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→Notes 笔记
Darwin was eminent as a naturalist, geologist, biologist, and author. After working as a physician's assistant and two years as a medical student, he was educated as a clergyman; he was also trained in taxidermy.
Darwin was eminent as a naturalist, geologist, biologist, and author. After working as a physician's assistant and two years as a medical student, he was educated as a clergyman; he was also trained in taxidermy.
达尔文是一位自然学家、地质学家、生物学家和作家。他曾担任过医生的助理和两年的医学生，也接受过成为牧师的教育；同时他还接受过动物标本制作方面的培训。
Robert FitzRoy was to become known after the voyage for biblical literalism, but at this time he had considerable interest in Lyell's ideas, and they met before the voyage when Lyell asked for observations to be made in South America. FitzRoy's diary during the ascent of the River Santa Cruz in Patagonia recorded his opinion that the plains were raised beaches, but on return, newly married to a very religious lady, he recanted these ideas.(Browne 1995, pp. 186, 414)
Robert FitzRoy was to become known after the voyage for biblical literalism, but at this time he had considerable interest in Lyell's ideas, and they met before the voyage when Lyell asked for observations to be made in South America. FitzRoy's diary during the ascent of the River Santa Cruz in Patagonia recorded his opinion that the plains were raised beaches, but on return, newly married to a very religious lady, he recanted these ideas.(Browne 1995, pp. 186, 414)
罗伯特·菲茨罗伊在航行之后因圣经直译主义而闻名，但此时他对莱尔的思想颇有兴趣，后来他们在莱尔要求南美航行考察前相遇。菲茨罗伊在巴塔哥尼亚Patagonia圣克鲁斯河River Santa Cruz登高期间用日记的形式记录了他的观点，即平原其实是海滩高地。但在他返航后，他与一位虔诚的教徒女士结婚，随后便放弃了这些想法。（Browne 1995，第186、414页）
In the section "Morphology" of Chapter XIII of On the Origin of Species, Darwin commented on homologous bone patterns between humans and other mammals, writing: "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?"[212] and in the concluding chapter: "The framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man, wing of a bat, fin of the porpoise, and leg of the horse … at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications."
In the section "Morphology" of Chapter XIII of On the Origin of Species, Darwin commented on homologous bone patterns between humans and other mammals, writing: "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?"[212] and in the concluding chapter: "The framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man, wing of a bat, fin of the porpoise, and leg of the horse … at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications."
在《物种起源》第十三章的“形态学”部分中，达尔文评论了人类与其他哺乳动物之间的同源异体骨模式，并写道：“人类用来抓东西的手，鼹鼠用来挖掘的爪子，马匹用来跑步的腿，海豚用来游泳的鳍，以及蝙蝠用来飞的翅膀，他们是否都是按照相同的模式构造而成，其实是相同的骨骼长在相同的位置？想来没有什么能比这种猜测更有趣了”。在最后一章中，达尔文还提到“男人的手，蝙蝠的翅膀，海豚的鳍和马的腿，这些骨头构造都是相同的……这显然解释了血统论，或者说是共同祖先学说。这些骨头在缓慢且连续地修正变化以适应它们的新功能。”
In On the Origin of Species Darwin mentioned human origins in his concluding remark that "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history."
In On the Origin of Species Darwin mentioned human origins in his concluding remark that "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history."
达尔文在《物种起源》中的结论中还提到了人类起源，“在遥远的将来，我看到了更为重要的研究领域，它拥有广阔的前景。心理学研究将通过获取需求不同程度的智力和能力，以分阶级为基础来深入发展。人类的起源和历史终将被照亮。”
In "Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory" he referred to sexual selection: "I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man, which are so strongly marked; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences, chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind, but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous."
In "Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory" he referred to sexual selection: "I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man, which are so strongly marked; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences, chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind, but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous."
在“第六章：理论上的困难”中，他提到了性选择：“出于同一目的，我可能已经引证了足够多关于人类各种族之间的差异事实，这些差异是如此的明显，以至于它们的根源可以带给我们一些启示，主要通过特定类型的性选择。但是，如果不引入大量细节，我的推理就会显得很轻率。”
在1871年出版的《人类的由来》中，达尔文在第一段讨论道：
在1871年出版的《人类的由来》中，达尔文在第一段讨论道：
“多年来，我收集了很多关于人类的起源或由来的笔记，我无意对此主题进行发布，更确切地说是我决定不发表，因为我认为这是个人的主见，是我应该由此对自己的观点产生偏见，而非大众。在我的《物种起源》第一版中，足以表明通过这项工作，‘将对人类的起源及其历史产生新的领悟。’这意味着，在尊重人类在地球上所有的表现行为前提下，我们必须将其与任何有机物统一在一起。”在1874年第二版的序言中，达尔文增加了对第二点的阐述：“一些批评家说过，当我发现无法通过自然选择来解释人的许多结构细节时，我发明了性选择。但是，我在第一版的《物种起源》中就对这一原则给出了可以相当清晰的草图，我在那里就指出过它也适用于人类。”