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==Top-down approach to create a minimal living cell==

==Top-down approach to create a minimal living cell==

Members from the [[J. Craig Venter Institute]] have used a [[Top-down and bottom-up design|top-down]] computational approach to knock out genes in a living organism to a minimum set of genes.<ref name="gibson52" /> In 2010, the team succeeded in creating a replicating strain of ''[[Mycoplasma mycoides]]'' ([[Mycoplasma laboratorium]]) using synthetically created DNA deemed to be the minimum requirement for life which was inserted into a genomically empty bacterium.<ref name="gibson52" /> It is hoped that the process of top-down biosynthesis will enable the insertion of new genes that would perform profitable functions such as generation of hydrogen for fuel or capturing excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.<ref name="Beadau">{{cite book| veditors = Beadau MA | title=The ethics of protocells moral and social implications of creating life in the laboratory| year=2009| publisher=MIT Press| location=Cambridge, Mass.| isbn=978-0-262-51269-5| edition=[Online-Ausg.] | vauthors = Parke EC }}</ref> The myriad regulatory, metabolic, and signaling networks are not completely characterized. These [[Top-down and bottom-up design|top-down]] approaches have limitations for the understanding of fundamental molecular regulation, since the host organisms have a complex and incompletely defined molecular composition.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong R | title = Designing with protocells: applications of a novel technical platform | journal = Life | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 457–490 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25370381 | pmc = 4206855 | doi = 10.3390/life4030457 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In 2019 a complete computational model of all pathways in Mycoplasma Syn3.0 cell was published, representing the first complete [[in silico]] model for a living minimal organism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Breuer M, Earnest TM, Merryman C, Wise KS, Sun L, Lynott MR, Hutchison CA, Smith HO, Lapek JD, Gonzalez DJ, de Crécy-Lagard V, Haas D, Hanson AD, Labhsetwar P, Glass JI, Luthey-Schulten Z | display-authors = 6 | title = Essential metabolism for a minimal cell | journal = eLife | volume = 8 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30657448 | pmc = 6609329 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.36842 }}</ref>

Members from the [[J. Craig Venter Institute]] have used a [[Top-down and bottom-up design|top-down]] computational approach to knock out genes in a living organism to a minimum set of genes.<ref name="gibson52" /> In 2010, the team succeeded in creating a replicating strain of ''[[Mycoplasma mycoides]]'' ([[Mycoplasma laboratorium]]) using synthetically created DNA deemed to be the minimum requirement for life which was inserted into a genomically empty bacterium.<ref name="gibson52" /> It is hoped that the process of top-down biosynthesis will enable the insertion of new genes that would perform profitable functions such as generation of hydrogen for fuel or capturing excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.<ref name="Beadau">{{cite book| veditors = Beadau MA | title=The ethics of protocells moral and social implications of creating life in the laboratory| year=2009| publisher=MIT Press| location=Cambridge, Mass.| isbn=978-0-262-51269-5| edition=[Online-Ausg.] | vauthors = Parke EC }}</ref> The myriad regulatory, metabolic, and signaling networks are not completely characterized. These [[Top-down and bottom-up design|top-down]] approaches have limitations for the understanding of fundamental molecular regulation, since the host organisms have a complex and incompletely defined molecular composition.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Armstrong R | title = Designing with protocells: applications of a novel technical platform | journal = Life | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 457–490 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25370381 | pmc = 4206855 | doi = 10.3390/life4030457 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In 2019 a complete computational model of all pathways in Mycoplasma Syn3.0 cell was published, representing the first complete [[in silico]] model for a living minimal organism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Breuer M, Earnest TM, Merryman C, Wise KS, Sun L, Lynott MR, Hutchison CA, Smith HO, Lapek JD, Gonzalez DJ, de Crécy-Lagard V, Haas D, Hanson AD, Labhsetwar P, Glass JI, Luthey-Schulten Z | display-authors = 6 | title = Essential metabolism for a minimal cell | journal = eLife | volume = 8 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30657448 | pmc = 6609329 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.36842 }}</ref>

