更改

Boltzmann spent a great deal of effort in his final years defending his theories.<ref name="Carlo">Cercignani, Carlo (1998) Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198501541}}</ref> He did not get along with some of his colleagues in Vienna, particularly [[Ernst Mach]], who became a professor of philosophy and history of sciences in 1895. That same year [[Georg Helm]] and [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] presented their position on [[energetics]] at a meeting in [[Lübeck]]. They saw energy, and not matter, as the chief component of the universe. Boltzmann's position carried the day among other physicists who supported his atomic theories in the debate.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Max Planck|title=Gegen die neure Energetik|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=57|issue=1|year=1896|pages=72–78|doi=10.1002/andp.18962930107 |bibcode = 1896AnP...293...72P |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423910}}</ref> In 1900, Boltzmann went to the [[University of Leipzig]], on the invitation of [[Wilhelm Ostwald]]. Ostwald offered Boltzmann the professorial chair in physics, which became vacant when [[Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann]] died. After Mach retired due to bad health, Boltzmann returned to Vienna in 1902.<ref name="Carlo" /> In 1903, Boltzmann, together with [[Gustav von Escherich]] and [[Emil Müller (mathematician)|Emil Müller]], founded the [[Austrian Mathematical Society]]. His students included [[Karl Přibram]], [[Paul Ehrenfest]] and [[Lise Meitner]].<ref name="Carlo" />

Boltzmann spent a great deal of effort in his final years defending his theories.<ref name="Carlo">Cercignani, Carlo (1998) Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198501541}}</ref> He did not get along with some of his colleagues in Vienna, particularly [[Ernst Mach]], who became a professor of philosophy and history of sciences in 1895. That same year [[Georg Helm]] and [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] presented their position on [[energetics]] at a meeting in [[Lübeck]]. They saw energy, and not matter, as the chief component of the universe. Boltzmann's position carried the day among other physicists who supported his atomic theories in the debate.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Max Planck|title=Gegen die neure Energetik|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=57|issue=1|year=1896|pages=72–78|doi=10.1002/andp.18962930107 |bibcode = 1896AnP...293...72P |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423910}}</ref> In 1900, Boltzmann went to the [[University of Leipzig]], on the invitation of [[Wilhelm Ostwald]]. Ostwald offered Boltzmann the professorial chair in physics, which became vacant when [[Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann]] died. After Mach retired due to bad health, Boltzmann returned to Vienna in 1902.<ref name="Carlo" /> In 1903, Boltzmann, together with [[Gustav von Escherich]] and [[Emil Müller (mathematician)|Emil Müller]], founded the [[Austrian Mathematical Society]]. His students included [[Karl Přibram]], [[Paul Ehrenfest]] and [[Lise Meitner]].<ref name="Carlo" />

晚年的玻尔兹曼致力于维护自己所创立的理论。<ref name="Carlo">Cercignani, Carlo (1998) Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198501541}}</ref>在维也纳，他和一些同事相处不很融洽，尤其是恩斯特·马赫(Ernst Mach，1895年成为哲学和科学史教授)。1895年，格奥尔格·赫尔姆（Georg Helm）和威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德（Wilhelm Ostwald）在吕贝克的一次会议上提出了他们关于能量学的观点。他们认为宇宙的主要组成部分是能量，而不是物质。会议辩论中玻尔兹曼的观点赢得了其他支持原子理论的物理学家的赞同。<ref>{{cite journal|author=Max Planck|title=Gegen die neure Energetik|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=57|issue=1|year=1896|pages=72–78|doi=10.1002/andp.18962930107 |bibcode = 1896AnP...293...72P |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423910}}</ref> 在威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德的邀请下，玻尔兹曼于1900年前往莱比锡大学，填补辞世的古斯塔夫·海因里希·维德曼留下的空缺，出任物理学首席教授。在马赫因健康原因退休以后，玻尔兹曼于1902年返回维也纳。<ref name="Carlo" /> 1903年，玻尔兹曼与古斯塔夫·冯·埃舍里希、埃米尔·穆勒一同创立了奥地利数学学会。他的门生包括：卡尔·普里贝拉姆（经济学家），保罗·埃伦费斯特（理论物理学家），丽斯·迈特纳（物理学家，被爱因斯坦称为“德国居里夫人”）。<ref name="Carlo" />

