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{{for|video game applications|Social simulation game}}
{{for|video game applications|Social simulation game}}
'''Social simulation''' is a research field that applies [[computer|computational]] methods to study issues in the [[social sciences]]. The issues explored include problems in [[computational law]], [[psychology]],<ref name="Hughes et al (2012) JOOP">{{cite journal | last1 = Hughes | first1 = H. P. N. | last2 = Clegg | first2 = C. W. | last3 = Robinson | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Crowder | first4 = R. M. | year = 2012 | title = Agent-based modelling and simulation: The potential contribution to organizational psychology | journal = Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology | volume = 85 | issue = 3| pages = 487–502 | doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8325.2012.02053.x }}</ref> [[organizational behavior]],<ref name="Crowder et al (2012) IEEE TSMCA">{{cite journal | last1 = Crowder | first1 = R. M. | last2 = Robinson | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Hughes | first3 = H. P. N. | last4 = Sim | first4 = Y. W. | year = 2012 | title = The development of an agent-based modeling framework for simulating engineering team work | journal = IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans | volume = 42 | issue = 6| pages = 1425–1439 | doi = 10.1109/TSMCA.2012.2199304 }}</ref> [[sociology]], political science, [[economics]], anthropology, geography, [[engineering]],<ref name="Crowder et al (2012) IEEE TSMCA"/> archaeology and [[linguistics]] {{Harv|Takahashi|Sallach|Rouchier|2007}}.
'''Social simulation''' is a research field that applies [[computer|computational]] methods to study issues in the [[social sciences]]. The issues explored include problems in [[computational law]], [[psychology]],<ref name="Hughes et al (2012) JOOP">{{cite journal | last1 = Hughes | first1 = H. P. N. | last2 = Clegg | first2 = C. W. | last3 = Robinson | first3 = M. A. | last4 = Crowder | first4 = R. M. | year = 2012 | title = Agent-based modelling and simulation: The potential contribution to organizational psychology | journal = Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology | volume = 85 | issue = 3| pages = 487–502 | doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8325.2012.02053.x }}</ref> [[organizational behavior]],<ref name="Crowder et al (2012) IEEE TSMCA">{{cite journal | last1 = Crowder | first1 = R. M. | last2 = Robinson | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Hughes | first3 = H. P. N. | last4 = Sim | first4 = Y. W. | year = 2012 | title = The development of an agent-based modeling framework for simulating engineering team work | journal = IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans | volume = 42 | issue = 6| pages = 1425–1439 | doi = 10.1109/TSMCA.2012.2199304 }}</ref> [[sociology]], political science, [[economics]], anthropology, geography, [[engineering]],<ref name="Crowder et al (2012) IEEE TSMCA"/> archaeology and [[linguistics]] {{Harv|Takahashi|Sallach|Rouchier|2007}}【这里原网页是 (Takahashi, Sallach & Rouchier 2007)】.
Social simulation is a research field that applies computational methods to study issues in the social sciences. The issues explored include problems in computational law, psychology, organizational behavior, sociology, political science, economics, anthropology, geography, engineering, archaeology and linguistics .
Social simulation is a research field that applies computational methods to study issues in the social sciences. The issues explored include problems in computational law, psychology, organizational behavior, sociology, political science, economics, anthropology, geography, engineering, archaeology and linguistics .
Social simulation aims to cross the gap between the descriptive approach used in the social sciences and the formal approach used in the natural sciences, by moving the focus on the processes/mechanisms/behaviors that build the social reality.
Social simulation aims to cross the gap between the descriptive approach used in the social sciences and the formal approach used in the natural sciences, by moving the focus on the processes/mechanisms/behaviors that build the social reality.
社会模拟旨在跨越社会科学中使用的描述性方法和自然科学中使用的形式方法之间的鸿沟，将重点转移到构建社会现实的过程/机制/行为上。
In social simulation, computers support human reasoning activities by executing these mechanisms. This field explores the simulation of societies as [[complex system|complex non-linear systems]], which are difficult to study with classical mathematical equation-based models. [[Robert Axelrod]] regards social simulation as a third way of doing science, differing from both the deductive and inductive approach; generating data that can be analysed inductively, but coming from a rigorously specified set of rules rather than from direct measurement of the real world. Thus, simulating a phenomenon is akin to generating it—constructing artificial societies. These ambitious aims have encountered [[#Criticisms|several criticisms]].
In social simulation, computers support human reasoning activities by executing these mechanisms. This field explores the simulation of societies as [[complex system|complex non-linear systems]], which are difficult to study with classical mathematical equation-based models. [[Robert Axelrod]] regards social simulation as a third way of doing science, differing from both the deductive and inductive approach; generating data that can be analysed inductively, but coming from a rigorously specified set of rules rather than from direct measurement of the real world. Thus, simulating a phenomenon is akin to generating it—constructing artificial societies. These ambitious aims have encountered [[#Criticisms|several criticisms]].
In social simulation, computers support human reasoning activities by executing these mechanisms. This field explores the simulation of societies as complex non-linear systems, which are difficult to study with classical mathematical equation-based models. Robert Axelrod regards social simulation as a third way of doing science, differing from both the deductive and inductive approach; generating data that can be analysed inductively, but coming from a rigorously specified set of rules rather than from direct measurement of the real world. Thus, simulating a phenomenon is akin to generating it—constructing artificial societies. These ambitious aims have encountered several criticisms.