Members from the J. Craig Venter Institute have used a top-down computational approach to knock out genes in a living organism to a minimum set of genes. In 2010, the team succeeded in creating a replicating strain of Mycoplasma mycoides (Mycoplasma laboratorium) using synthetically created DNA deemed to be the minimum requirement for life which was inserted into a genomically empty bacterium. It is hoped that the process of top-down biosynthesis will enable the insertion of new genes that would perform profitable functions such as generation of hydrogen for fuel or capturing excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The myriad regulatory, metabolic, and signaling networks are not completely characterized. These top-down approaches have limitations for the understanding of fundamental molecular regulation, since the host organisms have a complex and incompletely defined molecular composition. In 2019 a complete computational model of all pathways in Mycoplasma Syn3.0 cell was published, representing the first complete in silico model for a living minimal organism.

Members from the J. Craig Venter Institute have used a top-down computational approach to knock out genes in a living organism to a minimum set of genes. In 2010, the team succeeded in creating a replicating strain of Mycoplasma mycoides (Mycoplasma laboratorium) using synthetically created DNA deemed to be the minimum requirement for life which was inserted into a genomically empty bacterium. It is hoped that the process of top-down biosynthesis will enable the insertion of new genes that would perform profitable functions such as generation of hydrogen for fuel or capturing excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The myriad regulatory, metabolic, and signaling networks are not completely characterized. These top-down approaches have limitations for the understanding of fundamental molecular regulation, since the host organisms have a complex and incompletely defined molecular composition. In 2019 a complete computational model of all pathways in Mycoplasma Syn3.0 cell was published, representing the first complete in silico model for a living minimal organism.

= = 自上而下的方法创造最小的活细胞 = = 来自克莱格·凡特研究所的成员使用自上而下的计算方法将活有机体中的基因敲除到最小的一组基因。2010年，研究小组利用人工合成的被认为是生命最低要求的 DNA，成功地创造了一个复制品系的丝状支原体(辛西娅) ，这种 DNA 被插入到一个基因组上空的细菌中。人们希望，自上而下的生物合成过程将能够插入新的基因，这些基因将发挥有利的作用，例如产生氢气作为燃料或在大气中捕获过量的二氧化碳。无数的调节、新陈代谢和信号网络并不是完全的特征。这些自上而下的方法对于理解基本的分子调控有局限性，因为宿主生物有一个复杂的和不完全确定的分子组成。2019年，支原体 Syn3.0细胞中所有通路的完整计算模型被发表，这是第一个完整的微生物活体硅胶模型。

来自克莱格·凡特研究所的成员使用了一种自上而下的计算方法，将活生物体中的基因敲除至最小的一组基因。2010年，研究小组利用人工合成中被认为是生命最低要求的 DNA，成功地创造了一个一株能复制的丝状支原体(支原体实验室) ，这种 DNA 被插入到一个基因组空白的细菌中。人们希望，自上而下的生物合成过程将能够插入新的基因，这些基因将发挥有利的作用，例如产生氢气作为燃料或在大气中捕获过量的二氧化碳。无数的调节、新陈代谢和信号网络没有被完全地表现，这些自上而下的方法对于理解基本的分子调控有局限性，因为宿主生物有一个复杂的和不完全确定的分子组成。2019年，支原体 Syn3.0细胞中所有通路的完整计算模型被发表，这是第一个完整的微生物活体硅模型。

Heavy investing in biology has been done by large companies such as [[ExxonMobil]], who has partnered with [[Synthetic Genomics|Synthetic Genomics Inc]]; Craig Venter's own biosynthetics company in the development of fuel from algae.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sheridan C | title = Big oil bucks for algae | journal = Nature Biotechnology | volume = 27 | issue = 9 | pages = 783 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19741613 | doi = 10.1038/nbt0909-783 | s2cid = 205270805 }}</ref>

Heavy investing in biology has been done by large companies such as [[ExxonMobil]], who has partnered with [[Synthetic Genomics|Synthetic Genomics Inc]]; Craig Venter's own biosynthetics company in the development of fuel from algae.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sheridan C | title = Big oil bucks for algae | journal = Nature Biotechnology | volume = 27 | issue = 9 | pages = 783 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19741613 | doi = 10.1038/nbt0909-783 | s2cid = 205270805 }}</ref>

Heavy investing in biology has been done by large companies such as ExxonMobil, who has partnered with Synthetic Genomics Inc; Craig Venter's own biosynthetics company in the development of fuel from algae.

