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Boltzmann spent a great deal of effort in his final years defending his theories.<ref name="Carlo">Cercignani, Carlo (1998) Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198501541}}</ref> He did not get along with some of his colleagues in Vienna, particularly [[Ernst Mach]], who became a professor of philosophy and history of sciences in 1895. That same year [[Georg Helm]] and [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] presented their position on [[energetics]] at a meeting in [[Lübeck]]. They saw energy, and not matter, as the chief component of the universe. Boltzmann's position carried the day among other physicists who supported his atomic theories in the debate.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Max Planck|title=Gegen die neure Energetik|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=57|issue=1|year=1896|pages=72–78|doi=10.1002/andp.18962930107 |bibcode = 1896AnP...293...72P |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423910}}</ref> In 1900, Boltzmann went to the [[University of Leipzig]], on the invitation of [[Wilhelm Ostwald]]. Ostwald offered Boltzmann the professorial chair in physics, which became vacant when [[Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann]] died. After Mach retired due to bad health, Boltzmann returned to Vienna in 1902.<ref name="Carlo" /> In 1903, Boltzmann, together with [[Gustav von Escherich]] and [[Emil Müller (mathematician)|Emil Müller]], founded the [[Austrian Mathematical Society]]. His students included [[Karl Přibram]], [[Paul Ehrenfest]] and [[Lise Meitner]].<ref name="Carlo" />

Boltzmann spent a great deal of effort in his final years defending his theories.<ref name="Carlo">Cercignani, Carlo (1998) Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198501541}}</ref> He did not get along with some of his colleagues in Vienna, particularly [[Ernst Mach]], who became a professor of philosophy and history of sciences in 1895. That same year [[Georg Helm]] and [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] presented their position on [[energetics]] at a meeting in [[Lübeck]]. They saw energy, and not matter, as the chief component of the universe. Boltzmann's position carried the day among other physicists who supported his atomic theories in the debate.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Max Planck|title=Gegen die neure Energetik|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=57|issue=1|year=1896|pages=72–78|doi=10.1002/andp.18962930107 |bibcode = 1896AnP...293...72P |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423910}}</ref> In 1900, Boltzmann went to the [[University of Leipzig]], on the invitation of [[Wilhelm Ostwald]]. Ostwald offered Boltzmann the professorial chair in physics, which became vacant when [[Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann]] died. After Mach retired due to bad health, Boltzmann returned to Vienna in 1902.<ref name="Carlo" /> In 1903, Boltzmann, together with [[Gustav von Escherich]] and [[Emil Müller (mathematician)|Emil Müller]], founded the [[Austrian Mathematical Society]]. His students included [[Karl Přibram]], [[Paul Ehrenfest]] and [[Lise Meitner]].<ref name="Carlo" />

晚年的玻尔兹曼致力于维护自己所创立的理论。在维也纳，他和一些同事相处不很融洽，尤其是恩斯特·马赫(Ernst Mach，1895年成为哲学和科学史教授)。1895年，格奥尔格·赫尔姆（Georg Helm）和威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德（Wilhelm Ostwald）在吕贝克的一次会议上提出了他们关于能量学的观点。他们认为宇宙的主要组成部分是能量，而不是物质。

晚年的玻尔兹曼致力于维护自己所创立的理论。在维也纳，他和一些同事相处不很融洽，尤其是恩斯特·马赫(Ernst Mach，1895年成为哲学和科学史教授)。1895年，格奥尔格·赫尔姆（Georg Helm）和威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德（Wilhelm Ostwald）在吕贝克的一次会议上提出了他们关于能量学的观点。他们认为宇宙的主要组成部分是能量，而不是物质。会议辩论中玻尔兹曼的观点赢得了其他支持原子理论的物理学家的赞同。在威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德的邀请下，玻尔兹曼于1900年前往莱比锡大学，填补辞世的古斯塔夫·海因里希·维德曼留下的空缺，出任物理学首席教授。在马赫因健康原因退休以后，玻尔兹曼于1902年返回维也纳。1903年，玻尔兹曼与古斯塔夫·冯·埃舍里希、埃米尔·穆勒一同创立了奥地利数学学会。他的门生包括：卡尔·普里贝拉姆（经济学家），保罗·埃伦费斯特（理论物理学家），丽斯·迈特纳（物理学家，被爱因斯坦称为“德国居里夫人”）。

In Vienna, Boltzmann taught physics and also lectured on philosophy. Boltzmann's lectures on [[natural philosophy]] were very popular and received considerable attention. His first lecture was an enormous success. Even though the largest lecture hall had been chosen for it, the people stood all the way down the staircase. Because of the great successes of Boltzmann's philosophical lectures, the Emperor invited him for a reception at the Palace.<ref>The Boltzmann Equation: Theory and Applications, E.G.D. Cohen, W. Thirring, ed., Springer Science & Business Media, 2012</ref>

In Vienna, Boltzmann taught physics and also lectured on philosophy. Boltzmann's lectures on [[natural philosophy]] were very popular and received considerable attention. His first lecture was an enormous success. Even though the largest lecture hall had been chosen for it, the people stood all the way down the staircase. Because of the great successes of Boltzmann's philosophical lectures, the Emperor invited him for a reception at the Palace.<ref>The Boltzmann Equation: Theory and Applications, E.G.D. Cohen, W. Thirring, ed., Springer Science & Business Media, 2012</ref>