晚年的玻尔兹曼致力于维护自己所创立的理论。<ref name="Carlo">Cercignani, Carlo (1998) Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198501541}}</ref> 在维也纳，他和一些同事相处不很融洽，尤其是恩斯特·马赫Ernst Mach (1895年成为哲学和科学史教授)。1895年，格奥尔格·赫尔姆 Georg Helm 和威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德 Wilhelm Ostwald 在吕贝克的一次会议上提出了他们关于能量学的观点。他们认为宇宙的主要组成部分是能量，而不是物质。会议辩论中，玻尔兹曼的观点赢得了其他支持原子理论的物理学家的赞同。<ref>{{cite journal|author=Max Planck|title=Gegen die neure Energetik|journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=57|issue=1|year=1896|pages=72–78|doi=10.1002/andp.18962930107 |bibcode = 1896AnP...293...72P |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423910}}</ref> 在威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德的邀请下，玻尔兹曼于1900年前往莱比锡大学，填补辞世的古斯塔夫·海因里希·维德曼 [[Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann]] 留下的空缺，出任物理学首席教授。在马赫因健康原因退休以后，玻尔兹曼于1902年返回维也纳。<ref name="Carlo" /> 1903年，玻尔兹曼与古斯塔夫·冯·埃舍里希[[Gustav von Escherich]]、埃米尔·穆勒 [[Emil Müller (mathematician)|Emil Müller]]一同创立了奥地利数学学会。他的门生包括：卡尔·普里贝拉姆 [[Karl Přibram]]（经济学家），保罗·埃伦费斯特 [[Paul Ehrenfest]]（理论物理学家），丽斯·迈特纳 [[Lise Meitner]]（物理学家，被爱因斯坦称为“德国居里夫人”）。<ref name="Carlo" />

In Vienna, Boltzmann taught physics and also lectured on philosophy. Boltzmann's lectures on [[natural philosophy]] were very popular and received considerable attention. His first lecture was an enormous success. Even though the largest lecture hall had been chosen for it, the people stood all the way down the staircase. Because of the great successes of Boltzmann's philosophical lectures, the Emperor invited him for a reception at the Palace.<ref>The Boltzmann Equation: Theory and Applications, E.G.D. Cohen, W. Thirring, ed., Springer Science & Business Media, 2012</ref>

In Vienna, Boltzmann taught physics and also lectured on philosophy. Boltzmann's lectures on [[natural philosophy]] were very popular and received considerable attention. His first lecture was an enormous success. Even though the largest lecture hall had been chosen for it, the people stood all the way down the staircase. Because of the great successes of Boltzmann's philosophical lectures, the Emperor invited him for a reception at the Palace.<ref>The Boltzmann Equation: Theory and Applications, E.G.D. Cohen, W. Thirring, ed., Springer Science & Business Media, 2012</ref>

1906年，玻尔兹曼日渐恶化的精神状况迫使他辞去教职。后人对他当时的症状进行分析得出了躁郁症的结论。<ref name="Carlo" /><ref name="Paperpile">{{cite web | last = Nina Bausek and Stefan Washietl | title = Tragic deaths in science: Ludwig Boltzmann — a mind in disorder | publisher = [[Paperpile]] | date = February 13, 2018 | url = https://paperpile.com/blog/ludwig-boltzmann/  | accessdate = 2020-04-26 }}</ref>四个月后，在和妻女的度假过程中，他选择上吊自杀结束自己的痛苦和生命，终年63岁。