In social simulation, computers support human reasoning activities by executing these mechanisms. This field explores the simulation of societies as complex non-linear systems, which are difficult to study with classical mathematical equation-based models. Robert Axelrod regards social simulation as a third way of doing science, differing from both the deductive and inductive approach; generating data that can be analysed inductively, but coming from a rigorously specified set of rules rather than from direct measurement of the real world. Thus, simulating a phenomenon is akin to generating it—constructing artificial societies. These ambitious aims have encountered several criticisms.
在社会模拟中，计算机通过执行这些机制来支持人类的推理活动。这个领域探讨的是将社会模拟为复杂的非线性系统，这是很难用基于经典数学方程式的模型进行研究的。罗伯特 · 阿克塞尔罗德([[Robert Axelrod]])将社会模拟视为研究科学的第三种方式，不同于演绎和归纳的方法; 生成可以归纳分析的数据，但来自严格规定的规则集，而不是来自对现实世界的直接测量。因此，模拟一种现象类似于产生它——构建人工社会。这些雄心勃勃的目标遭到了一些批评。
The social simulation approach to the social sciences is promoted and coordinated by three regional associations, [[European Social Simulation Association|ESSA]] for Europe, North America (reorganizing under the new CSSS name), and PAAA [https://archive.is/20130413115754/http://www.paaa.econ.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ Pacific Asia].
The social simulation approach to the social sciences is promoted and coordinated by three regional associations, [[European Social Simulation Association|ESSA]] for Europe, North America (reorganizing under the new CSSS name), and PAAA [https://archive.is/20130413115754/http://www.paaa.econ.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ Pacific Asia].
The social simulation approach to the social sciences is promoted and coordinated by three regional associations, ESSA for Europe, North America (reorganizing under the new CSSS name), and PAAA Pacific Asia.
The social simulation approach to the social sciences is promoted and coordinated by three regional associations, ESSA for Europe, North America (reorganizing under the new CSSS name), and PAAA Pacific Asia.
社会科学的社会模拟方法由欧洲、北美洲的ESSA（以新的CSSS命名重组）和PAAA亚太地区协会推动和协调。
==History and development==
==History and development==
The history of the agent-based model can be traced back to the Von Neumann machine, a theoretical machine capable of reproducing itself. The device von Neumann proposed would follow precisely detailed instructions to fashion a copy of itself. The concept was then improved by von Neumann's friend Stanislaw Ulam, also a mathematician; Ulam suggested that the machine be built on paper, as a collection of cells on a grid. The idea intrigued von Neumann, who drew it up—creating the first of devices later termed cellular automata.
The history of the agent-based model can be traced back to the Von Neumann machine, a theoretical machine capable of reproducing itself. The device von Neumann proposed would follow precisely detailed instructions to fashion a copy of itself. The concept was then improved by von Neumann's friend Stanislaw Ulam, also a mathematician; Ulam suggested that the machine be built on paper, as a collection of cells on a grid. The idea intrigued von Neumann, who drew it up—creating the first of devices later termed cellular automata.
基于agent的模型的历史可以追溯到冯 · 诺依曼([[John von Neumann|von Neumann]])机，这是一种理论上能够自我复制的理论机器。冯 · 诺依曼提出的设备将按照精确的详细指令制作自己的副本。冯 · 诺依曼的朋友、数学家斯坦尼斯拉夫 · 乌拉姆对这个概念进行了改进; 乌拉姆建议将这台机器建在纸上，作为一个网格上的单元集合。这个想法引起了冯 · 诺依曼的兴趣，他提出了它ーー创造了后来被称为细胞自动机的第一个装置。
Another improvement was brought by mathematician, [[John Horton Conway|John Conway]]. He constructed the well-known [[Conway's Game of Life|Game of Life]]. Unlike the von Neumann's machine, Conway's Game of Life operated by simple rules in a virtual world in the form of a 2-dimensional [[checkerboard]].
Another improvement was brought by mathematician, [[John Horton Conway|John Conway]]. He constructed the well-known [[Conway's Game of Life|Game of Life]]. Unlike the von Neumann's machine, Conway's Game of Life operated by simple rules in a virtual world in the form of a 2-dimensional [[checkerboard]].
Another improvement was brought by mathematician, John Conway. He constructed the well-known Game of Life. Unlike the von Neumann's machine, Conway's Game of Life operated by simple rules in a virtual world in the form of a 2-dimensional checkerboard.
Another improvement was brought by mathematician, John Conway. He constructed the well-known Game of Life. Unlike the von Neumann's machine, Conway's Game of Life operated by simple rules in a virtual world in the form of a 2-dimensional checkerboard.
数学家[[John Horton Conway|John Conway]]带来了另一项改进。他构建了著名的生命游戏。与冯 · 诺依曼的机器不同，康威的“生命的游戏”([[Conway's Game of Life|Game of Life]])以二维棋盘的形式在虚拟世界中按照简单的规则运行。
The birth of the agent-based model as a model for social systems was primarily brought about by a computer scientist, [[Craig Reynolds (computer graphics)|Craig Reynolds]]. He tried to model the reality of lively biological agents, known as the [[artificial life]], a term coined by [[Christopher Langton]].
The birth of the agent-based model as a model for social systems was primarily brought about by a computer scientist, [[Craig Reynolds (computer graphics)|Craig Reynolds]]. He tried to model the reality of lively biological agents, known as the [[artificial life]], a term coined by [[Christopher Langton]].
