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小第19行：
第19行： + + − 数值气候模型使用定量方法来模拟气候的重要驱动因素之间的相互作用，包括大气、海洋、陆地表面和冰。它们被用于从研究气候系统的动态到预测未来气候的各种目的。定量的气候模型考虑到来自太阳的入射能量为短波电磁辐射，主要是可见光和短波(近)红外线，以及外向长波(远)红外线电磁辐射。其不平衡导致温度的变化。 + + + − ·A simple radiant heat transfer model treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy. This can be expanded vertically (radiative-convective models) and/or horizontallyFinally, (coupled) atmosphere–ocean–sea ice global climate models solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.Other types of modelling can be interlinked, such as land use, in Earth System Models, allowing researchers to predict the interaction between climate and ecosystems.+ − 定性模型复杂性各不相同:+ + + − 一个简单的辐射热传递模型是将地球作为一个单点，对输出能量进行平均。(耦合的)大气-海洋-海冰全球气候模式解决了质量、能量转移和辐射交换的完整方程。在地球系统模型中，其他类型的模型可以相互关联，例如土地使用，使研究人员能够预测气候与生态系统之间的相互作用。[[File:Global Climate Model.png|thumb|right|350px|Climate models are systems of [[differential equation]]s based on the basic laws of [[physics]], [[Fluid dynamics|fluid motion]], and [[chemistry]]. To “run” a model, scientists divide the planet into a 3-dimensional grid, apply the basic equations, and evaluate the results. Atmospheric models calculate [[winds]], [[heat transfer]], [[radiation]], [[relative humidity]], and surface [[hydrology]] within each grid and evaluate interactions with neighboring points.|链接=Special:FilePath/Global_Climate_Model.png]]+
无编辑摘要
Quantitative climate models take account of incoming energy from the sun as short wave electromagnetic radiation, chiefly visible and short-wave (near) infrared, as well as outgoing long wave (far) infrared electromagnetic. An imbalance results in a change in temperature.
Quantitative climate models take account of incoming energy from the sun as short wave electromagnetic radiation, chiefly visible and short-wave (near) infrared, as well as outgoing long wave (far) infrared electromagnetic. An imbalance results in a change in temperature.
数值气候模型使用定量方法来模拟气候的重要驱动因素之间的相互作用，包括大气、海洋、陆地表面和冰。它们被用于从研究气候系统的动态到预测未来气候的各种目的。定量的气候模型考虑到来自太阳的入射能量为短波电磁辐射，主要是可见光和短波(近)红外线，以及外向长波(远)红外线电磁辐射。其不平衡导致温度的变化。
Quantitative models vary in complexity:
Quantitative models vary in complexity:
# A simple radiant heat transfer model treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy. This can be expanded vertically (radiative-convective models) and/or horizontally.
# (Coupled) atmosphere–ocean–sea ice global climate models solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.
# Other types of modelling can be interlinked, such as land use, in Earth System Models, allowing researchers to predict the interaction between climate and ecosystems.
定l量模型复杂性各不相同:
# 一个简单的辐射热传递模型是将地球作为一个单点，对输出能量进行平均。
# (耦合的)大气-海洋-海冰全球气候模式解决了质量、能量转移和辐射交换的完整方程。
# 在地球系统模型中，其他类型的模型可以相互关联，例如土地使用，使研究人员能够预测气候与生态系统之间的相互作用。
[[File:Global Climate Model.png|thumb|right|350px|Climate models are systems of [[differential equation]]s based on the basic laws of [[physics]], [[Fluid dynamics|fluid motion]], and [[chemistry]]. To “run” a model, scientists divide the planet into a 3-dimensional grid, apply the basic equations, and evaluate the results. Atmospheric models calculate [[winds]], [[heat transfer]], [[radiation]], [[relative humidity]], and surface [[hydrology]] within each grid and evaluate interactions with neighboring points.|链接=Special:FilePath/Global_Climate_Model.png]]
==Box models= 盒子模型===
==Box models= 盒子模型===
[[File:Simple box model.png|thumb|upright=1|right| Schematic of a simple box model used to illustrate [[flux]]es in geochemical cycles, showing a source ''(Q)'', sink ''(S)'' and reservoir ''(M)''|链接=Special:FilePath/Simple_box_model.png]]Box models are simplified versions of complex systems, reducing them to boxes (or [[Thermodynamics#Instrumentation|reservoir]]s) linked by fluxes. The boxes are assumed to be mixed homogeneously. Within a given box, the concentration of any [[chemical species]] is therefore uniform. However, the abundance of a species within a given box may vary as a function of time due to the input to (or loss from) the box or due to the production, consumption or decay of this species within the box.
[[File:Simple box model.png|thumb|upright=1|right| Schematic of a simple box model used to illustrate [[flux]]es in geochemical cycles, showing a source ''(Q)'', sink ''(S)'' and reservoir ''(M)''|链接=Special:FilePath/Simple_box_model.png]]Box models are simplified versions of complex systems, reducing them to boxes (or [[Thermodynamics#Instrumentation|reservoir]]s) linked by fluxes. The boxes are assumed to be mixed homogeneously. Within a given box, the concentration of any [[chemical species]] is therefore uniform. However, the abundance of a species within a given box may vary as a function of time due to the input to (or loss from) the box or due to the production, consumption or decay of this species within the box.