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→争议和认同 Controversy and acceptance
==争议和认同 Controversy and acceptance ==
==争议和认同 Controversy and acceptance ==
最初，鲍德温的观点与广泛流传但未加验证的关于遗传信息传递机制的观点并不矛盾，且在1896年至少有两位生物学家提出了非常相似的观点。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=C. L. |authorlink=C. Lloyd Morgan |year=1896 |title=On modification and variation |journal=Science|volume=4|issue=99 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1126/science.4.99.733|pmid=17735249 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448227 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=H. F. |authorlink=Henry Fairfield Osborne |year=1896 |title=Ontogenic and phylogenic variation |journal=Science |volume=4|issue=100 |pages=786–789 |doi=10.1126/science.4.100.786|pmid=17734840 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448151 }}</ref> 1901年，'''莫里斯·梅特林克 Maurice Maeterlinck'''提到不同种类的蜜蜂对当时气候的行为适应，称这种适应“因此，过去仅仅是一种昆虫的聪明才智，与本能相对立的东西，慢慢地变成了一种本能的习惯。<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Life of the Bee|last=Materlinck |first=Maurice |authorlink=Maurice Maeterlinck |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co. |year=1901 |location=New York |pages=Chapter VII section 102}}</ref>鲍德温效应理论随后变得更具争议性，学者们分化为“鲍德温支持者”和“鲍德温怀疑论者”。<ref name="depew03">Depew, David J. (2003), "Baldwin Boosters, Baldwin Skeptics" in: {{cite book |title=Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered |last=Weber |first=Bruce H. |first2=David J. |last2=Depew |year=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-23229-6 |pages=3–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBtRzBilw1MC&pg=PR9&dq=baldwin+effect#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> 1953年'''乔治·盖洛德·辛普森 George Gaylord Simpson'''首次命名该理论为“鲍德温效应”。<ref name="depew03" /> Simpson "admitted that the idea was theoretically consistent, that is, not inconsistent with the [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]]",<ref name="depew03" />1942年，进化生物学家'''朱利安·赫胥黎 Julian Huxley'''将鲍德温效应作为现代进化综论的一部分加以推广，称进化论者过度忽视了这一概念。<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Baldwin effect |authorlink=George Gaylord Simpson |author=Simpson, George Gaylord |year=1953 |journal=Evolution |volume=7 | issue=2 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}</ref> In 1942, the evolutionary biologist [[Julian Huxley]] promoted the Baldwin effect as part of the modern synthesis, saying the concept had been unduly neglected by evolutionists.<ref name=Julian1942>{{cite book | authorlink=Julian Huxley |author=Huxley, Julian |year=1942 |location=London |title=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd|title-link=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis }}</ref>
最初，鲍德温的观点与广泛流传但未加验证的关于遗传信息传递机制的观点并不矛盾，且在1896年至少有两位生物学家提出了非常相似的观点。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=C. L. |authorlink=C. Lloyd Morgan |year=1896 |title=On modification and variation |journal=Science|volume=4|issue=99 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1126/science.4.99.733|pmid=17735249 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448227 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=H. F. |authorlink=Henry Fairfield Osborne |year=1896 |title=Ontogenic and phylogenic variation |journal=Science |volume=4|issue=100 |pages=786–789 |doi=10.1126/science.4.100.786|pmid=17734840 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448151 }}</ref> 1901年，'''莫里斯·梅特林克 Maurice Maeterlinck'''提到不同种类的蜜蜂对当时气候的行为适应，称这种适应“因此，过去仅仅是一种昆虫的聪明才智，与本能相对立的东西，慢慢地变成了一种本能的习惯。<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Life of the Bee|last=Materlinck |first=Maurice |authorlink=Maurice Maeterlinck |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co. |year=1901 |location=New York |pages=Chapter VII section 102}}</ref>鲍德温效应理论随后变得更具争议性，学者们分化为“鲍德温支持者”和“鲍德温怀疑论者”。