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定性模型复杂性各不相同:

定性模型复杂性各不相同:

一个简单的辐射热传递模型是将地球作为一个单点，对输出能量进行平均。(耦合的)大气-海洋-海冰全球气候模式解决了质量、能量转移和辐射交换的完整方程。在地球系统模型中，其他类型的模型可以相互关联，例如土地使用，使研究人员能够预测气候与生态系统之间的相互作用。[[File:Global Climate Model.png|thumb|right|350px|Climate models are systems of [[differential equation]]s based on the basic laws of [[physics]], [[Fluid dynamics|fluid motion]], and [[chemistry]]. To “run” a model, scientists divide the planet into a 3-dimensional grid, apply the basic equations, and evaluate the results. Atmospheric models calculate [[winds]], [[heat transfer]], [[radiation]], [[relative humidity]], and surface [[hydrology]] within each grid and evaluate interactions with neighboring points.|链接=Special:FilePath/Global_Climate_Model.png]]

一个简单的辐射热传递模型是将地球作为一个单点，对输出能量进行平均。(耦合的)大气-海洋-海冰全球气候模式解决了质量、能量转移和辐射交换的完整方程。在地球系统模型中，其他类型的模型可以相互关联，例如土地使用，使研究人员能够预测气候与生态系统之间的相互作用。[[File:Global Climate Model.png|thumb|right|350px|Climate models are systems of [[differential equation]]s based on the basic laws of [[physics]], [[Fluid dynamics|fluid motion]], and [[chemistry]]. To “run” a model, scientists divide the planet into a 3-dimensional grid, apply the basic equations, and evaluate the results. Atmospheric models calculate [[winds]], [[heat transfer]], [[radiation]], [[relative humidity]], and surface [[hydrology]] within each grid and evaluate interactions with neighboring points.|链接=Special:FilePath/Global_Climate_Model.png]]

==Box models==

==Box models= 盒子模型===

[[File:Simple box model.png|thumb|upright=1|right| Schematic of a simple box model used to illustrate [[flux]]es in geochemical cycles, showing a source ''(Q)'', sink ''(S)'' and reservoir ''(M)''|链接=Special:FilePath/Simple_box_model.png]]

[[File:Simple box model.png|thumb|upright=1|right| Schematic of a simple box model used to illustrate [[flux]]es in geochemical cycles, showing a source ''(Q)'', sink ''(S)'' and reservoir ''(M)''|链接=Special:FilePath/Simple_box_model.png]]Box models are simplified versions of complex systems, reducing them to boxes (or [[Thermodynamics#Instrumentation|reservoir]]s) linked by fluxes. The boxes are assumed to be mixed homogeneously. Within a given box, the concentration of any [[chemical species]] is therefore uniform. However, the abundance of a species within a given box may vary as a function of time due to the input to (or loss from) the box or due to the production, consumption or decay of this species within the box.

 

Box models are simplified versions of complex systems, reducing them to boxes (or [[Thermodynamics#Instrumentation|reservoir]]s) linked by fluxes. The boxes are assumed to be mixed homogeneously. Within a given box, the concentration of any [[chemical species]] is therefore uniform. However, the abundance of a species within a given box may vary as a function of time due to the input to (or loss from) the box or due to the production, consumption or decay of this species within the box.

Box models are simplified versions of complex systems, reducing them to boxes (or reservoirs) linked by fluxes. The boxes are assumed to be mixed homogeneously. Within a given box, the concentration of any chemical species is therefore uniform. However, the abundance of a species within a given box may vary as a function of time due to the input to (or loss from) the box or due to the production, consumption or decay of this species within the box.

Box models are simplified versions of complex systems, reducing them to boxes (or reservoirs) linked by fluxes. The boxes are assumed to be mixed homogeneously. Within a given box, the concentration of any chemical species is therefore uniform. However, the abundance of a species within a given box may vary as a function of time due to the input to (or loss from) the box or due to the production, consumption or decay of this species within the box.

箱模型被广泛用于模拟环境系统或生态系统以及海洋环流和碳循环的研究。它们是多室模型的实例。

箱模型被广泛用于模拟环境系统或生态系统以及海洋环流和碳循环的研究。它们是多室模型的实例。

== Zero-dimensional models ==

== Zero-dimensional models= 零维模型 = ==

 

= = 零维模型 = =  

 

A very simple model of the [[radiative equilibrium]] of the Earth is

A very simple model of the [[radiative equilibrium]] of the Earth is

这个简单的模型很容易确定太阳输出量的变化或地球反照率或有效地球发射率的变化对地球平均温度的影响。然而，它没有提到是什么可能导致这些事情发生改变。零维模型不能解释地球上的温度分布或者地球周围移动能量的因素。

这个简单的模型很容易确定太阳输出量的变化或地球反照率或有效地球发射率的变化对地球平均温度的影响。然而，它没有提到是什么可能导致这些事情发生改变。零维模型不能解释地球上的温度分布或者地球周围移动能量的因素。

== Radiative-convective models ==

== Radiative-convective models= = 辐射-对流模式 = ==

 

