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The [[surrealist]] painter [[René Magritte]] is famous for his self-referential works. His painting ''[[The Treachery of Images]]'', includes the words "this is not a pipe", the truth of which depends entirely on whether the word ''ceci'' (in English, "this") refers to the pipe depicted&mdash;or to the painting or the word or sentence itself.<ref name="NöthBishara2007">{{cite book |last1=Nöth |first1=Winfried |last2=Bishara |first2=Nina |title=Self-reference in the Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBOFIdchEQYC&pg=PA75 |year=2007 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-019464-7 |page=75}}</ref> [[M.C. Escher]]'s art also contains many self-referential concepts such as hands drawing themselves.
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The surrealist painter René Magritte is famous for his self-referential works. His painting The Treachery of Images, includes the words "this is not a pipe", the truth of which depends entirely on whether the word ceci (in English, "this") refers to the pipe depicted&mdash;or to the painting or the word or sentence itself. M.C. Escher's art also contains many self-referential concepts such as hands drawing themselves.
      
超现实主义画家勒内·马格利特René Magritte以自指类的作品著称。他的画作《形象的背叛》The Treachery of Images,图片是一个烟斗,但是却包含了“这不是烟斗”的字样,其真实性完全取决于单词 ceci (英语中的“ this”)是指画作所描绘的烟斗,还是指画作本身,抑或“ceci”这个单词,或者是指这个句子本身。埃舍尔M.C. Escher的艺术也包含了许多自指的概念,比如他的手绘作品。
 
超现实主义画家勒内·马格利特René Magritte以自指类的作品著称。他的画作《形象的背叛》The Treachery of Images,图片是一个烟斗,但是却包含了“这不是烟斗”的字样,其真实性完全取决于单词 ceci (英语中的“ this”)是指画作所描绘的烟斗,还是指画作本身,抑或“ceci”这个单词,或者是指这个句子本身。埃舍尔M.C. Escher的艺术也包含了许多自指的概念,比如他的手绘作品。
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美国学者,印第安纳大学文理学园认知科学杰出教授,美国艺术与科学院院士[[侯世达]]先生的著作《哥德尔、埃舍尔、巴赫》里面就有反复讨论自指的问题。
    
== In language 语言学==
 
== In language 语言学==