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* Hofbauer, Josef; Sigmund, Karl (1998). "动力学系统和Lotka–Volterra方程". Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–54. ISBN 0-521-62570-X.
* Kaplan, Daniel; Glass, Leon (1995). 了解非线性动力学. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-94440-1.
* Leigh, E. R. (1968). "Volterra方程的生态作用". Some Mathematical Problems in Biology. – a modern discussion using Hudson's Bay Company data on lynx and hares in Canada from 1847 to 1903.
* Murray, J. D. (2003). 数学生物学I：简介. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95223-9.
==External links==
==External links==