1906年，玻尔兹曼日渐恶化的精神状况迫使他辞去教职。后人对他当时的症状进行分析得出了躁郁症的结论。<ref name="Carlo" /><ref name="Paperpile">{{cite web | last = Nina Bausek and Stefan Washietl | title = Tragic deaths in science: Ludwig Boltzmann — a mind in disorder | publisher = [[Paperpile]] | date = February 13, 2018 | url = https://paperpile.com/blog/ludwig-boltzmann/  | accessdate = 2020-04-26 }}</ref>四个月后，在和妻女的度假过程中，他选择上吊自杀结束自己的痛苦和生命，终年63岁。

He is buried in the Viennese [[Zentralfriedhof]]. His tombstone bears the inscription of [[Boltzmann's entropy formula]]: <math>S = k \cdot \log W </math><ref name="Carlo" />

He is buried in the Viennese Zentralfriedhof. His tombstone bears the inscription of [[Boltzmann's entropy formula]]: <math>S = k \cdot \log W </math><ref name="Carlo" />

他被葬在维也纳中央弗里德霍夫博物馆。墓碑上刻着玻尔兹曼熵公式: <math>S = k \cdot \log W </math><ref name="Carlo" />

他葬在维也纳中央弗里德霍夫墓园。墓碑上刻着玻尔兹曼熵公式: <math>S = k \cdot \log W </math><ref name="Carlo" />

==哲学观点==

==哲学观点==

Boltzmann's [[kinetic theory of gases]] seemed to presuppose the reality of [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s, but almost all [[German philosophy|German philosophers]] and many scientists like [[Ernst Mach]] and the physical chemist [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] disbelieved their existence.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bronowski | first=Jacob | authorlink=Jacob Bronowski | title=The Ascent Of Man | chapter=World Within World | publisher=Little Brown & Co | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-316-10930-7 | page=265 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ascentofmanbron00bron }}</ref> During the 1890s, Boltzmann attempted to formulate a compromise position which would allow both atomists and anti-atomists to do physics without arguing over atoms. His solution was to use [[Heinrich Hertz|Hertz]]'s theory that atoms were ''Bilder'', that is, models or pictures. Atomists could think the pictures were the real atoms while the anti-atomists could think of the pictures as representing a useful but unreal model, but this did not fully satisfy either group. Furthermore, Ostwald and many defenders of "pure thermodynamics" were trying hard to refute the kinetic theory of gases and statistical mechanics because of Boltzmann's assumptions about atoms and molecules and especially statistical interpretation of the [[second law of thermodynamics]].

Boltzmann's [[kinetic theory of gases]] seemed to presuppose the reality of [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s, but almost all [[German philosophy|German philosophers]] and many scientists like [[Ernst Mach]] and the physical chemist [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] disbelieved their existence.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bronowski | first=Jacob | authorlink=Jacob Bronowski | title=The Ascent Of Man | chapter=World Within World | publisher=Little Brown & Co | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-316-10930-7 | page=265 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ascentofmanbron00bron }}</ref> During the 1890s, Boltzmann attempted to formulate a compromise position which would allow both atomists and anti-atomists to do physics without arguing over atoms. His solution was to use [[Heinrich Hertz|Hertz]]'s theory that atoms were ''Bilder'', that is, models or pictures. Atomists could think the pictures were the real atoms while the anti-atomists could think of the pictures as representing a useful but unreal model, but this did not fully satisfy either group. Furthermore, Ostwald and many defenders of "pure thermodynamics" were trying hard to refute the kinetic theory of gases and statistical mechanics because of Boltzmann's assumptions about atoms and molecules and especially statistical interpretation of the [[second law of thermodynamics]].

