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| − | 此词条由Typhoid翻译
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| − | {{short description|Point where the curvature of a curve changes sign}} | + | |keywords=拐点，微分，函数图像 |
| | + | |description=在微分和微分几何中，拐点是光滑平面曲线上的曲率符号改变的点。 |
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| | + | [[Image:x cubed plot.svg|thumb|Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}}的函数图像，(0,0)是其拐点 ，也是[[驻点]]]] |
| | + | 在微分和微分几何中，拐点（英文名为inflection point，point of infection,，flex，或者inflection）是光滑平面曲线上的曲率符号改变的点。在函数图像中，拐点处函数从下凹变为上凸 ，或从上凸变为下凹。 |
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| − | {{More footnotes|date=July 2013}}
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| − | [[Image:x cubed plot.svg|thumb|Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point]].|链接=Special:FilePath/X_cubed_plot.svg]]
| + | 对于微分类{{math|''C''<sup>2</sup>}}的函数的图形（{{mvar|f}}，其一阶导数f'和其二阶导数 f''存在且连续），条件f'' = 0也可用于找到拐点因为必须传递f'' = 0的点以将f''从正值（向上凹）更改为负值（向下凹），反之亦然，因为f''是连续的；曲线的拐点是f'' = 0并在该点改变其符号（从正到负或从负到正）。[1]其中，第二导数消失，但不改变其正负号的点有时被称为起伏的点或起伏点。 |
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| − | Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point.]]
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| − | {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} 的函数图像，(0,0)是其拐点 ，也是[[驻点]]。 | + | 例如，若曲线 {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}} 有二阶导数，那么拐点处曲线二阶导数 ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' 为0（''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' =0），并且符号改变（从正到负或从负到正）<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=Calculus|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2015|isbn=978-1-285-74062-1|edition=8|location=Boston|pages=281}}</ref> 。二阶导数为0但其符号不变的点有时称为'''波动点 point of undulation'''。 |
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| − | In [[differential calculus]] and differential geometry, an '''inflection point''', '''point of inflection''', '''flex''', or '''inflection''' (British English: '''inflexion''') is a point on a [[plane curve#Smooth plane curve|smooth plane curve]] at which the [[signed curvature|curvature]] changes sign. In particular, in the case of the [[graph of a function]], it is a point where the function changes from being [[Concave function|concave]] (concave downward) to [[convex function|convex]] (concave upward), or vice versa.
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| − | 在微分和微分几何中，拐点（英文名为inflection point，point of infection,，flex，或者inflection，英式拼写为inflextion）是光滑平面曲线上的曲率符号改变的点。在函数图像中，拐点处函数从下凹变为上凸 ，或从上凸变为下凹。
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| − | For example, if the curve is the graph of a function {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}}, of [[differentiability class]] {{math|''C''<sup>2</sup>}}, an inflection point of the curve is where ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', the [[second derivative]] of {{mvar|f}}, vanishes (''f<nowiki>''</nowiki> = 0'') and changes its sign at the point (from positive to negative or from negative to positive).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=Calculus|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2015|isbn=978-1-285-74062-1|edition=8|location=Boston|pages=281}}</ref> A point where the second derivative vanishes but does not change its sign is sometimes called a '''point of undulation''' or '''undulation point'''.
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| − | 例如，若曲线 {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}} 有二阶导数，那么拐点处曲线二阶导数 ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' 为0（''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' =0），并且符号改变（从正到负或从负到正）<ref name=":0" />。二阶导数为0但其符号不变的点有时称为波动点。
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| − | In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a [[regular point of an algebraic variety|regular point]] where the tangent meets the curve to [[Glossary of classical algebraic geometry#O|order]] at least 3, and an undulation point or '''hyperflex''' is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.
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| − | In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a regular point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 3, and an undulation point or hyperflex is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.