<ref name="depew03">Depew, David J. (2003), "Baldwin Boosters, Baldwin Skeptics" in: {{cite book |title=Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered |last=Weber |first=Bruce H. |first2=David J. |last2=Depew |year=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-23229-6 |pages=3–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBtRzBilw1MC&pg=PR9&dq=baldwin+effect#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> 1953年'''乔治·盖洛德·辛普森 George Gaylord Simpson'''首次命名该理论为“鲍德温效应”。<ref name="depew03" /> Simpson“承认该思想在理论上是一致的，即与现代综合观点不矛盾”,但他怀疑这种现象非常频繁地发生，或者是否可以被证实会发生。Simpson在接受鲍德温效应理论的讨论中指出，该理论似乎在新达尔文主义 neo-Darwinian和新拉马克主义 neo-Lamarckian方法之间提供了和解，而“孟德尔学说 Mendelism和后来的遗传理论如此彻底地排除了新拉马克主义的极端立场，以至于和解似乎是没有必要的”。<ref name="Simpson 1953">{{cite journal |title=The Baldwin effect|last=Simpson |first=George Gaylord |author-link=George Gaylord Simpson |year=1953 |journal=Evolution |volume=7 | issue=2 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}</ref>1942年，进化生物学家'''朱利安·赫胥黎 Julian Huxley'''将鲍德温效应作为现代进化综论的一部分加以推广，称进化论者过度忽视了这一概念。<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Baldwin effect |authorlink=George Gaylord Simpson |author=Simpson, George Gaylord |year=1953 |journal=Evolution |volume=7 | issue=2 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}</ref> <ref name=Julian1942>{{cite book | authorlink=Julian Huxley |author=Huxley, Julian |year=1942 |location=London |title=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd|title-link=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis }}</ref>
[[File:Carpodacus mexicanus -Madison, Wisconsin, USA-8.jpg|thumb|家朱雀在北美的定殖提供了鲍德温效应的经验证明。<ref name=Badyaev/>]]
[[File:Carpodacus mexicanus -Madison, Wisconsin, USA-8.jpg|thumb|家朱雀在北美的定殖提供了鲍德温效应的经验证明。<ref name=Badyaev/>]]
不过，'''戴维·迪皮尤 David Depew'''评论道:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
:''It is striking that a rather diverse lot of contemporary evolutionary theorists, most of whom regard themselves as supporters of the Modern Synthesis, have of late become 'Baldwin boosters'.These are typically evolutionary psychologists who are searching for scenarios in which a population can get itself by behavioral trial and error onto a "hard to find" part of the fitness landscape in which human brain, language, and mind can rapidly coevolve. They are searching for what Daniel Dennett, himself a Baldwin booster, calls an "evolutionary crane," an instrument to do some heavy lifting fast.''<ref name="depew03" />
:令人惊讶的是，许多各派的当代进化论理论家（其中大多数人自认为是现代进化综论的支持者），最近都成为了‘鲍德温支持者’。这些鲍德温支持者是典型的进化心理学家，他们正在寻找这样的场景，在这样的场景中，一个群体能够通过行为的反复试验使其进入到一个“难以发现”的适应环境中，在这个环境中，人类的大脑、语言和思维都能快速地共同进化。他们正在寻找被丹尼尔·丹尼特 Daniel Dennett——一位鲍德温支持者，称为“进化起重机”的一种工具，这种工具能够迅速地抬起重物。
</blockquote>
丹尼尔·丹尼特表示，最近的研究工作已使鲍德温效应“在正统达尔文主义中不再是争议性问题”<ref name="dennett03">Daniel Dennett(2003), "The Baldwin Effect: a Crane, not a Skyhook" in: {{cite book |title=Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered |last=Weber |first=Bruce H. |first2=David J. |last2=Depew |year=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-23229-6 |pages=69–106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBtRzBilw1MC&pg=PR9&dq=baldwin+effect#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref>。科学家已提出鲍德温效应背后潜在的遗传机制用于自然（基因决定）抗体的进化。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Russell|date=1996|title=How the adaptive antibodies facilitate the evolution of natural antibodies|url=|journal=Immunology and Cell Biology|volume=74 | issue = 2 |pages=286–291|doi=10.1038/icb.1996.50|pmid=8799730}}</ref>2009年，'''家雀 House Finch'''在北美的定殖为鲍德温效应提供了实证证据。<ref name=Badyaev>{{cite journal |last1=Badyaev |first1=Alexander V. |title=Evolutionary significance of phenotypic accommodation in novel environments: an empirical test of the Baldwin effect |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B |date=March 2009 |volume=364 |issue=1520 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0285 |pmid=19324617 |pages=1125–1141|pmc=2666683 }}</ref>
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==与遗传同化的区别 Comparison with genetic assimilation ==
==与遗传同化的区别 Comparison with genetic assimilation ==