玻尔兹曼的气体动力学理论似乎假定了原子和分子的真实性，但几乎所有的德国哲学家和许多科学家，如恩斯特·马赫(Ernst Mach)和物理化学家威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德(Wilhelm Ostwald)，都不相信它们的存在。<ref>{{cite book | last=Bronowski | first=Jacob | authorlink=Jacob Bronowski | title=The Ascent Of Man | chapter=World Within World | publisher=Little Brown & Co | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-316-10930-7 | page=265 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ascentofmanbron00bron }}</ref>在19世纪90年代，玻尔兹曼试图形成一个折中立场，使原子主义者和反原子主义者都可以在不争论原子存在与否的情况下研究物理学。他的解决方案是使用赫兹的理论，即原子是Bilder，即模型或图片。原子论者可以认为这些图像是真实的原子，而反原子论者则认为这些图像代表了一种有用但不真实的模型，然而这两类人都不完全满意。此外，由于玻尔兹曼关于原子和分子真实存在的假设，特别是对于热力学第二定律的统计解释，奥斯特瓦尔德和许多“纯热力学”的捍卫者试图努力驳斥气体动力学理论和统计力学。

玻尔兹曼的气体动力学理论似乎假定了原子和分子的真实性，但几乎所有德国哲学家和许多科学家，如恩斯特·马赫和物理化学家威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德，都不相信它们的存在。<ref>{{cite book | last=Bronowski | first=Jacob | authorlink=Jacob Bronowski | title=The Ascent Of Man | chapter=World Within World | publisher=Little Brown & Co | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-316-10930-7 | page=265 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ascentofmanbron00bron }}</ref> 在19世纪90年代，玻尔兹曼试图形成一个折中立场，使原子主义者和反原子主义者都可以在不争论原子存在与否的情况下研究物理学。他的解决方案是使用赫兹的理论，即原子是‘Bilder’，即模型或图片。原子论者可以认为这些图像是真实的原子，而反原子论者则认为这些图像代表了一种有用但不真实的模型，然而这两类人都不完全满意。此外，由于玻尔兹曼关于原子和分子真实存在的假设，特别是对于热力学第二定律的统计解释，奥斯特瓦尔德和许多“纯热力学”的捍卫者试图努力驳斥气体动力学理论和统计力学。

Around the turn of the century, Boltzmann's science was being threatened by another philosophical objection. Some physicists, including Mach's student, [[Gustav Jaumann]], interpreted Hertz to mean that all electromagnetic behavior is continuous, as if there were no atoms and molecules, and likewise as if all physical behavior were ultimately electromagnetic. This movement around 1900 deeply depressed Boltzmann since it could mean the end of his kinetic theory and statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics.

Around the turn of the century, Boltzmann's science was being threatened by another philosophical objection. Some physicists, including Mach's student, [[Gustav Jaumann]], interpreted Hertz to mean that all electromagnetic behavior is continuous, as if there were no atoms and molecules, and likewise as if all physical behavior were ultimately electromagnetic. This movement around 1900 deeply depressed Boltzmann since it could mean the end of his kinetic theory and statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics.

After Mach's resignation in Vienna in 1901, Boltzmann returned there and decided to become a philosopher himself to refute philosophical objections to his physics, but he soon became discouraged again. In 1904 at a physics conference in St. Louis most physicists seemed to reject atoms and he was not even invited to the physics section. Rather, he was stuck in a section called "applied mathematics", he violently attacked philosophy, especially on allegedly Darwinian grounds but actually in terms of [[Lamarck]]'s theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics that people inherited bad philosophy from the past and that it was hard for scientists to overcome such inheritance.

After Mach's resignation in Vienna in 1901, Boltzmann returned there and decided to become a philosopher himself to refute philosophical objections to his physics, but he soon became discouraged again. In 1904 at a physics conference in St. Louis most physicists seemed to reject atoms and he was not even invited to the physics section. Rather, he was stuck in a section called "applied mathematics", he violently attacked philosophy, especially on allegedly Darwinian grounds but actually in terms of [[Lamarck]]'s theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics that people inherited bad philosophy from the past and that it was hard for scientists to overcome such inheritance.

 

== 玻尔兹曼：“热力学第二定律是无序定律”==

==玻尔兹曼：“热力学第二定律是无序定律”==

[[File:Zentralfriedhof Vienna - Boltzmann.JPG|thumb|right|Boltzmann's grave in the [[Zentralfriedhof]], Vienna, with bust and entropy formula.