== = = 辐射-对流模式 = ==

The zero-dimensional model above, using the solar constant and given average earth temperature, determines the effective earth emissivity of long wave radiation emitted to space. This can be refined in the vertical to a one-dimensional radiative-convective model, which considers two processes of energy transport:

The zero-dimensional model above, using the solar constant and given average earth temperature, determines the effective earth emissivity of long wave radiation emitted to space. This can be refined in the vertical to a one-dimensional radiative-convective model, which considers two processes of energy transport:

冰反照率反馈对一维辐射对流气候模式全球敏感性的影响。

冰反照率反馈对一维辐射对流气候模式全球敏感性的影响。

== Higher-dimension models ==

== Higher-dimension models= = 高维模型 = = ==

 

== = = 高维模型 = = ==

The zero-dimensional model may be expanded to consider the energy transported horizontally in the atmosphere. This kind of model may well be [[Zonal and meridional|zonally]] averaged. This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shodor.org/master/environmental/general/energy/application.html|title=Energy Balance Models|work=shodor.org}}</ref>

The zero-dimensional model may be expanded to consider the energy transported horizontally in the atmosphere. This kind of model may well be [[Zonal and meridional|zonally]] averaged. This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shodor.org/master/environmental/general/energy/application.html|title=Energy Balance Models|work=shodor.org}}</ref>

大气层大气环流模式(AGCMs)模拟大气，并把海面温度作为边界条件。大气-海洋耦合大气环流模式。结合了这两个模型。第一个将海洋和大气过程结合在一起的大气环流气候模式是在20世纪60年代末由美国国家海洋和大气管理局的地球物理流体动力学实验室气候模式发展起来的，它代表了气候模式复杂性的顶峰，并且尽可能地内化了许多过程。然而，它们仍在发展之中，不确定性仍然存在。它们可以与碳循环等其他过程的模型耦合，以便更好地模拟反馈效应。这种综合的多系统模型有时被称为“地球系统模型”或“全球气候模型”

大气层大气环流模式(AGCMs)模拟大气，并把海面温度作为边界条件。大气-海洋耦合大气环流模式。结合了这两个模型。第一个将海洋和大气过程结合在一起的大气环流气候模式是在20世纪60年代末由美国国家海洋和大气管理局的地球物理流体动力学实验室气候模式发展起来的，它代表了气候模式复杂性的顶峰，并且尽可能地内化了许多过程。然而，它们仍在发展之中，不确定性仍然存在。它们可以与碳循环等其他过程的模型耦合，以便更好地模拟反馈效应。这种综合的多系统模型有时被称为“地球系统模型”或“全球气候模型”

== Research and development ==

== Research and development= 研究与开发 = ==

 

= = 研究与开发 = =  

 

There are three major types of institution where climate models are developed, implemented and used:

There are three major types of institution where climate models are developed, implemented and used:

*[[CICE (sea ice model)|CICE sea ice model]]

*[[CICE (sea ice model)|CICE sea ice model]]

= = = =其他参考 =  

= 其他参考 =  

* 大气重新分析  

* 大气重新分析  

* 大气环流模式  

* 大气环流模式  

* [https://ecm.coloradocollege.edu/ Empirical Climate Model] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324194102/https://ecm.coloradocollege.edu/ |date=24 March 2019 }}

* [https://ecm.coloradocollege.edu/ Empirical Climate Model] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324194102/https://ecm.coloradocollege.edu/ |date=24 March 2019 }}

= = = 网上的气候模式 = =  

= = 网上的气候模式 = =  

* Dapper/DChart ー绘制和下载政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告(AR4)所引用的模式数据。原始的 NASA/GISS 全球气候模式(GCM) ，具有 pc 和 Macs 的用户友好界面  

* Dapper/DChart ー绘制和下载政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告(AR4)所引用的模式数据。原始的 NASA/GISS 全球气候模式(GCM) ，具有 pc 和 Macs 的用户友好界面  

* CCCma 模式信息和用于检索模式数据的界面  

* CCCma 模式信息和用于检索模式数据的界面  

*[https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-results-from-the-next-generation-of-climate-models-matter Why results from the next generation of climate models matter] CarbonBrief, Guest post by Belcher, Boucher, Sutton, 21 March 2019

*[https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-results-from-the-next-generation-of-climate-models-matter Why results from the next generation of climate models matter] CarbonBrief, Guest post by Belcher, Boucher, Sutton, 21 March 2019

*[https://www.bchousing.org/research-centre/library/builder-insight/builder-insight-19&sortType=sortByDate Builder Insight - Modelling the Future Climate in Passively Cooled Buildings]

*[https://www.bchousing.org/research-centre/library/builder-insight/builder-insight-19&sortType=sortByDate Builder Insight - Modelling the Future Climate in Passively Cooled Buildings]

=[https://www.bchousing.org/research-centre/library/builder-insight/builder-insight-19&sortType=sortByDate = = 外部链接 =]=

=[https://www.bchousing.org/research-centre/library/builder-insight/builder-insight-19&sortType=sortByDate = 外部链接 =]=

* 耦合模式相互比较项目  

* 耦合模式相互比较项目  

* 赤道太平洋冷舌上空的辐射和动力反馈  

* 赤道太平洋冷舌上空的辐射和动力反馈