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| | 在代数几何中，拐点的定义更为广泛一些，如切线与曲线相切的正则点至少为3，波动点或超高频点则定义为切线与曲线相交处至少为4。 | | 在代数几何中，拐点的定义更为广泛一些，如切线与曲线相切的正则点至少为3，波动点或超高频点则定义为切线与曲线相交处至少为4。 |
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| | + | ==定义== |
| | + | 在微分几何中，拐点是曲率符号改变的点。<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Problems in mathematical analysis|origyear=1964 |year=1976|publisher=Mir Publishers|others=Baranenkov, G. S.|isbn=5030009434|location=Moscow|oclc=21598952}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Bronshtein |last2=Semendyayev |title=Handbook of Mathematics |edition=4th |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=3-540-43491-7 |page=231 }}</ref> |
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| − | ==Definition==
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| − | 定义
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| − | Inflection points in differential geometry are the points of the curve where the [[curvature]] changes its sign.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Problems in mathematical analysis|origyear=1964 |year=1976|publisher=Mir Publishers|others=Baranenkov, G. S.|isbn=5030009434|location=Moscow|oclc=21598952}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Bronshtein |last2=Semendyayev |title=Handbook of Mathematics |edition=4th |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=3-540-43491-7 |page=231 }}</ref>
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| − | 在微分几何中，拐点是曲率符号改变的点。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
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| − | For example, the graph of the [[differentiable function]] has an inflection point at {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}} if and only if its [[derivative|first derivative]], {{mvar|f'}}, has an [[isolated point|isolated]] [[extremum]] at {{mvar|x}}. (This is not the same as saying that {{mvar|f}} has an extremum). That is, in some neighborhood, {{mvar|x}} is the one and only point at which {{mvar|f'}} has a (local) minimum or maximum. If all [[extremum|extrema]] of {{mvar|f'}} are [[isolated point|isolated]], then an inflection point is a point on the graph of {{mvar|f}} at which the [[tangent]] crosses the curve.
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| | 例如，当且仅当可微函数 {{mvar|f}} 的一阶导数 {{mvar|f'}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处具有孤立极值时（而不是极值），函数在 {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}}处有拐点。也就是说，在某些邻域中，{{mvar|x}} 是 {{mvar|f'}} 具有（局部）最小值或最大值的唯一点。如果所有 {{mvar|f'}} 的极值都是孤立的，那么拐点就是 {{mvar|f}} 曲线图上切线穿越曲线的点。 | | 例如，当且仅当可微函数 {{mvar|f}} 的一阶导数 {{mvar|f'}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处具有孤立极值时（而不是极值），函数在 {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}}处有拐点。也就是说，在某些邻域中，{{mvar|x}} 是 {{mvar|f'}} 具有（局部）最小值或最大值的唯一点。如果所有 {{mvar|f'}} 的极值都是孤立的，那么拐点就是 {{mvar|f}} 曲线图上切线穿越曲线的点。 |
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| − | A ''falling point of inflection'' is an inflection point where the derivative is negative on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is decreasing. A ''rising point of inflection'' is a point where the derivative is positive on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is increasing.
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| | 下降拐点的两边导数都为负，即在该点附近函数值变小。上升拐点的两边导数都为正，即在该点附近函数值变大。 | | 下降拐点的两边导数都为负，即在该点附近函数值变小。上升拐点的两边导数都为正，即在该点附近函数值变大。 |
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| | + | 对于一条代数曲线，当且仅当切线与曲线（在切点处）的交点数大于2时，非奇点为拐点。<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Point_of_inflection|title=Point of inflection|encyclopedia=encyclopediaofmath.org}}</ref> |
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| − | For an [[algebraic curve]], a non singular point is an inflection point if and only if the [[intersection number]] of the tangent line and the curve (at the point of tangency) is greater than 2.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Point_of_inflection|title=Point of inflection|encyclopedia=encyclopediaofmath.org}}</ref>
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| − | 对于一条代数曲线，当且仅当切线与曲线（在切点处）的交点数大于2时，非奇点为拐点。
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| − | The principal result is that the set of the inflection points of an algebraic curve coincides with the intersection set of the curve with the [[Polar curve|Hessian curve]].
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| | 其主要结果是代数曲线拐点的集合与曲线同黑塞曲线 (Hessian curve) 的交点集合一致。 | | 其主要结果是代数曲线拐点的集合与曲线同黑塞曲线 (Hessian curve) 的交点集合一致。 |
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| − | For a smooth curve given by [[parametric equation]]s, a point is an inflection point if its [[Curvature#Signed curvature|signed curvature]] changes from plus to minus or from minus to plus, i.e., changes [[sign (mathematics)|sign]].
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| | 对于由参数方程组给出的光滑曲线，若某点处曲率符号改变（从正变为负或从负变为正），则该点就是拐点。 | | 对于由参数方程组给出的光滑曲线，若某点处曲率符号改变（从正变为负或从负变为正），则该点就是拐点。 |
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| − | For a smooth curve which is a graph of a twice differentiable function, an inflection point is a point on the graph at which the [[second derivative]] has an isolated zero and changes sign.
