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| page = 300}}</ref>
'''路德维希·爱德华·玻尔兹曼''' '''Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann'''（1844年2月20日—1906年9月5日），奥地利物理学家、哲学家。他最伟大的功绩是发展了'''统计力学'''，并且从统计意义出发解释了'''热力学第二定律'''。1877年，他给出了目前'''熵'''的定义，即'''玻尔兹曼熵公式'''：<math>S = k_{\rm B} \ln \Omega \!</math>，将熵解释为系统统计无序性的度量。<ref name="EncycloBritan">{{cite book
'''路德维希·爱德华·玻尔兹曼''' '''Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann'''（1844年2月20日—1906年9月5日），奥地利物理学家、哲学家。他最伟大的功绩是发展了'''统计力学'''，并且从统计意义出发解释了'''热力学第二定律'''。1877年，他给出了'''熵'''的定义，即'''玻尔兹曼熵公式'''：<math>S = k_{\rm B} \ln \Omega \!</math>，将熵解释为系统统计无序性的度量。<ref name="EncycloBritan">{{cite book
|last1= Klein
|last1= Klein
|first1= Martin
|first1= Martin
|isbn= 0852291353
|isbn= 0852291353
}}
}}
</ref> 马克斯·普朗克命名{{math|''k''<sub>B</sub>}}为[[玻尔兹曼常数|'''玻尔兹曼常数 ''']]'''Boltzmann constant'''。<ref>{{Citation
</ref> '''马克斯·普朗克 [[Max Planck]]'''命名{{math|''k''<sub>B</sub>}}为[[玻尔兹曼常数|'''玻尔兹曼常数 ''']]'''Boltzmann constant'''。<ref>{{Citation
| last = Partington
| last = Partington
| first = J.R.
| first = J.R.
After Mach's resignation in Vienna in 1901, Boltzmann returned there and decided to become a philosopher himself to refute philosophical objections to his physics, but he soon became discouraged again. In 1904 at a physics conference in St. Louis most physicists seemed to reject atoms and he was not even invited to the physics section. Rather, he was stuck in a section called "applied mathematics", he violently attacked philosophy, especially on allegedly Darwinian grounds but actually in terms of [[Lamarck]]'s theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics that people inherited bad philosophy from the past and that it was hard for scientists to overcome such inheritance.
After Mach's resignation in Vienna in 1901, Boltzmann returned there and decided to become a philosopher himself to refute philosophical objections to his physics, but he soon became discouraged again. In 1904 at a physics conference in St. Louis most physicists seemed to reject atoms and he was not even invited to the physics section. Rather, he was stuck in a section called "applied mathematics", he violently attacked philosophy, especially on allegedly Darwinian grounds but actually in terms of [[Lamarck]]'s theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics that people inherited bad philosophy from the past and that it was hard for scientists to overcome such inheritance.
1901年马赫在维也纳辞职后，玻尔兹曼回到学校，并决定自己成为一名哲学家，以驳斥哲学上对物理学的异议，但他很快又受到了打击。1904年，在圣路易斯举行的一次物理会议上，大多数物理学家似乎都拒绝接受原子，他甚至没有被邀请参加物理部分。相反，他被困在“应用数学”的讨论会，他猛烈地攻击哲学，特别是在所谓的达尔文主义的基础上，但实际上是根据拉马克的后天特征遗传理论，人们从过去继承了糟糕的哲学，科学家很难克服这种遗传。'''<font color="#32CD32">相反，他被困在“应用数学”的讨论会，他猛烈地攻击哲学，特别是在所谓的达尔文主义的基础上，但实际上是根据拉马克的后天特征遗传理论，人们从过去继承了糟糕的哲学，科学家很难克服这种遗传＋Rather, he was stuck in a section called "applied mathematics", he violently attacked philosophy, especially on allegedly Darwinian grounds but actually in terms of [[Lamarck]]'s theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics that people inherited bad philosophy from the past and that it was hard for scientists to overcome such inheritance</font>'''（感觉这句话翻译的很奇怪，希望有大佬帮助看看）。
In 1905 Boltzmann corresponded extensively with the Austro-German philosopher [[Franz Brentano]] with the hope of gaining a better mastery of philosophy, apparently, so that he could better refute its relevancy in science, but he became discouraged about this approach as well.
In 1905 Boltzmann corresponded extensively with the Austro-German philosopher [[Franz Brentano]] with the hope of gaining a better mastery of philosophy, apparently, so that he could better refute its relevancy in science, but he became discouraged about this approach as well.