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Ocean [[salinity]] has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Introduction to Ocean Sciences|last=Segar|first=Douglas|publisher=Library of Congress|year=2012|isbn=978-0-9857859-0-1|location=http://www.reefimages.com/oceans/SegarOcean3Chap05.pdf|pages=Chapter 5 3rd Edition|quote=|via=}}</ref> Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the salt influx from rivers was known. Recently it was suggested<ref name="Gorham19912">{{cite journal|last=Gorham|first=Eville|date=1 January 1991|title=Biogeochemistry: its origins and development|journal=Biogeochemistry|publisher=Kluwer Academic|volume=13|issue=3|pages=199–239|doi=10.1007/BF00002942|issn=1573-515X|ref=harv}}</ref> that salinity may also be strongly influenced by [[seawater]] circulation through hot [[basalt]]ic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on [[mid-ocean ridge]]s. However, the composition of seawater is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes. One suggested explanation lies in the formation of salt plains throughout Earth's history. It is hypothesized that these are created by bacterial colonies that fix ions and heavy metals during their life processes.<ref name=":0" />

Ocean [[salinity]] has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Introduction to Ocean Sciences|last=Segar|first=Douglas|publisher=Library of Congress|year=2012|isbn=978-0-9857859-0-1|location=http://www.reefimages.com/oceans/SegarOcean3Chap05.pdf|pages=Chapter 5 3rd Edition|quote=|via=}}</ref> Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the salt influx from rivers was known. Recently it was suggested<ref name="Gorham19912">{{cite journal|last=Gorham|first=Eville|date=1 January 1991|title=Biogeochemistry: its origins and development|journal=Biogeochemistry|publisher=Kluwer Academic|volume=13|issue=3|pages=199–239|doi=10.1007/BF00002942|issn=1573-515X|ref=harv}}</ref> that salinity may also be strongly influenced by [[seawater]] circulation through hot [[basalt]]ic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on [[mid-ocean ridge]]s. However, the composition of seawater is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes. One suggested explanation lies in the formation of salt plains throughout Earth's history. It is hypothesized that these are created by bacterial colonies that fix ions and heavy metals during their life processes.<ref name=":0" />

在很长一段时间内，海洋盐度一直保持在3.5%左右。[23]海洋环境中的盐度稳定性非常重要，因为大多数细胞需要相当恒定的盐度，并且通常不能耐受超过5%的盐度值。恒定的海洋盐度是一个长期存在的谜团，因为没有任何过程可以抵消河流中的盐流入。最近有人认为[24]海水通过热玄武质岩石时也会受到海水循环的强烈影响，并在大洋中脊上出现热水喷口。然而，海水的组成远未达到平衡，如果没有有机过程的影响，很难解释这一事实。一个建议的解释是，在整个地球的历史中，盐平原的形成。据推测，这些细菌是由在生命过程中固定离子和重金属的菌落产生的

在很长一段时间内，海洋盐度一直保持在3.5%左右。[23]海洋环境中的盐度稳定性非常重要，因为大多数细胞需要相当恒定的盐度，并且通常不能耐受超过5%的盐度值。恒定的海洋盐度是一个长期存在的谜团，因为没有任何过程可以抵消河流中的盐流入。大洋中脊上的热水喷口会排出盐分，有人认为[24]这说明盐分也会受到海水循环的强烈影响。然而，海水的组成远未达到平衡，如果没有有机过程的影响，很难解释这一事实。地球历史中盐滩的形成是一个常用的证据。据推测，这些盐滩是由在生命过程中固定离子和重金属的菌落产生的

In the biogeochemical processes of Earth, sources and sinks are the movement of elements. The composition of salt ions within our oceans and seas is: sodium (Na⁺), chlorine (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺) and potassium (K⁺). The elements that comprise salinity do not readily change and are a conservative property of seawater.<ref name=":0" /> There are many mechanisms that change salinity from a particulate form to a dissolved form and back. The known sources of sodium i.e. salts are when weathering, erosion, and dissolution of rocks are transported into rivers and deposited into the oceans.

In the biogeochemical processes of Earth, sources and sinks are the movement of elements. The composition of salt ions within our oceans and seas is: sodium (Na⁺), chlorine (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺) and potassium (K⁺). The elements that comprise salinity do not readily change and are a conservative property of seawater.<ref name=":0" /> There are many mechanisms that change salinity from a particulate form to a dissolved form and back. The known sources of sodium i.e. salts are when weathering, erosion, and dissolution of rocks are transported into rivers and deposited into the oceans.