The birth of the agent-based model as a model for social systems was primarily brought about by a computer scientist, Craig Reynolds. He tried to model the reality of lively biological agents, known as the artificial life, a term coined by Christopher Langton.
The birth of the agent-based model as a model for social systems was primarily brought about by a computer scientist, Craig Reynolds. He tried to model the reality of lively biological agents, known as the artificial life, a term coined by Christopher Langton.
作为社会系统模型的基于agent的模型诞生，主要是由计算机科学家 Craig Reynolds 提出的。他试图模拟生物制剂的真实情况，即人工生命，这是[[Christopher Langton]]创造的一个术语。
[[Joshua M. Epstein]] and [[Robert Axtell]] developed the first large scale agent model, the [[Sugarscape]], to simulate and explore the role of social phenomena such as seasonal migrations, pollution, sexual reproduction, combat, transmission of disease, and even culture.
[[Joshua M. Epstein]] and [[Robert Axtell]] developed the first large scale agent model, the [[Sugarscape]], to simulate and explore the role of social phenomena such as seasonal migrations, pollution, sexual reproduction, combat, transmission of disease, and even culture.
Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell developed the first large scale agent model, the Sugarscape, to simulate and explore the role of social phenomena such as seasonal migrations, pollution, sexual reproduction, combat, transmission of disease, and even culture.
Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell developed the first large scale agent model, the Sugarscape, to simulate and explore the role of social phenomena such as seasonal migrations, pollution, sexual reproduction, combat, transmission of disease, and even culture.
和 Robert Axtell 开发了第一个大尺度的病原体模型---- 糖景模型，用来模拟和探索诸如季节性迁徙、污染、有性生殖、战斗、疾病传播甚至文化等社会现象的作用。
Joshua M. Epstein 和 Robert Axtell 开发了第一个大规模的agent模型---- Sugarscape，用来模拟和探索诸如季节性迁徙、污染、有性生殖、战斗、疾病传播甚至文化等社会现象的作用。
[[Kathleen M. Carley]] published "Computational Organizational Science and Organizational Engineering" defining the movement of simulation into
[[Kathleen M. Carley]] published "Computational Organizational Science and Organizational Engineering" defining the movement of simulation into organizations, established a journal for social simulation applied to organizations and complex socio-technical systems: [[Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory]], and was the founding president of the North American Association of Computational Social and Organizational Systems that morphed into the current CSSSA.
organizations, established a journal for social simulation applied to organizations and complex socio-technical systems: [[Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory]], and was the founding president of the North American Association of Computational Social and Organizational Systems that morphed into the current CSSSA.
Kathleen M. Carley published "Computational Organizational Science and Organizational Engineering" defining the movement of simulation into
Kathleen M. Carley published "Computational Organizational Science and Organizational Engineering" defining the movement of simulation into organizations, established a journal for social simulation applied to organizations and complex socio-technical systems: Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, and was the founding president of the North American Association of Computational Social and Organizational Systems that morphed into the current CSSSA.
organizations, established a journal for social simulation applied to organizations and complex socio-technical systems: Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, and was the founding president of the North American Association of Computational Social and Organizational Systems that morphed into the current CSSSA.
Kathleen M. Carley发表了“计算机组织科学和组织工程学”(Computational Organizational Science and Organizational Engineering) ，定义了模拟在组织的过程，创办了一本应用于组织和复杂社会技术系统的社会模拟期刊：《计算机和数学组织理论》(Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory) ，并且是北美计算机社会和组织系统协会(North American Association of Computational Social and Organizational Systems)的创始主席，该协会后来演变成了现在的 CSSSA。
[[Nigel Gilbert]] published with [[Klaus G. Troitzsch]] the first textbook on Social Simulation: Simulation for the Social Scientist (1999) and established its most relevant journal: the [[Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation]].
[[Nigel Gilbert]] published with [[Klaus G. Troitzsch]] the first textbook on Social Simulation: Simulation for the Social Scientist (1999) and established its most relevant journal: the [[Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation]].
Nigel Gilbert published with Klaus G. Troitzsch the first textbook on Social Simulation: Simulation for the Social Scientist (1999) and established its most relevant journal: the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation.
Nigel Gilbert published with Klaus G. Troitzsch the first textbook on Social Simulation: Simulation for the Social Scientist (1999) and established its most relevant journal: the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation.
[[Nigel Gilbert]] 与 [[Klaus G. Troitzsch]] 共同出版了第一本关于社会模拟的教科书：《社会模拟: 社会科学家的模拟》(1999年) ，并创办了其最相关的的期刊: 《人工社会与社会模拟杂志》([[Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation]])。
More recently, [[Ron Sun]] developed methods for basing agent-based simulation on models of human cognition, known as [[cognitive social simulation]] (see {{Harv|Sun|2006}})
More recently, [[Ron Sun]] developed methods for basing agent-based simulation on models of human cognition, known as [[cognitive social simulation]] (see {{Harv|Sun|2006}})【原网页应该是(see (Sun 2006)】.
More recently, Ron Sun developed methods for basing agent-based simulation on models of human cognition, known as cognitive social simulation (see )
More recently, Ron Sun developed methods for basing agent-based simulation on models of human cognition, known as cognitive social simulation 【原网页应该是(see (Sun 2006)(超链接】.