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| | 对于一条二次可微函数的光滑曲线，拐点是的二次导数具有孤立零值并且改变曲率符号的点。 | | 对于一条二次可微函数的光滑曲线，拐点是的二次导数具有孤立零值并且改变曲率符号的点。 |
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| | + | [[Image:Animated illustration of inflection point.gif|upright=2.5|thumb|Plot of {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} sin(2''x'')}} 从{{pi}}/4 到5{{pi}}/4; 该函数二阶导数为{{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'') {{=}} –4sin(2''x'')}}, 和{{mvar|f}}符号相反。曲线为凸时（函数在切线上方）切线颜色为蓝色，曲线为凹时（函数在切线下方）切线颜色为绿色，拐点颜色为红色：0, {{pi}}/2 and {{pi}}]] |
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| − | [[Image:Animated illustration of inflection point.gif|upright=2.5|thumb|Plot of {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} sin(2''x'')}} from −{{pi}}/4 to 5{{pi}}/4; the second [[derivative]] is {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'') {{=}} –4sin(2''x'')}}, and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of {{mvar|f}}. Tangent is blue where the curve is [[convex function|convex]] (above its own [[tangent line|tangent]]), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, {{pi}}/2 and {{pi}}|链接=Special:FilePath/Animated_illustration_of_inflection_point.gif]]
| + | ==必要非充分条件== |
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| − | Plot of f(x)=sin(2x) from −π/4 to 5π/4; the second derivative is f"(x)=–4sin(2x), and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of f. Tangent is blue where the curve is convex (above its own tangent), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, π/2 and π.
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| − | f(x)=sin(2x)−π/4 到 5π/4 的函数图像。该函数二阶导数为 f"(x)=–4sin(2x)，和 f 符号相反。曲线为凸时（函数在切线上方）切线颜色为蓝色，曲线为凹时（函数在切线下方）切线颜色为绿色，拐点颜色为红色：0，π/2 和 π。
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| − | ==A necessary but not sufficient condition==
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| − | 必要非充分条件 | |
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| − | If the second derivative, {{math|''f"{{''}}''(''x'')}} exists at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}, and {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} is an inflection point for {{mvar|f}}, then {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''<sub>0</sub>) {{=}} 0}}, but this condition is not [[Sufficient condition|sufficient]] for having a point of inflection, even if derivatives of any order exist. In this case, one also needs the lowest-order (above the second) non-zero derivative to be of odd order (third, fifth, etc.). If the lowest-order non-zero derivative is of even order, the point is not a point of inflection, but an ''undulation point''. However, in algebraic geometry, both inflection points and undulation points are usually called ''inflection points''. An example of an undulation point is {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} for the function {{mvar|f}} given by {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}}.
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| − | 如果二阶导数 f"(x) 在点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 处存在，且 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是该函数的拐点，那么f"(x0)=0。然而，即使存在任意阶的导数，这也只是拐点的必要非充分条件。在这种情况下，若最低阶(第二阶以上)非零导数为奇数阶(第三阶、第五阶等)，则该点是拐点；若最低阶非零导数为偶数阶，则该点不是拐点，而是波动点。但在代数几何中，波动点也是拐点。例如，函数 {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}} 的波动点是 {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} 。
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| − | In the preceding assertions, it is assumed that {{mvar|f}} has some higher-order non-zero derivative at {{mvar|x}}, which is not necessarily the case. If it is the case, the condition that the first nonzero derivative has an odd order implies that the sign of {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is the same on either side of {{mvar|x}} in a [[neighborhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of {{mvar|x}}. If this sign is [[positive number|positive]], the point is a ''rising point of inflection''; if it is [[negative number|negative]], the point is a ''falling point of inflection''.