在地球的生物地球化学过程中，源和汇是元素的运动。我们海洋中盐离子的组成是：钠（Na+）、氯（Cl-）、硫酸盐（SO42-）、镁（Mg2+）、钙（Ca2+）和钾（K+）。构成盐度的元素不易变化，是海水的一种保守属性。[23]有许多机制可以将盐度从颗粒形态改变为溶解形态，然后再返回。已知的钠（即盐）来源于岩石的风化、侵蚀和溶解作用被输送到河流中并沉积到海洋中。

在地球的生物地球化学过程中，源和汇是元素的运动。我们海洋中盐离子的组成是：钠（Na+）、氯（Cl-）、硫酸盐（SO42-）、镁（Mg2+）、钙（Ca2+）和钾（K+）。构成盐度的元素不易变化，是海水的一种保守属性。[23]有许多机制可以将盐度从颗粒形态改变为溶解形态，然后再返回。已知的钠（即盐）因为岩石的风化、侵蚀和溶解作用被输送到河流中并沉积到海洋中。

The idea of the Earth as an integrated whole, a living being, has a long tradition. The mythical Gaia was the primal Greek goddess personifying the Earth, the Greek version of "Mother Nature" (from Ge = Earth, and Aia =  

The idea of the Earth as an integrated whole, a living being, has a long tradition. The mythical Gaia was the primal Greek goddess personifying the Earth, the Greek version of "Mother Nature" (from Ge = Earth, and Aia =  

地球作为一个完整的整体，一个有生命的存在，这个观念有着悠久的传统。神话中的盖亚是拟人化地球的原始希腊女神，是希腊版本的“自然母亲”(来自 Ge = 地球，和 Aia =  

地球是一个完整的整体，一个有生命的存在，这个观念有着悠久的传统。神话中的盖亚是拟人化地球的原始希腊女神，是希腊版本的“自然母亲”(来自 Ge = 地球，和 Aia =  

===Regulation of oxygen in the atmosphere大气层的氧气调节===

===Regulation of oxygen in the atmosphere大气层的氧气调节===

PIE grandmother), or the Earth Mother. James Lovelock gave this name to his hypothesis after a suggestion from the novelist William Golding, who was living in the same village as Lovelock at the time (Bowerchalke, Wiltshire, UK). Golding's advice was based on Gea, an alternative spelling for the name of the Greek goddess, which is used as prefix in geology, geophysics and geochemistry. Later, the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust. His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.

PIE grandmother), or the Earth Mother. James Lovelock gave this name to his hypothesis after a suggestion from the novelist William Golding, who was living in the same village as Lovelock at the time (Bowerchalke, Wiltshire, UK). Golding's advice was based on Gea, an alternative spelling for the name of the Greek goddess, which is used as prefix in geology, geophysics and geochemistry. Later, the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust. His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.

[[File:Vostok 420ky 4curves insolation.jpg|thumb|280px|Levels of gases in the atmosphere in 420,000 years of ice core data from [[Vostok Station|Vostok, Antarctica research station]]. Current period is at the left. <!-- Unsourced material based on GIMP FX version of this chart. The current version here is correct, original. This verbiage must be removed: Note that current CO₂ levels are more than 390 ppm, far higher than at any time in the last 400,000 years -->]]

[[File:Vostok 420ky 4curves insolation.jpg|thumb|280px|Levels of gases in the atmosphere in 420,000 years of ice core data from [[Vostok Station|Vostok, Antarctica research station]]. Current period is at the left. <!-- Unsourced material based on GIMP FX version of this chart. The current version here is correct, original. This verbiage must be removed: Note that current CO₂ levels are more than 390 ppm, far higher than at any time in the last 400,000 years -->]]

Another influence for the Gaia hypothesis and the environmental movement in general came as a side effect of the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. During the 1960s, the first humans in space could see how the Earth looked as a whole. The photograph Earthrise taken by astronaut William Anders in 1968 during the Apollo 8 mission became, through the Overview Effect an early symbol for the global ecology movement.

Another influence for the Gaia hypothesis and the environmental movement in general came as a side effect of the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. During the 1960s, the first humans in space could see how the Earth looked as a whole. The photograph Earthrise taken by astronaut William Anders in 1968 during the Apollo 8 mission became, through the Overview Effect an early symbol for the global ecology movement.