最近，Ron Sun 开发了一种基于人类认知模型的基于 agent 的模拟方法，称为认知社会模拟(cognitive social simulation)
最近，Ron Sun 开发了一种基于人类认知模型的基于 agent 的模拟方法，称为认知社会模拟(cognitive social simulation)
* '''[[norm (social)|Social norms]]''': [[Robert Axelrod]] has used simulations to investigate the foundation of morality;<ref>Robert Axelrod (1986): [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~axe/Axelrod%20Norms%20APSR%201986%20(2).pdf An Evolutionary Approach to Norms]</ref> others have modeled the emergence of norms using [[meme]]s,<ref>Felix Flentge, Daniel Polani and Thomas Uthmann (2001) [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/4/4/3.html Modelling the Emergence of Possession Norms using Memes]</ref> or how social norms and emotions can regulate each other.<ref>Alexander Staller and Paolo Petta (2001): [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/4/1/2.html Introducing Emotions into the Computational Study of Social Norms: A First Evaluation]</ref><ref>See Martin Neumann (2008): [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/11/4/6.html Homo Socionicus: a Case Study of Simulation Models of Norms] for an overview of the recent (as of 2008) research.</ref>
* '''[[norm (social)|Social norms]]''': [[Robert Axelrod]] has used simulations to investigate the foundation of morality;<ref>Robert Axelrod (1986): [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~axe/Axelrod%20Norms%20APSR%201986%20(2).pdf An Evolutionary Approach to Norms]</ref> others have modeled the emergence of norms using [[meme]]s,<ref>Felix Flentge, Daniel Polani and Thomas Uthmann (2001) [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/4/4/3.html Modelling the Emergence of Possession Norms using Memes]</ref> or how social norms and emotions can regulate each other.<ref>Alexander Staller and Paolo Petta (2001): [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/4/1/2.html Introducing Emotions into the Computational Study of Social Norms: A First Evaluation]</ref><ref>See Martin Neumann (2008): [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/11/4/6.html Homo Socionicus: a Case Study of Simulation Models of Norms] for an overview of the recent (as of 2008) research.</ref>
* 社会规范: Robert Axelrod使用模拟来研究道德的基础[3]; 其他人使用模因模拟了规范的出现[4]，或者社会规范和情绪可以互相调节[5][6]。
*
* '''[[Institutions]]''': by investigating under what conditions agents manage to coordinate,<ref>José Castro Caldas and Helder Coelho (1999): [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/2/2/1.html The Origin of Institutions: socio-economic processes, choice, norms and conventions]</ref> or by modeling the works of [[Robert Putnam]] on civic traditions<ref>Dan Miodownik, Britt Cartrite and Ravi Bhavnani (2010): [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/13/3/1.html Between Replication and Docking: "Adaptive Agents, Political Institutions, and Civic Traditions" Revisited]</ref>
* '''[[Institutions]]''': by investigating under what conditions agents manage to coordinate,<ref>José Castro Caldas and Helder Coelho (1999): [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/2/2/1.html The Origin of Institutions: socio-economic processes, choice, norms and conventions]</ref> or by modeling the works of [[Robert Putnam]] on civic traditions<ref>Dan Miodownik, Britt Cartrite and Ravi Bhavnani (2010): [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/13/3/1.html Between Replication and Docking: "Adaptive Agents, Political Institutions, and Civic Traditions" Revisited]</ref>
* 制度：通过调查代理人在什么条件下设法协调[7]，或者通过模仿[[Robert Putnam]]的公民传统著作[8]。
*
* '''[[Reputation]]''', for example by making agents with a model of reputation from [[Pierre Bourdieu]] (image, social esteem, and prestige) and observing their behavior in a virtual marketplace.<ref>Christian Hahn, Bettina Fley, Michael Florian, Daniela Spresny and Klaus Fischer (2007) : [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/10/1/2.html Social Reputation: a Mechanism for Flexible Self-Regulation of Multiagent Systems]</ref>
* '''[[Reputation]]''', for example by making agents with a model of reputation from [[Pierre Bourdieu]] (image, social esteem, and prestige) and observing their behavior in a virtual marketplace.<ref>Christian Hahn, Bettina Fley, Michael Florian, Daniela Spresny and Klaus Fischer (2007) : [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/10/1/2.html Social Reputation: a Mechanism for Flexible Self-Regulation of Multiagent Systems]</ref>
* 声誉：例如通过使用[[Pierre Bourdieu]]的声誉模型（形象，社会尊重和声望），并观察他们在虚拟市场中的行为。
*
* '''Knowledge transmission''' and the social process of science: there is a special section on that topic in the [[Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation]]<ref>[http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/14/4/contents.html JASSS vol. 14: Special section: Simulating the Social Processes of Science]</ref>
* '''Knowledge transmission''' and the social process of science: there is a special section on that topic in the [[Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation]]<ref>[http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/14/4/contents.html JASSS vol. 14: Special section: Simulating the Social Processes of Science]</ref>
* 知识传播和科学的社会过程：在人工社会和社会模拟杂志([[Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation]])上有一个关于这个主题的特别部分[10]。
*
* '''[[Elections]]''': Kim (2011) has modeled a psychological model of judgement from previous research (notably featuring [[motivated reasoning]]), and compared the statistical regularities of the simulation with empirical observations of voter behavior;<ref>Sung-youn Kim (2011): [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/14/2/3.html A Model of Political Judgment: An Agent-Based Simulation of Candidate Evaluation]</ref> others have compared delegation methods.<ref>Ramzi Suleiman and Ilan Fischer (2000) [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/3/4/1.html When One Decides for Many: The Effect of Delegation Methods on Cooperation in Simulated Inter-group Conflicts]</ref><ref>Marie-Edith Bissey, Mauro Carini and Guido Ortona (2004) [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/7/3/3.html ALEX3, a Simulation Program to Compare Electoral Systems]</ref>
* '''[[Elections]]''': Kim (2011) has modeled a psychological model of judgement from previous research (notably featuring [[motivated reasoning]]), and compared the statistical regularities of the simulation with empirical observations of voter behavior;<ref>Sung-youn Kim (2011): [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/14/2/3.html A Model of Political Judgment: An Agent-Based Simulation of Candidate Evaluation]</ref> others have compared delegation methods.<ref>Ramzi Suleiman and Ilan Fischer (2000) [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/3/4/1.html When One Decides for Many: The Effect of Delegation Methods on Cooperation in Simulated Inter-group Conflicts]</ref><ref>Marie-Edith Bissey, Mauro Carini and Guido Ortona (2004) [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/7/3/3.html ALEX3, a Simulation Program to Compare Electoral Systems]</ref>
* 选举：Kim(2011)模拟了之前研究中的判断心理模型（明显具有动机的推理），并对比了模拟的统计规律和选民行为的经验观察[11]，其他人比较了委托方法[12][13]。
*
* '''Economics''': see [[computational economics]] and [[agent-based computational economics]].