[[File:Zentralfriedhof Vienna - Boltzmann.JPG|thumb|right|Boltzmann's grave in the [[Zentralfriedhof]], Vienna, with bust and entropy formula.

玻尔兹曼完成了证明热力学第二定律只是一个统计事实的壮举。能量的逐渐无序化类似于一叠最初有序排列的卡牌重复洗牌过程中变得无序，也正如经历了无数次洗牌而重归初始有序状态的卡牌一样，我们的宇宙最终将在某一时刻回到最初的状态。（当人们试图估计宇宙正在消亡的时间线时，这种乐观的结论就显得有些平淡了，因为时间线很可能在它自然发生之前就已经过去了。）熵增加的趋势似乎对初学热力学的人们造成困难，但从概率论的观点出发就很容易理解。考虑两个普通的骰子，都是正面朝上的。摇骰子后，发现这两个6面都朝上的概率很小(1 / 36)；因此，我们可以说，骰子的随机运动，就像分子由于热能的混乱碰撞，会导致系统从概率较小的状态变为概率较大的状态。数以百万计的骰子，就像热力学计算中数以百万计的原子一样，它们全部为6的概率变得如此之小，以至于系统必须移动到一个更可能的状态。然而，数学上出现所有骰子结果都是6或者都不是6的几率都很小，由于统计数据会趋于平衡，每36对骰子会有一对6出现，而洗过的牌有时会呈现出某种临时的顺序，即使整个牌是无序的。

玻尔兹曼完成了证明热力学第二定律只是一个统计事实的壮举。能量的逐渐无序化类似于一叠最初有序排列的卡牌重复洗牌过程中变得无序，也正如经历了无数次洗牌而重归初始有序状态的卡牌一样，我们的宇宙最终将在某一时刻回到最初的状态。（当人们试图估计宇宙正在消亡的时间线时，这种乐观的结论就显得有些平淡了，因为时间线很可能在它自然发生之前就已经过去了。）熵增加的趋势似乎对初学热力学的人们造成困难，但从概率论的观点出发就很容易理解。考虑两个普通的骰子，都是正面朝上的。摇骰子后，发现这两个6面都朝上的概率很小(1 / 36)；因此，我们可以说，骰子的随机运动，就像分子由于热能的混乱碰撞，会导致系统从概率较小的状态变为概率较大的状态。数以百万计的骰子，就像热力学计算中数以百万计的原子一样，它们全部为6的概率变得如此之小，以至于系统必须移动到一个更可能的状态。然而，数学上出现所有骰子结果都是6或者都不是6的几率都很小，由于统计数据会趋于平衡，每36对骰子会有一对6出现，而洗过的牌有时会呈现出某种临时的顺序，即使整个牌是无序的。

==获奖经历与荣誉==

== 获奖经历与荣誉 ==

In 1885 he became a member of the Imperial [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]] and in 1887 he became the President of the [[University of Graz]]. He was elected a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] in 1888 and a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1899|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1899]].<ref name="frs">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|archivedate=2015-03-16|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|title=Fellows of the Royal Society}}</ref> [[List of things named after Ludwig Boltzmann|Numerous things]] are named in his honour.

In 1885 he became a member of the Imperial [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]] and in 1887 he became the President of the [[University of Graz]]. He was elected a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] in 1888 and a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1899|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1899]].<ref name="frs">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|archivedate=2015-03-16|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|title=Fellows of the Royal Society}}</ref> [[List of things named after Ludwig Boltzmann|Numerous things]] are named in his honour.

知乎朋友「贾明子」魔鬼眼中的自然界。https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/c_116602381?group_id=884931161871237120

知乎朋友「贾明子」魔鬼眼中的自然界。https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/c_116602381?group_id=884931161871237120

</br>

<br>

==拓展阅读==

==拓展阅读==