盖亚假说和环境运动的另一个影响来自于苏联和美利坚合众国之间太空竞赛的副作用。在20世纪60年代，第一批进入太空的人类可以看到地球作为一个整体的样子。1968年，宇航员威廉 · 安德斯在阿波罗8号任务期间拍摄的地出照片，通过总体效应成为全球生态运动的早期象征。

盖亚假说和环境运动的另一个影响来自于苏联和美利坚合众国之间太空竞赛。在20世纪60年代，第一批进入太空的人类可以看到地球作为一个整体的样子。1968年，宇航员威廉 · 安德斯在阿波罗8号任务期间拍摄的地出照片，通过总体效应成为全球生态运动的早期象征。

| pmid = 10500106

| pmid = 10500106

Lovelock called it first the Earth feedback hypothesis, and it was a way to explain the fact that combinations of chemicals including oxygen and methane persist in stable concentrations in the atmosphere of the Earth. Lovelock suggested detecting such combinations in other planets' atmospheres as a relatively reliable and cheap way to detect life.

Lovelock called it first the Earth feedback hypothesis, and it was a way to explain the fact that combinations of chemicals including oxygen and methane persist in stable concentrations in the atmosphere of the Earth. Lovelock suggested detecting such combinations in other planets' atmospheres as a relatively reliable and cheap way to detect life.

| doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.20.10955

| doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.20.10955

Dry air in the [[atmosphere of Earth]] contains roughly (by volume) 78.09% [[nitrogen]], 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% [[argon]], 0.039% [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere|carbon dioxide]], and small amounts of other gases including [[methane]]. Lovelock originally speculated that concentrations of oxygen above about 25% would increase the frequency of wildfires and conflagration of forests.  Recent work on the findings of fire-caused charcoal in Carboniferous and Cretaceous coal measures, in geologic periods when O₂ did exceed 25%, has supported Lovelock's contention. {{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

Dry air in the [[atmosphere of Earth]] contains roughly (by volume) 78.09% [[nitrogen]], 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% [[argon]], 0.039% [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere|carbon dioxide]], and small amounts of other gases including [[methane]]. Lovelock originally speculated that concentrations of oxygen above about 25% would increase the frequency of wildfires and conflagration of forests.  Recent work on the findings of fire-caused charcoal in Carboniferous and Cretaceous coal measures, in geologic periods when O₂ did exceed 25%, has supported Lovelock's contention. {{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

[[地球大气]]中的干空气大约（按体积）包含78.09%[[氮]]，20.95%的氧，0.93%[[氩]]，0.039%[地球大气中的二氧化碳|二氧化碳]]，以及少量其他气体，包括[[甲烷]]。洛夫洛克最初推测，氧气浓度超过25%会增加森林火灾和火灾的发生率。最近在石炭纪和白垩纪煤系中发现的由火引起的木炭的研究，在地质时期O₂超过25%，支持了Lovelock的观点

[[地球大气]]中的干空气大约（按体积）包含78.09%[[氮]]，20.95%的氧，0.93%[[氩]]，0.039%[地球大气中的二氧化碳|二氧化碳]]，以及少量其他气体，包括[[甲烷]]。洛夫洛克最初推测，氧气浓度超过25%会增加森林火灾和火灾的发生率。最近在石炭纪和白垩纪煤系中火成木炭的研究（这两个地质时期O₂浓度超过25%）支持了Lovelock的观点

In 1971 microbiologist Dr. Lynn Margulis joined Lovelock in the effort of fleshing out the initial hypothesis into scientifically proven concepts, contributing her knowledge about how microbes affect the atmosphere and the different layers in the surface of the planet. The American biologist had also awakened criticism from the scientific community with her advocacy of the theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles and her contributions to the endosymbiotic theory, nowadays accepted. Margulis dedicated the last of eight chapters in her book, The Symbiotic Planet, to Gaia. However, she objected to the widespread personification of Gaia and stressed that Gaia is "not an organism", but "an emergent property of interaction among organisms". She defined Gaia as "the series of interacting ecosystems that compose a single huge ecosystem at the Earth's surface. Period". The book's most memorable "slogan" was actually quipped by a student of Margulis': "Gaia is just symbiosis as seen from space".

In 1971 microbiologist Dr. Lynn Margulis joined Lovelock in the effort of fleshing out the initial hypothesis into scientifically proven concepts, contributing her knowledge about how microbes affect the atmosphere and the different layers in the surface of the planet. The American biologist had also awakened criticism from the scientific community with her advocacy of the theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles and her contributions to the endosymbiotic theory, nowadays accepted. Margulis dedicated the last of eight chapters in her book, The Symbiotic Planet, to Gaia. However, she objected to the widespread personification of Gaia and stressed that Gaia is "not an organism", but "an emergent property of interaction among organisms". She defined Gaia as "the series of interacting ecosystems that compose a single huge ecosystem at the Earth's surface. Period". The book's most memorable "slogan" was actually quipped by a student of Margulis': "Gaia is just symbiosis as seen from space".