* '''Economics''': see [[computational economics]] and [[agent-based computational economics]].
* 经济学：参见计算经济学([[computational economics]])和基于agent的计算经济学([[agent-based computational economics]])。
* Social norms: Robert Axelrod has used simulations to investigate the foundation of morality;Robert Axelrod (1986): An Evolutionary Approach to Norms others have modeled the emergence of norms using memes,Felix Flentge, Daniel Polani and Thomas Uthmann (2001) Modelling the Emergence of Possession Norms using Memes or how social norms and emotions can regulate each other.Alexander Staller and Paolo Petta (2001): Introducing Emotions into the Computational Study of Social Norms: A First EvaluationSee Martin Neumann (2008): Homo Socionicus: a Case Study of Simulation Models of Norms for an overview of the recent (as of 2008) research.
（下面这段和原网页不太一样，我不知道是从哪找老的，就没动。我前面那段按照原网页翻译的，这边我没改）
* 【Social norms: Robert Axelrod has used simulations to investigate the foundation of morality;Robert Axelrod (1986): An Evolutionary Approach to Norms others have modeled the emergence of norms using memes,Felix Flentge, Daniel Polani and Thomas Uthmann (2001) Modelling the Emergence of Possession Norms using Memes or how social norms and emotions can regulate each other.Alexander Staller and Paolo Petta (2001): Introducing Emotions into the Computational Study of Social Norms: A First EvaluationSee Martin Neumann (2008): Homo Socionicus: a Case Study of Simulation Models of Norms for an overview of the recent (as of 2008) research.
* Institutions: by investigating under what conditions agents manage to coordinate,José Castro Caldas and Helder Coelho (1999): The Origin of Institutions: socio-economic processes, choice, norms and conventions or by modeling the works of Robert Putnam on civic traditionsDan Miodownik, Britt Cartrite and Ravi Bhavnani (2010): Between Replication and Docking: "Adaptive Agents, Political Institutions, and Civic Traditions" Revisited
* Institutions: by investigating under what conditions agents manage to coordinate,José Castro Caldas and Helder Coelho (1999): The Origin of Institutions: socio-economic processes, choice, norms and conventions or by modeling the works of Robert Putnam on civic traditionsDan Miodownik, Britt Cartrite and Ravi Bhavnani (2010): Between Replication and Docking: "Adaptive Agents, Political Institutions, and Civic Traditions" Revisited
* Reputation, for example by making agents with a model of reputation from Pierre Bourdieu (image, social esteem, and prestige) and observing their behavior in a virtual marketplace.Christian Hahn, Bettina Fley, Michael Florian, Daniela Spresny and Klaus Fischer (2007) : Social Reputation: a Mechanism for Flexible Self-Regulation of Multiagent Systems
* Reputation, for example by making agents with a model of reputation from Pierre Bourdieu (image, social esteem, and prestige) and observing their behavior in a virtual marketplace.Christian Hahn, Bettina Fley, Michael Florian, Daniela Spresny and Klaus Fischer (2007) : Social Reputation: a Mechanism for Flexible Self-Regulation of Multiagent Systems
* Knowledge transmission and the social process of science: there is a special section on that topic in the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social SimulationJASSS vol. 14: Special section: Simulating the Social Processes of Science
* Knowledge transmission and the social process of science: there is a special section on that topic in the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social SimulationJASSS vol. 14: Special section: Simulating the Social Processes of Science
* Elections: Kim (2011) has modeled a psychological model of judgement from previous research (notably featuring motivated reasoning), and compared the statistical regularities of the simulation with empirical observations of voter behavior;Sung-youn Kim (2011): A Model of Political Judgment: An Agent-Based Simulation of Candidate Evaluation others have compared delegation methods.Ramzi Suleiman and Ilan Fischer (2000) When One Decides for Many: The Effect of Delegation Methods on Cooperation in Simulated Inter-group ConflictsMarie-Edith Bissey, Mauro Carini and Guido Ortona (2004) ALEX3, a Simulation Program to Compare Electoral Systems
* Elections: Kim (2011) has modeled a psychological model of judgement from previous research (notably featuring motivated reasoning), and compared the statistical regularities of the simulation with empirical observations of voter behavior;Sung-youn Kim (2011): A Model of Political Judgment: An Agent-Based Simulation of Candidate Evaluation others have compared delegation methods.Ramzi Suleiman and Ilan Fischer (2000) When One Decides for Many: The Effect of Delegation Methods on Cooperation in Simulated Inter-group ConflictsMarie-Edith Bissey, Mauro Carini and Guido Ortona (2004) ALEX3, a Simulation Program to Compare Electoral Systems.
