更改

股票市场(或任何市场)就是一个大规模涌现的例子。作为一个整体，它精确地调节着世界上各地公司的相对安全价格，然而它没有领导者。当没有中央计划的时候，就没有一个实体控制着整个市场的运作。经纪人或投资者只了解其投资组合中有限的几家公司，他们必须遵守市场的监管规则，对交易进行单独或大规模的分析。趋势和模式的出现则是由技术分析师深入研究的。

股票市场(或任何市场)就是一个大规模涌现的例子。作为一个整体，它精确地调节着世界上各地公司的相对安全价格，然而它没有领导者。当没有中央计划的时候，就没有一个实体控制着整个市场的运作。经纪人或投资者只了解其投资组合中有限的几家公司，他们必须遵守市场的监管规则，对交易进行单独或大规模的分析。趋势和模式的出现则是由技术分析师深入研究的。

===万维网与互联网====

====万维网与互联网====

Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in {{Harv|Smith|2008|pp=1–31}}].

Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in {{Harv|Smith|2008|pp=1–31}}.

Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, TCP flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in ].

Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, TCP flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in ].

互联网流量也可以表现出一些看似涌现的特性。在拥塞控制机制中，TCP 流可以在瓶颈处实现全局同步，在协调中同时增加和减少吞吐量拥塞，这被广泛认为是一种滋扰，可能是一个涌现的特性，在高流量的网络中传播的瓶颈可以被认为是一个相变(见相关研究的评论)。 {{Harv|Smith|2008|pp=1–31}}.

拥塞，被广泛认为是一种滋扰，可能是一个涌现的特性，在高流量的网络中传播的瓶颈可以被认为是一个阶段的转变(见相关研究的评论)。

Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is [[social bookmarking]] (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems<ref name="TWEB-ref" >Valentin Robu, Harry Halpin, Hana Shepherd [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1594173.1594176 Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems], ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), Vol. 3(4), article 14, ACM Press, September 2009.</ref> has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of [[Folksonomy|shared vocabularies]] does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation.<ref>{{Citation

Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is [[social bookmarking]] (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems<ref name="TWEB-ref" >Valentin Robu, Harry Halpin, Hana Shepherd [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1594173.1594176 Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems], ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), Vol. 3(4), article 14, ACM Press, September 2009.</ref> has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of [[Folksonomy|shared vocabularies]] does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation.<ref>{{Citation

 

   | last1 = Fu  | first1 = Wai-Tat

 

 

 

 

   | last = Fu  | first = Wai-Tat

 

 

 

 

   | title = A Semantic Imitation Model of Social Tagging

   | title = A Semantic Imitation Model of Social Tagging

   | journal = Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Social Computing

   | journal = Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Social Computing

   | pages = 66–72

   | pages = 66–72

   | date = August 2009

   | date = August 2009

   | url = http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1633745

   | url = http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1633745

   | doi = 10.1109/CSE.2009.382

   | doi = 10.1109/CSE.2009.382

   | last2 = Kannampallil

   | last2 = Kannampallil

 

   | last2 = Kannampallil

   | last2 = Kannampallil

   | first2 = Thomas George

   | first2 = Thomas George

   | last3 = Kang

   | last3 = Kang

   | first3 = Ruogu

   | first3 = Ruogu

 

   | isbn = 978-1-4244-5334-4 | s2cid = 10229043

}}</ref><ref>{{Citation

 

   | last1 = Fu  | first1 = Wai-Tat

   | isbn = 978-1-4244-5334-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation

 

  | isbn = 978-1-4244-5334-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation

 

 

   | last = Fu  | first = Wai-Tat

 

 

 