Heavy investing in biology has been done by large companies such as ExxonMobil, who has partnered with Synthetic Genomics Inc; Craig Venter's own biosynthetics company in the development of fuel from algae.

大量的生物投资已经被大公司完成，比如埃克森美孚公司，它与合成基因公司合作; Craig Venter 自己的生物合成公司，开发藻类燃料。

大量的生物投资已经被大公司完成，比如埃克森美孚公司，它与合成基因公司合作;克雷格·文特自己的开发藻类燃料的生物合成公司

As of 2016, ''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]'' is the only organism used as a starting point for engineering a minimal cell, since it has the smallest known genome that can be cultivated under laboratory conditions; the wild-type variety has 482, and removing exactly 100 genes deemed non-essential resulted in a viable strain with improved growth rates.  Reduced-genome ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' is considered more useful, and viable strains have been developed with 15% of the genome removed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url=https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/bfd7d06c-d3ae-11e5-a4b5-01aa75ed71a1/language-en|title=Opinion on synthetic biology II: Risk assessment methodologies and safety aspects |date=2016-02-12|language=en| author = EU Directorate-General for Health and Consumers |publisher=Publications Office |doi=10.2772/63529 }}</ref>{{Rp|29–30}}

As of 2016, ''[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]'' is the only organism used as a starting point for engineering a minimal cell, since it has the smallest known genome that can be cultivated under laboratory conditions; the wild-type variety has 482, and removing exactly 100 genes deemed non-essential resulted in a viable strain with improved growth rates.  Reduced-genome ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' is considered more useful, and viable strains have been developed with 15% of the genome removed.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|url=https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/bfd7d06c-d3ae-11e5-a4b5-01aa75ed71a1/language-en|title=Opinion on synthetic biology II: Risk assessment methodologies and safety aspects |date=2016-02-12|language=en| author = EU Directorate-General for Health and Consumers |publisher=Publications Office |doi=10.2772/63529 }}</ref>{{Rp|29–30}}

As of 2016, Mycoplasma genitalium is the only organism used as a starting point for engineering a minimal cell, since it has the smallest known genome that can be cultivated under laboratory conditions; the wild-type variety has 482, and removing exactly 100 genes deemed non-essential resulted in a viable strain with improved growth rates.  Reduced-genome Escherichia coli is considered more useful, and viable strains have been developed with 15% of the genome removed.

As of 2016, Mycoplasma genitalium is the only organism used as a starting point for engineering a minimal cell, since it has the smallest known genome that can be cultivated under laboratory conditions; the wild-type variety has 482, and removing exactly 100 genes deemed non-essential resulted in a viable strain with improved growth rates.  Reduced-genome Escherichia coli is considered more useful, and viable strains have been developed with 15% of the genome removed.

截至2016年，生殖支原体是唯一一种用作基因工程最小细胞起始点的生物，因为它拥有可以在实验室条件下培育的已知最小的基因组; 野生型品种有482个基因，去除正好100个被认为非必需的基因，就能培育出生长速度提高的可存活菌株。减少基因组大肠桿菌被认为更有用，而且已经开发出可生存的菌株，去除了15% 的基因组。

截至2016年，生殖支原体是唯一一种可以作为最小细胞工程起点的有机体，因为它拥有已知最小的可以在实验室条件下培育的基因组; 野生型品种有482个基因，去除正好100个被认为非必需的基因，就能培育出生长速度提高的可存活菌株。减少基因组的大肠杆菌是更有用的，而且已经开发出去除了15% 的基因组的可生存菌株。