* 社会规范: 罗伯特 · 阿克塞尔罗德(Robert Axelrod)利用模拟研究道德的基础; 罗伯特 · 阿克塞尔罗德(Robert Axelrod，1986) : 对规范的进化方法其他人利用模因模拟了规范的出现，费利克斯 · 弗伦奇(Felix fentge)、丹尼尔 · 波拉尼(Daniel Polani)和托马斯 · 乌斯曼(Thomas Uthmann，2001)利用模因模拟占有规范的出现，或者社会规范和情感如何相互调节。Alexander Staller 和 Paolo Petta (2001) : 将情感引入社会规范的计算机研究: 第一次评估参见 Martin Neumann (2008) : 社会人: 规范模拟模型的个案研究以概述最近(2008年)的研究。
* 社会规范: 罗伯特 · 阿克塞尔罗德(Robert Axelrod)利用模拟研究道德的基础; 罗伯特 · 阿克塞尔罗德(Robert Axelrod，1986) : 对规范的进化方法其他人利用模因模拟了规范的出现，费利克斯 · 弗伦奇(Felix fentge)、丹尼尔 · 波拉尼(Daniel Polani)和托马斯 · 乌斯曼(Thomas Uthmann，2001)利用模因模拟占有规范的出现，或者社会规范和情感如何相互调节。Alexander Staller 和 Paolo Petta (2001) : 将情感引入社会规范的计算机研究: 第一次评估参见 Martin Neumann (2008) : 社会人: 规范模拟模型的个案研究以概述最近(2008年)的研究。
* 制度: 通过调查代理人在何种条件下设法进行协调，josé Castro Caldas 和 Helder Coelho (1999) : 制度的起源: 社会经济进程、选择、规范和惯例，或通过模仿 Robert Putnam 关于公民传统的著作 dan Miodownik、 Britt Cartrite 和 Ravi Bhavnani (2010) : 在复制和对接之间:”适应的代理人、政治制度和公民传统”
* 制度: 通过调查代理人在何种条件下设法进行协调，josé Castro Caldas 和 Helder Coelho (1999) : 制度的起源: 社会经济进程、选择、规范和惯例，或通过模仿 Robert Putnam 关于公民传统的著作 dan Miodownik、 Britt Cartrite 和 Ravi Bhavnani (2010) : 在复制和对接之间:”适应的代理人、政治制度和公民传统”
* 声誉，例如使代理人以 Pierre Bourdieu 的声誉模型(图像、社会尊严和声望)重访，并观察他们在虚拟市场中的行为。克里斯蒂安 · 哈恩、贝蒂娜 · 弗利、迈克尔 · 弗洛里安、丹妮拉 · 斯普雷斯尼和克劳斯 · 费舍尔(2007) : 《社会声誉: 多代理系统的灵活自我调节机制》
* 声誉，例如使代理人以 Pierre Bourdieu 的声誉模型(图像、社会尊严和声望)重访，并观察他们在虚拟市场中的行为。克里斯蒂安 · 哈恩、贝蒂娜 · 弗利、迈克尔 · 弗洛里安、丹妮拉 · 斯普雷斯尼和克劳斯 · 费舍尔(2007) : 《社会声誉: 多代理系统的灵活自我调节机制》
* 《知识传播和科学的社会进程》 : 《人工社会和社会模拟》第二卷中有一个关于这个主题的专门章节。14: 特别部分: 模拟科学
* 《知识传播和科学的社会进程》 : 《人工社会和社会模拟》第二卷中有一个关于这个主题的专门章节。14: 特别部分: 模拟科学
* 选举的社会过程: Kim (2011)根据以前的研究建立了一个判断的心理模型(特别是动机性推理) ，并将模拟的统计规律与选民行为的实证观察进行了比较; Sung-youn Kim (2011) : 政治判断模型: 基于 agent 的候选人评估模拟其他人比较了授权方法。Ramzi Suleiman and Ilan Fischer (2000) When One decide for Many: The Effect of Delegation Methods on Cooperation in Simulated Inter-group conflict. marie-edith Bissey，Mauro Carini and Guido Ortona (2004) ALEX3，a Simulation Program to Compare Electoral Systems
* 选举的社会过程: Kim (2011)根据以前的研究建立了一个判断的心理模型(特别是动机性推理) ，并将模拟的统计规律与选民行为的实证观察进行了比较; Sung-youn Kim (2011) : 政治判断模型: 基于 agent 的候选人评估模拟其他人比较了授权方法。Ramzi Suleiman and Ilan Fischer (2000) When One decide for Many: The Effect of Delegation Methods on Cooperation in Simulated Inter-group conflict. marie-edith Bissey，Mauro Carini and Guido Ortona (2004) ALEX3，a Simulation Program to Compare Electoral Systems
* Economics: see 计算经济学和基于代理的计算经济学。
* Economics: see 计算经济学和基于代理的计算经济学。】
==Types of simulation and modeling==
==Types of simulation and modeling==
==模拟和建模的类型==
Social simulation can refer to a general class of strategies for understanding social dynamics using computers to simulate social systems. Social simulation allows for a more systematic way of viewing the possibilities of outcomes.
