extinct mammal Macrauchenia, which resembled a giant guanaco, a llama relative. Around mid-July, he recorded in his "B" notebook his thoughts on lifespan and variation across generations—explaining the variations he had observed in Galápagos tortoises, mockingbirds, and rheas. He sketched branching descent, and then a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, in which "It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another", discarding Lamarck's idea of independent lineages progressing to higher forms.
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到了1837年3月中旬,也就是他回到英格兰仅仅六个月之后,达尔文在他的《红色笔记》中推测“一个物种确实会变成另一个”的可能性,以此来解释现存物种如美洲鸵的地理分布,以及已灭绝的物种如奇怪的哺乳动物 Macrauchenia 的地理分布,这种物种类似于美洲驼的巨型原驼。大约在七月中旬,他在他的“ b”笔记本中记录了他对生命周期和代际变化的想法ーー解释了他在加拉帕戈斯龟、嘲鸟和美洲鸵身上观察到的变化。他勾勒出了分支血统,然后是单一进化树的系谱分支,其中“说一种动物比另一种更高级是荒谬的” ,抛弃了拉马克关于独立血统进化到更高级形态的观点。
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By mid-March 1837, barely six months after his return to England, Darwin was speculating in his ''Red Notebook'' on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as the strange extinct mammal ''[[Macrauchenia]]'', which resembled a giant [[guanaco]], a llama relative. Around mid-July, he recorded in his "B" notebook his thoughts on lifespan and variation across generations—explaining the variations he had observed in [[Galápagos tortoise]]s, mockingbirds, and rheas. He sketched branching descent, and then a [[genealogical]] branching of a single [[tree of life (science)|evolutionary tree]], in which "It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another", discarding Lamarck's idea of independent [[lineage (evolution)|lineages]] progressing to higher forms.<ref>{{harvnb|Herbert|1980|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1583e&pageseq=9 7–10]}}<br />{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008b|p=44}}<br />{{harvnb|Darwin|1837|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&pageseq=1 1–13, 26, 36, 74]}}<br />{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=229–232}}</ref>
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Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galápagos [[mockingbird]]s from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and what Darwin had thought was a "[[wren]]" was also [[Warbler-finch|in the finch group]]. Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the ship, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sulloway|1982|pp=9, 20–23}}</ref> The two [[rhea (bird)|rheas]] were also distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|p=360}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1643&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|title=Darwin, C. R. (Read 14 March 1837) Notes on Rhea americana and Rhea darwinii, ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London''|accessdate=17 December 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210085710/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1643&viewtype=text&pageseq=1|archivedate=10 February 2009}}</ref>
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By mid-March 1837, barely six months after his return to England, Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as the strange extinct mammal Macrauchenia, which resembled a giant guanaco, a llama relative. Around mid-July, he recorded in his "B" notebook his thoughts on lifespan and variation across generations—explaining the variations he had observed in Galápagos tortoises, mockingbirds, and rheas. He sketched branching descent, and then a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, in which "It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another", discarding Lamarck's idea of independent lineages progressing to higher forms.
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到了1837年3月中旬,即返回英国后仅六个月,达尔文就在他的红色笔记本中推测了这种可能性,他认为“一种物种确实会变成另一种物种”,并用其解释生存的物种(例如,美洲大黄鼠)和灭绝的物种(例如,已灭绝的哺乳动物后弓兽)的地理分布,该物种酷似一种巨大的原驼,是美洲驼的亲戚。大约在7月中旬,他在自己的“B”笔记本中记录了他对寿命和跨代变化的看法,解释他在加拉帕戈斯陆龟,知更鸟和美洲鸵中观察到的变化。他画出了后裔分支,并描绘了单个进化树的家谱分支,其中“谈论一种动物高于另一种动物是荒谬的”,他认为应该摒弃了拉马克Lamarck关于独立血统发展为更高形态的想法。
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[[File:Darwin Tree 1837.png|right|thumb|alt=A page of hand-written notes, with a sketch of branching lines.|In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his "B" notebook on ''Transmutation of Species'', and on page 36 wrote "I think" above his first [[tree of life (science)|evolutionary tree]].]]
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By mid-March 1837, barely six months after his return to England, Darwin was speculating in his ''Red Notebook'' on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as the strange extinct mammal ''[[Macrauchenia]]'', which resembled a giant [[guanaco]], a llama relative. Around mid-July, he recorded in his "B" notebook his thoughts on lifespan and variation across generations—explaining the variations he had observed in [[Galápagos tortoise]]s, mockingbirds, and rheas. He sketched branching descent, and then a [[genealogical]] branching of a single [[tree of life (science)|evolutionary tree]], in which "It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another", discarding Lamarck's idea of independent [[lineage (evolution)|lineages]] progressing to higher forms.<ref>{{harvnb|Herbert|1980|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1583e&pageseq=9 7–10]}}<br />{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008b|p=44}}<br />{{harvnb|Darwin|1837|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&pageseq=1 1–13, 26, 36, 74]}}<br />{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=229–232}}</ref>
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Since 2000, notebooks have been missing from [[Cambridge University Library]] that are now believed to have been stolen. One of them contains Darwin's famous Tree of Life sketch (above right), exploring the evolutionary relationship between species. Digitised copies do still exist.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-55044129</ref>
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While developing this intensive study of transmutation, Darwin became mired in more work. Still rewriting his Journal, he took on editing and publishing the expert reports on his collections, and with Henslow's help obtained a Treasury grant of £1,000 to sponsor this multi-volume Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, a sum equivalent to about £}} in -2}}. He stretched the funding to include his planned books on geology, and agreed to unrealistic dates with the publisher. As the Victorian era began, Darwin pressed on with writing his Journal, and in August 1837 began correcting printer's proofs.
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Since 2000, notebooks have been missing from Cambridge University Library that are now believed to have been stolen. One of them contains Darwin's famous Tree of Life sketch (above right), exploring the evolutionary relationship between species. Digitised copies do still exist.
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在深入研究转化的过程中,达尔文陷入了更多的工作中。在重写期刊的过程中,他开始编辑和出版自己收藏的专家报告,在亨斯洛的帮助下,他获得了1000英镑的财政部拨款,资助这本多卷本的《英国医学会航海动物学》(Voyage of h.m.s.)。Beagle,相当于 about # } in-2}的总和。他把资金扩大到包括他计划出版的地质学书籍,并同意与出版商进行不切实际的约会。随着维多利亚时代的开始,达尔文继续写他的日记,并在1837年8月开始修改印刷校样。
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自2000年以来,剑桥大学图书馆一直缺少达尔文的笔记,现在普遍认为该笔记已被盗。笔记中包含了达尔文著名的生命之树草图(右上图),探索物种之间的进化关系。不过数字副本仍然存在。
    
===Overwork, illness, and marriage===
 
===Overwork, illness, and marriage===
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