A variation of an artificial cell has been created in which a completely synthetic [[genome]] was introduced to genomically emptied host cells.<ref name="gibson52">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gibson DG, Glass JI, Lartigue C, Noskov VN, Chuang RY, Algire MA, Benders GA, Montague MG, Ma L, Moodie MM, Merryman C, Vashee S, Krishnakumar R, Assad-Garcia N, Andrews-Pfannkoch C, Denisova EA, Young L, Qi ZQ, Segall-Shapiro TH, Calvey CH, Parmar PP, Hutchison CA, Smith HO, Venter JC | display-authors = 6 | title = Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome | journal = Science | volume = 329 | issue = 5987 | pages = 52–56 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20488990 | doi = 10.1126/science.1190719 | s2cid = 7320517 | bibcode = 2010Sci...329...52G }}</ref> Although not completely artificial because the [[Cytoplasm|cytoplasmic components]] as well as the [[cell membrane|membrane]] from the host cell are kept, the engineered cell is under control of a synthetic genome and is able to [[self-replication|replicate]].

A variation of an artificial cell has been created in which a completely synthetic [[genome]] was introduced to genomically emptied host cells.<ref name="gibson52">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gibson DG, Glass JI, Lartigue C, Noskov VN, Chuang RY, Algire MA, Benders GA, Montague MG, Ma L, Moodie MM, Merryman C, Vashee S, Krishnakumar R, Assad-Garcia N, Andrews-Pfannkoch C, Denisova EA, Young L, Qi ZQ, Segall-Shapiro TH, Calvey CH, Parmar PP, Hutchison CA, Smith HO, Venter JC | display-authors = 6 | title = Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome | journal = Science | volume = 329 | issue = 5987 | pages = 52–56 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20488990 | doi = 10.1126/science.1190719 | s2cid = 7320517 | bibcode = 2010Sci...329...52G }}</ref> Although not completely artificial because the [[Cytoplasm|cytoplasmic components]] as well as the [[cell membrane|membrane]] from the host cell are kept, the engineered cell is under control of a synthetic genome and is able to [[self-replication|replicate]].

A variation of an artificial cell has been created in which a completely synthetic genome was introduced to genomically emptied host cells. Although not completely artificial because the cytoplasmic components as well as the membrane from the host cell are kept, the engineered cell is under control of a synthetic genome and is able to replicate.

A variation of an artificial cell has been created in which a completely synthetic genome was introduced to genomically emptied host cells. Although not completely artificial because the cytoplasmic components as well as the membrane from the host cell are kept, the engineered cell is under control of a synthetic genome and is able to replicate.

==Artificial cells for medical applications==

==Artificial cells for medical applications==

[[File:Standard and drug delivery artificial cells .png|thumb|350px|Standard artificial cell (top) and drug delivery artificial cell (bottom).|链接=Special:FilePath/Standard_and_drug_delivery_artificial_cells_.png]]

医用人造细胞[[File:Standard and drug delivery artificial cells .png|thumb|350px|Standard artificial cell (top) and drug delivery artificial cell (bottom).标准人工细胞(上)和药物传递人工细胞(下)。|链接=Special:FilePath/Standard_and_drug_delivery_artificial_cells_.png]]

thumb|350px|alt=Two types of artificial cells, one with contents meant to stay inside, the other for drug delivery and diffusing contents. |Standard artificial cell (top) and drug delivery artificial cell (bottom).

thumb|350px|alt=Two types of artificial cells, one with contents meant to stay inside, the other for drug delivery and diffusing contents. |Standard artificial cell (top) and drug delivery artificial cell (bottom).

= = 医用人造细胞 = = 拇指 | 350px | alt = 两种类型的人造细胞，一种内含物意味着留在体内，另一种用于药物输送和扩散。| 标准人工细胞(上)和药物传递人工细胞(下)。

拇指|350px|alt=两种类型的人造细胞，一种内含物意味着留在体内，另一种用于药物输送和扩散。|标准人工细胞(上)和药物传递人工细胞(下)。

===History===

===History===