 

   | title = Semantic Imitation in Social Tagging

   | title = Semantic Imitation in Social Tagging

   | journal = ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction

   | journal = ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction

   | year = 2010

   | year = 2010

   | doi = 10.1145/1806923.1806926

   | doi = 10.1145/1806923.1806926

   | last2 = Kannampallil

   | last2 = Kannampallil

   | first2 = Thomas

   | first2 = Thomas

   | last3 = Kang

   | last3 = Kang

   | first3 = Ruogu

   | first3 = Ruogu

   | last4 = He

   | last4 = He

   | first4 = Jibo

   | first4 = Jibo

   | volume = 17

   | volume = 17

   | issue = 3

   | issue = 3

 

   | pages = 1–37 | s2cid = 6964273

 

}}</ref>

 

   | pages = 1–37 }}</ref>

 

  | pages = 1–37 }}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

====建筑与城市====

====建筑与城市====

Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city.  The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains.

Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city.  The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains.

Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn, such as a desire path.

Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn, such as a desire path.

建筑师可能不会设计一个建筑群的所有通道。相反，他们可能会让“通路”自发涌现：让人们自由选择走出道路，然后在道路已经磨损的地方铺设路面，比如“心选小路”。'''心选小路 Desire Path'''，也叫牛道 Cow Path或者羊道 Goat Track ，指行人或自行车频繁经过而形成的一条小路。这种小路通常是往返于两地之间距离最短且最易找到的路。一般情况下，正式修建的道路绕远、路中间有沟，或者压根没有正式道路的地方就会出现“心选小路”。

建筑师可能不会设计一个建筑群的所有通道。相反，他们可能会让“通路”自发涌现：让人们自由选择走出道路，然后在道路已经磨损的地方铺设路面，比如“心选小路”。'''心选小路 Desire Path'''，也叫牛道 Cow Path 或者羊道 Goat Track ，指行人或自行车频繁经过而形成的一条小路。这种小路通常是往返于两地之间距离最短且最易找到的路。一般情况下，当正式修建的道路绕远、路中间有沟，或者压根没有正式道路的地方就会出现“心选小路”。

 

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]） usage patterns emerge  意译  添加补充

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]） usage patterns emerge  意译  添加补充

The on-course action and vehicle progression of the 2007 Urban Challenge could possibly be regarded as an example of cybernetic emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance.

The on-course action and vehicle progression of the 2007 Urban Challenge could possibly be regarded as an example of cybernetic emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance.

“2007年城市挑战”(2007 Urban Challenge)的航线方向和运载路径，可能被视为控制论出现的一个例子。道路使用模式，不确定的障碍物清除时间等将共同工作，形成一个复杂的涌现模式，它不能事先确切地计划。

“2007年城市挑战”(2007 Urban Challenge)的航线方向和运载路径，可以被视为控制论出现的一个例子。道路使用模式，不确定的障碍物清除时间等，将共同工作形成一个复杂的涌现模式，它不能事先确切地计划。

 

The architectural school of Christopher Alexander takes a deeper approach to emergence, attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an [http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/the-journey-to-emergence/ Emergent Urbanism]. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity  and urban evolution.

The architectural school of Christopher Alexander takes a deeper approach to emergence, attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an [http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/the-journey-to-emergence/ Emergent Urbanism]. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity  and urban evolution.

克里斯托佛·亚历山大的建筑学派对涌现采取了更深入的方法，试图重写城市发展本身的发展过程，以建立一个与传统实践相联系的规划和设计的新方法论：一个[http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/The-journey-to-emergence/ 涌现的城市主义]。城市的涌现也与城市复杂性和城市演化的理论联系在一起。

克里斯托佛·亚历山大建筑学派对涌现采取了更深入的方法，试图重写城市发展本身的发展过程，以建立一个与传统实践相联系的规划和设计的新方法论：一个[http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/The-journey-to-emergence/ 涌现的城市主义]。城市的涌现也与城市复杂性和城市演化的理论联系在一起。