| + | 如果二阶导数{{math|''f"{{''}}''(''x'')}}在点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 处存在，且 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是该函数的拐点，那么{{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''<sub>0</sub>) {{=}} 0}}。然而，即使存在任意阶的导数，这也只是拐点的必要非充分条件。在这种情况下，若最低阶(第二阶以上)非零导数为奇数阶(第三阶、第五阶等)，则该点是拐点；若最低阶非零导数为偶数阶，则该点不是拐点，而是波动点。但在代数几何中，波动点也是拐点。例如，函数 {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}} 的波动点是 {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} 。 |
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| − | 前面我们假定 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，但并不一定存在。如果 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，第一个非零导数有奇数阶意味着f<nowiki>''</nowiki>(x)的符号在某邻域的任一边都是相同的。如果符号为正，那么这个点就是上升拐点；如果符号为负，那么这个点就是下降拐点。
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| | + | 前面我们假定 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，但并不一定存在。如果 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，第一个非零导数有奇数阶意味着{{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}}的符号在某邻域的任一边都是相同的。如果符号为正，那么这个点就是上升拐点；如果符号为负，那么这个点就是下降拐点。 |
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| | + | '''拐点充分条件:''' |
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| − | '''Inflection points sufficient conditions:'''
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| − | 拐点充分条件:
| + | 1）第一充分条件：设函数在点 {{mvar|x}} 的某邻域 {{mvar|k}} 阶连续可微，{{mvar|k}} 为奇数且 {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}，若 {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>) {{=}} 0}} ( {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2, …, ''k'' − 1}}) 且 {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>) ≠ 0}} ，那么点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是 {{math|''f''(''x'')}} 的拐点。 |
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| | + | 2）第二充分条件：{{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'' + ε)}}和{{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'' − ''ε'')}}在''x''邻域符号相反。 |
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| − | 1) A sufficient existence condition for a point of inflection is:
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| − | 1）第一充分条件：
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| − | :If {{math|''f''(''x'')}} is {{mvar|k}} times continuously differentiable in a certain neighborhood of a point {{mvar|x}} with {{mvar|k}} odd and {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}, while {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>) {{=}} 0}} for {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2, …, ''k'' − 1}} and {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>) ≠ 0}} then {{math|''f''(''x'')}} has a point of inflection at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}. | + | ==拐点的分类== |
| | + | [[Image:X to the 4th minus x.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup> – ''x''}},x在点 (0,0) 处二阶导数为0，但 (0,0) 不是拐点，因为其四阶导数是一阶非零导数（三阶导数也是零）。]] |
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| − | 设函数在点 {{mvar|x}} 的某邻域 {{mvar|k}} 阶连续可微，{{mvar|k}} 为奇数且 {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}，若 {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>) {{=}} 0}} ( {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2, …, ''k'' − 1}}) 且 {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>) ≠ 0}} ，那么点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是 {{math|''f''(''x'')}} 的拐点。
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| | + | 拐点也可以根据{{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}}是否为0来进行分类。 |
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| | + | * 若{{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}}，该点为驻点拐点。 |
| | + | * 若{{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}}，该点为非驻点拐点。 |
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| − | 2) Another sufficient existence condition requires {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'' + ε)}} and {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'' − ''ε'')}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of ''x'' ([[Bronshtein and Semendyayev]] 2004, p. 231).
| + | 驻点拐点不是局部极值点。在多实变量函数中，不是局部极值点的驻点通常被称为'''鞍点'''。 |
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| − | 2) Another sufficient existence condition requires (x + ε)}} and (x − ε)}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of x (Bronshtein and Semendyayev 2004, p. 231).
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| − | 2）第二充分条件：f<nowiki>''</nowiki>(x + ε) 和 f<nowiki>''</nowiki> (x − ε) 在 x 邻域符号相反。（见《数学手册》2004版第231页）
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| − | ==Categorization of points of inflection==
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| − | 拐点的分类
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| − | [[Image:X to the 4th minus x.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup> – ''x''}} has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).|链接=Special:FilePath/X_to_the_4th_minus_x.svg]]
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| − | y=x<sup>4</sup>–x has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).
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| − | y=x<sup>4</sup> – x在点 (0,0) 处二阶导数为0，但 (0,0) 不是拐点，因为其四阶导数是一阶非零导数（三阶导数也是零）。
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| − | Points of inflection can also be categorized according to whether {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero or nonzero.
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| − | 拐点也可以根据f"=(x)是否为0来进行分类。
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| − | * if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero, the point is a ''[[stationary point]] of inflection''
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| − | * 若 f"(x)=0，该点为驻点拐点。
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| − | * if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is not zero, the point is a ''non-stationary point of inflection''
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| − | * 若 f"(x)≠0，该点为非驻点拐点。
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| − | A stationary point of inflection is not a [[local extremum]]. More generally, in the context of [[functions of several real variables]], a stationary point that is not a local extremum is called a [[saddle point#Mathematical discussion|saddle point]].