Social simulation can refer to a general class of strategies for understanding social dynamics using computers to simulate social systems. Social simulation allows for a more systematic way of viewing the possibilities of outcomes.
Social simulation can refer to a general class of strategies for understanding social dynamics using computers to simulate social systems. Social simulation allows for a more systematic way of viewing the possibilities of outcomes.
Social simulation can refer to a general class of strategies for understanding social dynamics using computers to simulate social systems. Social simulation allows for a more systematic way of viewing the possibilities of outcomes.
社会模拟可以指使用计算机模拟社会系统来理解社会动态的一般策略。社会模拟允许以梗系统的方式查看结果的可能性。
There are four major types of social simulation:
There are four major types of social simulation:
#System level simulation.
#System level simulation.
#System level modeling.
#System level modeling.
#Agent-based modeling.
#Agent-based modeling.
社会模拟主要有四种类型: # 系统级模拟。# 系统级别建模。# 基于 agent 的模拟。# 基于 agent 的建模。
社会模拟主要有四种类型:
1.系统级模拟。
2.系统级别建模。
3.基于 agent 的模拟。
4. 基于 agent 的建模。
A social simulation may fall within the rubric of [[computational sociology]] which is a recently developed branch of [[sociology]] that uses [[computation]] to analyze social phenomena. The basic premise of computational sociology is to take advantage of [[computer simulation]]s {{Harv|Polhill|Edmonds|2007}} in the construction of social theories. It involves the understanding of [[social agent]]s, the interaction among these agents, and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate. Although the subject matter and methodologies in [[social science]] differ from those in [[natural science]] or [[computer science]], several of the approaches used in contemporary social [[simulation]] originated from fields such as [[physics]] and [[artificial intelligence]].
A social simulation may fall within the rubric of [[computational sociology]] which is a recently developed branch of [[sociology]] that uses [[computation]] to analyze social phenomena. The basic premise of computational sociology is to take advantage of [[computer simulation]]s {{Harv|Polhill|Edmonds|2007}} in the construction of social theories. It involves the understanding of [[social agent]]s, the interaction among these agents, and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate. Although the subject matter and methodologies in [[social science]] differ from those in [[natural science]] or [[computer science]], several of the approaches used in contemporary social [[simulation]] originated from fields such as [[physics]] and [[artificial intelligence]].
A social simulation may fall within the rubric of computational sociology which is a recently developed branch of sociology that uses computation to analyze social phenomena. The basic premise of computational sociology is to take advantage of computer simulations in the construction of social theories. It involves the understanding of social agents, the interaction among these agents, and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate. Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or computer science, several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as physics and artificial intelligence.
A social simulation may fall within the rubric of computational sociology which is a recently developed branch of sociology that uses computation to analyze social phenomena. The basic premise of computational sociology is to take advantage of computer simulations in the construction of social theories. It involves the understanding of social agents, the interaction among these agents, and the effect of these interactions on the social aggregate. Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or computer science, several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as physics and artificial intelligence.
社会模拟可能属于计算社会学的范畴，它是最近发展起来的一个社会学分支，它利用计算来分析社会现象。计算社会学的基本前提是利用计算机模拟的优势构建社会理论。它涉及对社会主体的理解，这些主体之间的相互作用以及这些相互作用对社会总体的影响。尽管社会科学的主题和方法不同于自然科学或计算科学，但是当代社会模拟中使用的一些方法起源于物理学和人工智能等领域。
===System level simulation===
===System level simulation===
系统级别的模拟
System Level Simulation (SLS) is the oldest level of social simulation. System level simulation looks at the situation as a whole. This theoretical outlook on social situations uses a wide range of information to determine what should happen to society and its members if certain variables are present. Therefore, with specific variables presented, society and its members should have a certain response to the new situation. Navigating through this theoretical simulation will allow researchers to develop educated ideas of what will happen under some specific variables.
System Level Simulation (SLS) is the oldest level of social simulation. System level simulation looks at the situation as a whole. This theoretical outlook on social situations uses a wide range of information to determine what should happen to society and its members if certain variables are present. Therefore, with specific variables presented, society and its members should have a certain response to the new situation. Navigating through this theoretical simulation will allow researchers to develop educated ideas of what will happen under some specific variables.
System Level Simulation (SLS) is the oldest level of social simulation. System level simulation looks at the situation as a whole. This theoretical outlook on social situations uses a wide range of information to determine what should happen to society and its members if certain variables are present. Therefore, with specific variables presented, society and its members should have a certain response to the new situation. Navigating through this theoretical simulation will allow researchers to develop educated ideas of what will happen under some specific variables.
System Level Simulation (SLS) is the oldest level of social simulation. System level simulation looks at the situation as a whole. This theoretical outlook on social situations uses a wide range of information to determine what should happen to society and its members if certain variables are present. Therefore, with specific variables presented, society and its members should have a certain response to the new situation. Navigating through this theoretical simulation will allow researchers to develop educated ideas of what will happen under some specific variables.
