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| | ===''Descent of Man'', sexual selection, and botany=== | | ===''Descent of Man'', sexual selection, and botany=== |
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| − | [[File:1878 Darwin photo by Leonard from Woodall 1884 - cropped grayed partially cleaned.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Head and shoulders portrait, increasingly bald with rather uneven bushy white eyebrows and beard, his wrinkled forehead suggesting a puzzled frown|By 1878, an increasingly famous Darwin had suffered years of illness.]] | + | [[文件:1878 Darwin photo by Leonard from Woodall 1884 - cropped grayed partially cleaned.jpg|缩略图|左|到1878年，达尔文名气越来越大，可是他也遭受了多年的疾病折磨。]] |
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| − | Darwin's book The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.
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| − | 达尔文的《动物和植物在家养下的变异(1868年)是他计划好的“大书”的第一部分，其中包括他试图解释遗传的泛生论的失败假说。尽管规模庞大，但它一开始销路很好，并被翻译成多种语言。他写了第二部分的大部分，关于自然选择，但在他有生之年，这部分一直没有出版。
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| − | [[File:Darwin letter.jpg|thumb|alt=handwritten letter from Charles Darwin to John Burdon-Sanderson dated 9 October 1874|Letter from Charles Darwin to [[John Burdon-Sanderson]]]]
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| − | {{See also|Darwin from Orchids to Variation|Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions|Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms|label 1=Orchids to Variation|label 2=Descent of Man to Emotions|label 3=Insectivorous Plants to Worms}}
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| − | Punchs almanac for 1882, published shortly before Darwin's death, depicts him amidst evolution from chaos to Victorian gentleman with the title Man Is But A Worm.]]
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| − | 1882年出版的 Punchs 年鉴，在达尔文去世前不久出版，描述了他从混乱到维多利亚绅士的进化过程，书名是《人不过是一条虫》
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| − | Lyell had already popularised human prehistory, and Huxley had shown that anatomically humans are apes. His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the evolution of human psychology and its continuity with the behaviour of animals. Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received, remarking that "everybody is talking about it without being shocked." His conclusion was "that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system—with all these exalted powers—Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin."
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| − | 莱尔已经普及了史前人类，赫胥黎也证明了解剖学上的人类是猿类。他在1872年出版的《人与动物的情感表达》一书中扩展了他对图像的研究，这本书是第一批以印刷照片为特色的书籍之一，其中讨论了人类心理学的进化及其与动物行为的连续性。事实证明，这两本书都很受欢迎，达尔文的观点得到普遍认可，这给他留下了深刻印象，他说: “每个人都在谈论这本书，却不感到震惊。”他的结论是: “这个人拥有所有的高尚品质，对最卑贱的人怀有同情之心，他的仁慈不仅延伸到其他人身上，而且延伸到最卑微的生物身上，他那神一般的智慧渗透到太阳系的运动和构造之中ーー具有所有这些崇高的力量ーー人的身体结构仍然带有他卑微出身的不可磨灭的印记。”
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| − | Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published ''On the Origin of Species'' as an [[abstract (summary)|abstract]] of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book". He covered [[human evolution|human descent]] from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in [[wildlife]] and diversifying into innovative plant studies.
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| − | His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids, Insectivorous Plants, The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom, different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and The Power of Movement in Plants. He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific correspondents all over the world, including Mary Treat, whom he encouraged to persevere in her scientific work. His botanical work was interpreted and popularised by various writers including Grant Allen and H. G. Wells, and [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10359900&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0007087416000352 helped transform plant science] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In his last book he returned to The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.
