− | 包容层次结构 subsumptive containment hierarchy是对象类从一般到特定的分类。这类层次结构的其他名称是“分类层次结构”和“ IS-A 层次结构”。<ref name="Lehmann"/><ref name="ibm">{{cite web|url=http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/wtxdoc/v8r2m0/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.websphere.dtx.md.doc/concepts/c_map_design_Compositional_Hierarchy.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103052727/http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/wtxdoc/v8r2m0/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.websphere.dtx.md.doc/concepts/c_map_design_Compositional_Hierarchy.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Compositional hierarchy|work=WebSphere Transformation Extender Design Studio|accessdate=9 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="sys model">{{cite book|chapter=An advanced modeling environment based on a hybrid AI-OR approach|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ds2eIQ6XZy0C&pg=PA366|pages=366–75|last=Funke|first=Birger|last2=Sebastian|first2=Hans-Jürgen|title=Systems modelling and optimization: proceedings of the 18th IFIP TC7 conference|volume=396|series=Research notes in mathematics series|editor1-last=Polis|editor1-first=Michael P.|editor2-last=Dontchev|editor2-first=Asen L.|editor3-last=Kall|editor3-first=Peter|editor4-last=Lascieka|editor4-first=Irena|editor5-last=Olbrot|editor5-first=Andrzej W.|publisher=CRC Press|year=1999}}</ref>最后一个术语描述了每个级别之间的关系——较低级别的对象“是”较高级别类的成员。上面概述的分类结构是一个包容性的层次结构。再次使用林奈分类系统的例子,可以看到,属于哺乳动物 Mammalia 等级的物体“是”动物等级的成员;更具体地说,人类“是”灵长类动物,灵长类动物“是”哺乳动物等等。也可以抽象地将包含的层次结构定义为“概念”的层次结构。例如<ref name="sys model"/>,根据上述的林奈分类系统,像动物这样的实体名称是对所有符合动物概念的物种进行分类的一种方法。 | + | '''包容层次结构 subsumptive containment hierarchy'''是对象类从一般到特定的分类。这类层次结构的其他名称是“分类层次结构”和“ IS-A 层次结构”。<ref name="Lehmann"/><ref name="ibm">{{cite web|url=http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/wtxdoc/v8r2m0/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.websphere.dtx.md.doc/concepts/c_map_design_Compositional_Hierarchy.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103052727/http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/wtxdoc/v8r2m0/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.websphere.dtx.md.doc/concepts/c_map_design_Compositional_Hierarchy.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Compositional hierarchy|work=WebSphere Transformation Extender Design Studio|accessdate=9 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="sys model">{{cite book|chapter=An advanced modeling environment based on a hybrid AI-OR approach|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ds2eIQ6XZy0C&pg=PA366|pages=366–75|last=Funke|first=Birger|last2=Sebastian|first2=Hans-Jürgen|title=Systems modelling and optimization: proceedings of the 18th IFIP TC7 conference|volume=396|series=Research notes in mathematics series|editor1-last=Polis|editor1-first=Michael P.|editor2-last=Dontchev|editor2-first=Asen L.|editor3-last=Kall|editor3-first=Peter|editor4-last=Lascieka|editor4-first=Irena|editor5-last=Olbrot|editor5-first=Andrzej W.|publisher=CRC Press|year=1999}}</ref>最后一个术语描述了每个级别之间的关系——较低级别的对象“是”较高级别类的成员。上面概述的分类结构是一个包容性的层次结构。再次使用林奈分类系统的例子,可以看到,属于哺乳动物等级的物体“是”动物等级的成员;更具体地说,人类“是”灵长类动物,灵长类动物“是”哺乳动物等等。也可以抽象地将包含的层次结构定义为“概念”的层次结构。例如<ref name="sys model"/>,根据上述的林奈分类系统,像动物这样的实体名称是对所有符合动物概念的物种进行分类的一种方法。 |