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| − | 驻点拐点不是局部极值点。在多实变量函数中，不是局部极值点的驻点通常被称为鞍点。
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| − | An example of a stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}}. The tangent is the {{mvar|x}}-axis, which cuts the graph at this point.
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| | 驻点拐点例子：{{math|(0, 0)}} 为函数 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} 的驻点 。切线为 {{mvar|x}} 轴，在{{math|(0, 0)}}与函数相切。 | | 驻点拐点例子：{{math|(0, 0)}} 为函数 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} 的驻点 。切线为 {{mvar|x}} 轴，在{{math|(0, 0)}}与函数相切。 |
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| − | An example of a non-stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}}, for any nonzero {{mvar|a}}. The tangent at the origin is the line {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''ax''}}, which cuts the graph at this point.
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| | 非驻点拐点例子：{{math|(0, 0)}}为函数 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}} 的非驻点（{{mvar|a}}为任意非零常数）。切线为 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''ax''}}，在{{math|(0, 0)}}与函数相切。 | | 非驻点拐点例子：{{math|(0, 0)}}为函数 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}} 的非驻点（{{mvar|a}}为任意非零常数）。切线为 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''ax''}}，在{{math|(0, 0)}}与函数相切。 |
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| − | ==Functions with discontinuities== | + | ==非连续函数== |
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| − | 非连续函数
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| − | Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative {{mvar|x}} and convex for positive {{mvar|x}}, but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.
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| − | Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative and convex for positive , but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.
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| − | 有些函数虽然没有拐点但也可改变凹度。这些函数可以通过改变垂直渐近线或非连续性来改变凹度。例如，函数 < math > x mapsto frac1x <nowiki></math ></nowiki> 在函数值为负时显凹性，在函数值为正时显凸性。但这个函数不具有拐点，因为0不在其定义域内。
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| | + | 有些函数虽然没有拐点但也可改变凹度。这些函数可以通过改变垂直渐近线或非连续性来改变凹度。例如，函数<math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> 在函数值{{mvar|x}}为负时显凹性，在函数值{{mvar|x}}为正时显凸性。但这个函数不具有拐点，因为0不在其定义域内。 |
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | * [[Critical point (mathematics)]]临界点
| + | == 另见 == |
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| − | * [[Ecological threshold]]生态阈值 | + | * [[临界点]] |
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| − | * [[Hesse configuration]] formed by the nine inflection points of an [[elliptic curve]]海塞配置 被椭圆曲线上九个拐点所组成 | + | * [[海塞配置 Hesse configuration]] 被椭圆曲线上九个拐点所组成 |
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| − | * [[Ogee]], an architectural form with an inflection point S形曲线，具有一个拐点的建筑型式曲线 | + | * S形曲线，具有一个拐点的建筑型式曲线 |
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| − | * [[Vertex (curve)]], a local minimum or maximum of curvature顶点，曲线的局部最小或局部最大值点 | + | * [[顶点（曲线）]]，曲线的局部最小或局部最大值点 |
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| − | ==References== | + | ==参考文献== |
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| | {{reflist}} | | {{reflist}} |
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| − | ==Sources== | + | ==编者推荐== |
| − | | + | ===集智课程=== |
| − | * {{MathWorld|title=Inflection Point|urlname=InflectionPoint}}
| + | ====[]==== |
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| − | * {{springer|title=Point of inflection|id=p/p073190}}
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| − | [[Category:Differential calculus]] | |
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| − | Category:Differential calculus
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| − | 类别: 微分
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| − | [[Category:Curves]]
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| − | Category:Curves
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| − | 类别: 曲线
| + | ---- |
| | + | 本中文词条由Typhoid翻译，[[用户:薄荷|薄荷]]编辑，如有问题，欢迎在讨论页面留言。 |
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| − | [[Category:Analytic geometry]]
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| − | Category:Analytic geometry
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| − | 类别: 解析几何
| + | '''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料，遵守 CC3.0协议。''' |
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| − | <noinclude>
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| − | <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Inflection point]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[拐点/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
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| − | [[Category:待整理页面]] | + | [[Category:微分]] |
| | + | [[Category:曲线]] |
| | + | [[Category:解析几何]] |