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→‎对达尔文《物种起源》的回应 Response to Darwin's Origin of Species

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[[St. George Jackson Mivart|St. George Jackson Mivart's]] ''On the Genesis of Species'' (1872) and [[Edward Drinker Cope|Edward Cope]]'s ''Origin of the Fittest'' (1887) raised the need to address the origin of variation between members of a species. [[William Bateson]] in 1884 distinguished between the origin of novel variations and the action of natural selection (''Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species'').<ref name=Reid />

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In examining this aspect, excluded ab initio by Darwin, Wallace came to the conclusion that Life itself cannot be understood except by means of a theory that includes "an organising and directive Life-Principle." These necessarily involve a "Creative Power", a "directive Mind" and finally "an ultimate Purpose" (the development of Man). It supports the view of John Hunter that "life is the cause, not the consequence" of the organisation of matter. Thus, life precedes matter and when it infuses matter, forms living matter (protoplasm).

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在研究这个被 Darwin 从一开始就排除在外的方面时，Wallace 得出的结论是，除非通过一个包括 "一个有组织性和指导性的生命准则" 的理论，否则无法理解生命本身。这些都必然涉及到 "创造性的力量 Creative Power"、"指导性的心灵 directive Mind"以及最后的 "终极目的 an ultimate Purpose"（人的发展）。它支持约翰·亨特 John Hunter 的观点，即 "生命是物质组织的原因，而不是结果"。因此，生命先于物质，当它注入物质时，形成了有生命的物质（原生质 protoplasm）。

===华莱士的进一步思考 Wallace's further thoughts ===

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