1971年，微生物学家 Lynn Margulis 博士加入了 Lovelock 的行列，努力将最初的假设充实为科学证明的概念，贡献了她关于微生物如何影响大气层和地球表面不同层次的知识。这位美国生物学家也唤醒了科学界的批评，因为她倡导真核细胞器起源的理论，以及她对美国共生发源学会的贡献，现在被接受了。玛格丽丝在她的书《共生星球》中将最后八章献给了盖亚。然而，她反对对盖亚的广泛拟人化，并强调盖亚“不是一个有机体” ，而是“有机体之间相互作用的一个新兴属性”。她将盖亚定义为“组成地球表面一个巨大生态系统的一系列相互作用的生态系统”。句号”。这本书最令人难忘的“口号”实际上是由马古利斯的一个学生打趣说的: “从太空看，盖亚只是共生而已。”。

1971年，微生物学家 Lynn Margulis 博士加入了 Lovelock 的行列，努力将最初的假设充实为科学证明的概念。Margulis 贡献了她关于微生物如何影响大气层和地球表面不同层次的知识。这位美国生物学家也唤受到科学界的批评，因为她倡导真核细胞器起源的理论，以及她对美国共生发源学会的贡献——现在被接受了。玛格丽丝在她的书《共生星球》中将最后八章用于描述盖亚。然而，她反对对盖亚的广泛拟人化，并强调盖亚“不是一个有机体” ，而是“有机体之间相互作用的一个新兴属性”。她将盖亚定义为“组成地球表面一个巨大生态系统的一系列相互作用的生态系统”。句号”。这本书最令人难忘的“口号”实际上是由马古利斯的一个学生打趣说的: “从太空看，盖亚只是共生而已。”。

===Processing of CO₂二氧化碳处理===

===Processing of CO₂二氧化碳处理===

Gaia scientists see the participation of living organisms in the [[carbon cycle]] as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The only significant natural source of [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric carbon dioxide]] ([[Carbon dioxide|CO₂]]) is [[volcanic activity]], while the only significant removal is through the precipitation of [[carbonate rocks]].<ref name="Karhu1996">{{cite journal | author = Karhu, J.A. | author2 = Holland, H.D. | date = 1 October 1996 | title = Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen | journal = [[Geology (journal)|Geology]] | volume = 24 | issue = 10 | pages = 867–870 | doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0867:CIATRO>2.3.CO;2|bibcode = 1996Geo....24..867K | ref = harv}}</ref> Carbon precipitation, solution and [[Carbon fixation|fixation]] are influenced by the [[bacteria]] and plant roots in soils, where they improve gaseous circulation, or in coral reefs, where calcium carbonate is deposited as a solid on the sea floor. Calcium carbonate is used by living organisms to manufacture carbonaceous tests and shells. Once dead, the living organisms' shells fall to the bottom of the oceans where they generate deposits of chalk and limestone.

Gaia scientists see the participation of living organisms in the [[carbon cycle]] as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The only significant natural source of [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric carbon dioxide]] ([[Carbon dioxide|CO₂]]) is [[volcanic activity]], while the only significant removal is through the precipitation of [[carbonate rocks]].<ref name="Karhu1996">{{cite journal | author = Karhu, J.A. | author2 = Holland, H.D. | date = 1 October 1996 | title = Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen | journal = [[Geology (journal)|Geology]] | volume = 24 | issue = 10 | pages = 867–870 | doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0867:CIATRO>2.3.CO;2|bibcode = 1996Geo....24..867K | ref = harv}}</ref> Carbon precipitation, solution and [[Carbon fixation|fixation]] are influenced by the [[bacteria]] and plant roots in soils, where they improve gaseous circulation, or in coral reefs, where calcium carbonate is deposited as a solid on the sea floor. Calcium carbonate is used by living organisms to manufacture carbonaceous tests and shells. Once dead, the living organisms' shells fall to the bottom of the oceans where they generate deposits of chalk and limestone.

盖亚的科学家认为，生物参与[[碳循环]是维持适宜生命条件的复杂过程之一。[[地球大气中的二氧化碳|大气二氧化碳]]（[[二氧化碳| CO2]]）的唯一重要自然来源是[[火山活动]]，而唯一显著的清除是通过[[碳酸盐岩]]的沉淀，溶液和[[固碳|固碳]]受土壤中的[[细菌]]和植物根的影响，它们改善了气体循环，珊瑚礁中碳酸钙以固体形式沉积在海底。碳酸钙被生物用来制造含碳测试和贝壳。一旦死亡，这些生物的壳就会落到海底，在那里它们会产生白垩和石灰岩的沉积物。