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| − | 他的进化相关的实验和调查导致了关于兰花的书籍，食虫植物，植物王国的交叉和自体受精的影响，不同形式的花对同一物种的植物，以及植物运动的力量。他继续从世界各地的科学记者那里收集信息和交换意见，包括玛丽 · 特莱特，他鼓励她坚持她的科学工作。他的植物学著作在19世纪末20世纪初被 Grant Allen 和 h. g. Wells 等不同的作家解读和普及，并且[ http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayabstract?frompage=online&aid=10359900&fulltexttype=ra&fileid=s0007087416000352帮助改变了植物科学]。在他的最后一本书中，他回到了通过蠕虫的行动蔬菜霉菌的形成。
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| − | Enquiries about insect [[pollination]] led in 1861 to novel studies of wild [[orchid]]s, showing adaptation of their flowers to [[Pollination syndrome|attract specific moths]] to each species and ensure [[heterosis|cross fertilisation]]. In 1862 ''[[Fertilisation of Orchids]]'' gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of [[vine|climbing plants]].<ref>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2008b|pp=50–55}}</ref> Admiring visitors included [[Ernst Haeckel]], a zealous proponent of ''Darwinismus'' incorporating [[Lamarckism]] and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s idealism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest |title=The correspondence of Charles Darwin, volume 14: 1866 |accessdate=6 March 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605110511/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-14 |archivedate=5 June 2010 }} Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref> Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Spiritualism]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1999}}.</ref>
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| − | Darwin's book ''[[The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication]]'' (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of [[pangenesis]] attempting to explain [[heredity]]. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A1&pageseq=123 122]}}</ref>
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| − | Tombs of [[John Herschel and Charles Darwin. Westminster Abbey]]
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| − | 约翰 · 赫歇尔和查尔斯 · 达尔文墓。[西敏寺]
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| − | [[File:Man is But a Worm.jpg|thumb|alt=Darwin's figure is shown seated, dressed in a toga, in a circular frame labelled "TIME'S METER" around which a succession of figures spiral, starting with an earthworm emerging from the broken letters "CHAOS" then worms with head and limbs, followed by monkeys, apes, primitive men, a loin cloth clad hunter with a club, and a gentleman who tips his top hat to Darwin.|''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]''{{'}}s [[almanac]] for 1882, published shortly before Darwin's death, depicts him amidst evolution from chaos to Victorian gentleman with the title ''Man Is But A Worm''.]]
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| − | In 1882 he was diagnosed with what was called "angina pectoris" which then meant coronary thrombosis and disease of the heart. At the time of his death, the physicians diagnosed "anginal attacks", and "heart-failure". It has been speculated that Darwin may have suffered from chronic Chagas disease. This speculation is based on a journal entry written by Darwin, describing he was bitten by the "Kissing Bug" in Mendoza, Argentina, in 1835; and based on the constellation of clinical symptoms he exhibited, including cardiac disease which is a hallmark of chronic Chagas disease. He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at Downe, but at the request of Darwin's colleagues, after public and parliamentary petitioning, William Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey, close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton. The funeral was held on Wednesday 26 April and was attended by thousands of people, including family, friends, scientists, philosophers and dignitaries.
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| − | 1882年，他被诊断出患有所谓的“心绞痛” ，这意味着冠状动脉血栓和心脏病。在他去世时，医生诊断为“心绞痛发作”和“心力衰竭”。据推测，达尔文可能患有慢性恰加斯病。这种推测是基于达尔文写的一篇日志，描述他于1835年在门多萨被“接吻虫”咬伤，以及他表现出的一系列临床症状，包括慢性恰加斯病的标志性心脏病。在公众和议会的请愿之后，William Spottiswoode (皇家学会主席)安排了达尔文的葬礼，葬在西敏寺，靠近 John Herschel 和 Isaac Newton 的地方。葬礼于4月26日星期三举行，参加葬礼的有数千人，包括家人、朋友、科学家、哲学家和政要。
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| − | [[Charles Lyell|Lyell]] had already popularised human prehistory, and [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]] had shown that anatomically humans are apes.<ref name=B217 /> With ''The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex'' published in 1871, Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals, showing continuity of physical and mental attributes, and presented [[sexual selection]] to explain impractical animal features such as the [[peacock]]'s plumage as well as human evolution of culture, differences between sexes, and physical and cultural [[Race (human categorization)|racial classification]], while emphasising that humans are all one species.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1871|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.2&pageseq=402 385–405]}}<br />{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=339–343}}</ref> His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'', one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the [[evolutionary psychology|evolution of human psychology]] and its continuity with the [[ethology|behaviour of animals]]. Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received, remarking that "everybody is talking about it without being shocked."<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=359–369}}<br />{{harvnb|Darwin|1887|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1452.3&pageseq=145 133]}}</ref> His conclusion was "that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system—with all these exalted powers—Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin."<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1871|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F937.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=422 405]}}</ref>
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| − | His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids, ''[[Insectivorous Plants (book)|Insectivorous Plants]], [[The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom]]'', different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and ''[[The Power of Movement in Plants]]''. He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific correspondents all over the world, including [[Mary Treat]], whom he encouraged to persevere in her scientific work.<ref>[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/darwins-women Darwin's Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212213901/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/darwins-women |date=12 February 2020 }} at [[Cambridge University]]</ref> His botanical work{{Ref label|I|IX|none}} was interpreted and popularised by various writers including [[Grant Allen]] and [[H. G. Wells]], and [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10359900&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0007087416000352 helped transform plant science] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In his last book he returned to ''[[The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms]]''.
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| − | John Collier in the National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
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| − | 伦敦国家肖像馆学院的 John Collier
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| | + | [[文件:Darwin letter.jpg|缩略图|右|查尔斯·达尔文给生理学家约翰·伯顿·桑德森John Burdon-Sanderson的询问信]] |
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| | ===Death and funeral=== | | ===Death and funeral=== |