建筑生态学是一种概念框架，用于理解建筑和建筑环境之间动态相互依存的要素，包括建筑、居住者和更大的环境。

建筑生态学是一种概念框架，用于理解建筑和建筑环境之间动态相互依存的要素，包括建筑、居住者和更大的环境。

建筑生态学家'''哈尔·莱文 Hal Levin''' 并没有把建筑看作是无生命的或静态的物体，而是把它们看作是有生命和无生命系统的交界或交叉领域。

建筑生态学家'''哈尔·莱文 Hal Levin''' 并没有把建筑看作是无生命的或静态的物体，而是把它们看作是有生命和无生命系统的交界或交叉领域。<ref name="microbe.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.microbe.net/fact-sheet-building-ecology/ |title=Fact Sheet: Building Ecology |accessdate=2011-08-04 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203182235/http://www.microbe.net/fact-sheet-building-ecology/ |archivedate=2012-02-03 |date=2011-05-26 }}</ref>

室内环境的微生物生态学强烈依赖于建筑材料、居住者、内容、环境背景和室内外气候。大气化学与室内空气质量及室内发生的化学反应密切相关。这些化学物质可能是微生物的营养物质、中性物质或生物杀灭剂。这些微生物产生的化学物质会影响建筑材料与居民健康。

室内环境的微生物生态学强烈依赖于建筑材料、居住者、内容、环境背景和室内外气候。大气化学与室内空气质量及室内发生的化学反应密切相关。这些化学物质可能是微生物的营养物质、中性物质或生物杀灭剂。这些微生物产生的化学物质会影响建筑材料与居民健康。

人类操纵通风、温度和湿度以达到舒适的环境，同时对居住和进化的微生物产生影响。

人类操纵通风、温度和湿度以达到舒适的环境，同时对居住和进化的微生物产生影响。<ref name="microbe.net"/><ref>http://www.microbe.net {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210118/http://www.microbe.net/ |date=2011-07-23 }}</ref><ref>http://buildingecology.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808024931/http://www.buildingecology.com/ |date=2011-08-08 }}</ref>

Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. Gridlock on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior.

Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. Gridlock on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior.

Eric Bonabeau 试图通过交通来定义涌现现象: “交通堵塞实际上是非常复杂和神秘的。在个人层面上，每个司机都试图到达某个地方，并遵守(或打破)某些规则，一些是合法的(限速) ，另一些是社会的或个人的(减速让另一个司机进入你的车道)。但是，交通堵塞是从这些个人行为中突现出来的一个独立的、不同的实体。例如，高速公路上的交通堵塞可能无缘无故地向后延伸，即使车辆在向前行驶。”他还把涌现现象比作对市场趋势和员工行为的分析。

Eric Bonabeau 试图通过交通来定义涌现现象: “交通堵塞实际上是非常复杂和神秘的。在个人层面上，每个司机都试图到达某个地方，并遵守(或打破)某些规则。这些规则中一些是法律上的(限速) ，另一些是社会的或个人的(减速让另一个司机进入你的车道)。但是，交通堵塞是从这些个人行为中涌现出来的一个独立的、不同的事物。例如，高速公路上的交通堵塞可能无缘无故地向后延伸，即使车辆在向前行驶。”他还把涌现现象比作对市场趋势和员工行为的分析。<ref>Bonabeau E. Predicting the Unpredictable. Harvard Business Review [serial online]. March 2002. 80(3):109–16. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 1, 2012.</ref>

 

 

Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality.<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63

Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality.<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63

Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality.<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63

Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality.<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63

 

 

  {{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2368574 |title=Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System |access-date=2017-11-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523233743/http://www.academia.edu/2368574/Emergent_Materiality_though_an_Embedded_Multi-Agent_System |archive-date=2015-05-23 |last1=Roudavski |first1=Stanislav }}

  {{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2368574 |title=Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System |accessdate=2017-11-01 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523233743/http://www.academia.edu/2368574/Emergent_Materiality_though_an_Embedded_Multi-Agent_System |archivedate=2015-05-23 |last1=Roudavski |first1=Stanislav }}

 

 

 

 

</ref>

</ref>

===计算机人工智能==

===计算机人工智能==