盖亚的科学家认为，生物参与[[碳循环]是维持适宜生命条件的复杂过程之一。[[地球大气中的二氧化碳|大气二氧化碳]]（[[二氧化碳| CO2]]）最重要的自然来源是[[火山活动]]，而最重要的去除过程是[[碳酸盐岩]]的沉淀，溶液和[[固碳|固碳]]受土壤中的[[细菌]]和植物根系的影响，它们改善了气体循环，珊瑚礁中碳酸钙以固体形式沉积在海底。碳酸钙被生物用来制造含碳结构和贝壳。一旦死亡，这些生物的壳就会落到海底，在那里它们会产生白垩和石灰岩的沉积物。

Lovelock and other Gaia-supporting scientists, however, did attempt to disprove the claim that the hypothesis is not scientific because it is impossible to test it by controlled experiment. For example, against the charge that Gaia was teleological, Lovelock and Andrew Watson offered the Daisyworld Model (and its modifications, above) as evidence against most of these criticisms.

Lovelock and other Gaia-supporting scientists, however, did attempt to disprove the claim that the hypothesis is not scientific because it is impossible to test it by controlled experiment. For example, against the charge that Gaia was teleological, Lovelock and Andrew Watson offered the Daisyworld Model (and its modifications, above) as evidence against most of these criticisms.

然而，洛夫洛克和其他支持盖亚理论的科学家确实试图反驳这样一种说法，即这种假设不科学，因为不可能通过控制实验来检验它。例如，针对盖亚假说是目的论的指控，洛夫洛克和安德鲁·沃森提出了雏菊世界模型(及其修正，上文)作为反驳大多数这些批评的证据。

然而，洛夫洛克和其他支持盖亚理论的科学家确实试图反驳这样一种说法，即这种假设不科学，因为不可能通过控制实验来检验它。例如，针对盖亚假说是目的论的指责，洛夫洛克和安德鲁·沃森提出了雏菊世界模型(及其修正，上文)反驳这些批评。

Lovelock was careful to present a version of the Gaia hypothesis that had no claim that Gaia intentionally or consciously maintained the complex balance in her environment that life needed to survive. It would appear that the claim that Gaia acts "intentionally" was a metaphoric statement in his popular initial book and was not meant to be taken literally. This new statement of the Gaia hypothesis was more acceptable to the scientific community. Most accusations of teleologism ceased, following this conference.

Lovelock was careful to present a version of the Gaia hypothesis that had no claim that Gaia intentionally or consciously maintained the complex balance in her environment that life needed to survive. It would appear that the claim that Gaia acts "intentionally" was a metaphoric statement in his popular initial book and was not meant to be taken literally. This new statement of the Gaia hypothesis was more acceptable to the scientific community. Most accusations of teleologism ceased, following this conference.

 

By the time of the 2nd Chapman Conference on the Gaia Hypothesis, held at Valencia, Spain, on 23 June 2000, the situation had changed significantly. Rather than a discussion of the Gaian teleological views, or "types" of Gaia hypotheses, the focus was upon the specific mechanisms by which basic short term homeostasis was maintained within a framework of significant evolutionary long term structural change.

By the time of the 2nd Chapman Conference on the Gaia Hypothesis, held at Valencia, Spain, on 23 June 2000, the situation had changed significantly. Rather than a discussion of the Gaian teleological views, or "types" of Gaia hypotheses, the focus was upon the specific mechanisms by which basic short term homeostasis was maintained within a framework of significant evolutionary long term structural change.

到2000年6月23日在西班牙巴伦西亚举行关于盖亚假说的第二次查普曼会议时，情况发生了重大变化。与其讨论盖亚假说的目的论观点，或盖亚假说的“类型” ，不如将重点放在具体的机制上，通过这些机制，基本的短期内稳态在一个重要的进化的长期结构变化的框架内得以维持。

到2000年6月23日在西班牙巴伦西亚举行关于盖亚假说的第二次查普曼会议时，情况发生了重大变化。与其讨论盖亚假说的目的论观点，或盖亚假说的“类型” ，不如将重点放在具体的机制上，通过这些机制，短期内基本稳态在重要的进化长期结构变化的框架内得以维持。

The idea of the Earth as an integrated whole, a living being, has a long tradition. The [[Gaia (mythology)|mythical Gaia]] was the primal Greek goddess personifying the [[Earth]], the Greek version of "[[Mother Nature]]" (from Ge = Earth, and Aia =  

The idea of the Earth as an integrated whole, a living being, has a long tradition. The [[Gaia (mythology)|mythical Gaia]] was the primal Greek goddess personifying the [[Earth]], the Greek version of "[[Mother Nature]]" (from Ge = Earth, and Aia =