系统级模拟(SLS)是最古老的社会模拟级别。系统级模拟将情况视为一个整体。这种关于社会状况的理论使用广泛的信息来确定，如果存在某些变量，社会及其成员将会发生什么。因此，随着具体变量的出现，社会及其成员应该对新形势有一定的反应。通过这种理论模拟，研究人员可以对在某些特定变量下会发生的事情发展出有根据的想法。
For example, if [[NASA]] were to conduct a system level simulation it would benefit the organization by providing a cost-effective research method to navigate through the simulation. This allows the researcher to steer through the virtual possibilities of the given simulation and develop [[safety]] procedures, and to produce proven facts about how a certain situation will play out. {{Harv|National Research|2006}}
For example, if [[NASA]] were to conduct a system level simulation it would benefit the organization by providing a cost-effective research method to navigate through the simulation. This allows the researcher to steer through the virtual possibilities of the given simulation and develop [[safety]] procedures, and to produce proven facts about how a certain situation will play out. 【（ (National Research 2006)】
For example, if NASA were to conduct a system level simulation it would benefit the organization by providing a cost-effective research method to navigate through the simulation. This allows the researcher to steer through the virtual possibilities of the given simulation and develop safety procedures, and to produce proven facts about how a certain situation will play out.
For example, if NASA were to conduct a system level simulation it would benefit the organization by providing a cost-effective research method to navigate through the simulation. This allows the researcher to steer through the virtual possibilities of the given simulation and develop safety procedures, and to produce proven facts about how a certain situation will play out.
例如，如果NASA要进行一次系统级别的模拟，它将通过提供一种具有成本效益的研究方法来导航模拟，从而使该组织受益。这使得研究人员能够驾驭并制定发展安全程序通过给定模拟的虚拟可能性，并产生关于某种情况将如何发挥的证明事实。
===System level modeling===
===System level modeling===
System level modeling (SLM) aims to specifically predict (unlike system level simulation's generalization in prediction) and convey any number of actions, behaviors, or other theoretical possibilities of nearly any person, object, construct et cetera within a system using a large set of mathematical equations and computer programming in the form of models.
System level modeling (SLM) aims to specifically predict (unlike system level simulation's generalization in prediction) and convey any number of actions, behaviors, or other theoretical possibilities of nearly any person, object, construct et cetera within a system using a large set of mathematical equations and computer programming in the form of models.
系统级建模(System level modeling，SLM)的目的是通过大量的数学方程和模型形式的计算机编程，具体地预测(不同于系统级模拟的预测泛化) ，并传达几乎任何人、对象、构造等系统内的任何数量的动作、行为或其他理论可能性。
系统级建模(System level modeling，SLM)旨在具专门预测（不同于系统级模拟的预测泛化），并传达系统内几乎任何人、对象、构造等的人和数量的动作、行为或其他理论可能性，以模型的方式使用大量数学方程和计算机编程。
A model is a representation of a specific thing ranging from objects and people to structures and products created through mathematical equations and are designed, using computers, in such a way that they are able to stand-in as the aforementioned things in a study. Models can be either simplistic or complex, depending on the need for either; however, models are intended to be simpler than what they are representing while remaining realistically similar in order to be used accurately. They are built using a collection of data that is translated into computing languages that allow them to represent the system in question. These models, much like simulations, are used to help us better understand specific roles and actions of different things so as to predict behavior and the like.
A model is a representation of a specific thing ranging from objects and people to structures and products created through mathematical equations and are designed, using computers, in such a way that they are able to stand-in as the aforementioned things in a study. Models can be either simplistic or complex, depending on the need for either; however, models are intended to be simpler than what they are representing while remaining realistically similar in order to be used accurately. They are built using a collection of data that is translated into computing languages that allow them to represent the system in question. These models, much like simulations, are used to help us better understand specific roles and actions of different things so as to predict behavior and the like.
A model is a representation of a specific thing ranging from objects and people to structures and products created through mathematical equations and are designed, using computers, in such a way that they are able to stand-in as the aforementioned things in a study. Models can be either simplistic or complex, depending on the need for either; however, models are intended to be simpler than what they are representing while remaining realistically similar in order to be used accurately. They are built using a collection of data that is translated into computing languages that allow them to represent the system in question. These models, much like simulations, are used to help us better understand specific roles and actions of different things so as to predict behavior and the like.
A model is a representation of a specific thing ranging from objects and people to structures and products created through mathematical equations and are designed, using computers, in such a way that they are able to stand-in as the aforementioned things in a study. Models can be either simplistic or complex, depending on the need for either; however, models are intended to be simpler than what they are representing while remaining realistically similar in order to be used accurately. They are built using a collection of data that is translated into computing languages that allow them to represent the system in question. These models, much like simulations, are used to help us better understand specific roles and actions of different things so as to predict behavior and the like.
模型是对特定事物的表示，范围从物体和人到通过数学方程创建的结构和产品，并使用计算机进行设计，使他们能够在研究中代替上述事物。模型可以是简单的，也可以是复杂的，这取决于两者的需要; 然而，模型的目的是比它们所表示的更简单，同时保持实际相似，以便准确地使用。它们是使用一组数据集转换成计算语言来构建的，计算语言使得它们能够表示所涉及的系统。这些模型，就像模拟一样，用来帮助我们更好地理解不同事物的特定角色和行为，从而预测行为等。
= 【标签翻到这里】 =
===Agent-based simulation===
=''Agent-based simulation''=
===Agent-based simulation===
===Agent-based simulation===