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==Neurological inspiration==

==Neurological inspiration==

Neuromorphic engineering is set apart by the inspiration it takes from what we know about the structure and operations of the [[brain]]. Neuromorphic engineering translates what we know about the brain's function into computer systems. Work has mostly focused on replicating the analog nature of [[biological computation]] and the role of [[neuron]]s in [[cognition]].

Neuromorphic engineering is set apart by the inspiration it takes from what we know about the structure and operations of the [[brain]]. Neuromorphic engineering translates what we know about the brain's function into computer systems. Work has mostly focused on replicating the analog nature of [[biological computation]] and the role of [[neuron]]s in [[cognition]].

==Examples==

==Examples==

As early as 2006, researchers at [[Georgia Tech]] published a field programmable neural array.<ref>{{Cite book|title = A field programmable neural array|last1 = Farquhar|first1 = Ethan|date = May 2006|journal = IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems|pages = 4114–4117|last2 = Hasler|first2 = Paul.|doi = 10.1109/ISCAS.2006.1693534|isbn = 978-0-7803-9389-9|s2cid = 206966013}}</ref> This chip was the first in a line of increasingly complex arrays of floating gate transistors that allowed programmability of charge on the gates of [[MOSFET]]s to model the channel-ion characteristics of neurons in the brain and was one of the first cases of a silicon programmable array of neurons.

As early as 2006, researchers at [[Georgia Tech]] published a field programmable neural array.<ref>{{Cite book|title = A field programmable neural array|last1 = Farquhar|first1 = Ethan|date = May 2006|journal = IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems|pages = 4114–4117|last2 = Hasler|first2 = Paul.|doi = 10.1109/ISCAS.2006.1693534|isbn = 978-0-7803-9389-9|s2cid = 206966013}}</ref> This chip was the first in a line of increasingly complex arrays of floating gate transistors that allowed programmability of charge on the gates of [[MOSFET]]s to model the channel-ion characteristics of neurons in the brain and was one of the first cases of a silicon programmable array of neurons.

===Neuromorphic sensors===

===Neuromorphic sensors===

The concept of neuromorphic systems can be extended to sensors (not just to computation). An example of this applied to detecting [[light]] is the [[retinomorphic sensor]] or, when employed in an array, the [[event camera]].

The concept of neuromorphic systems can be extended to sensors (not just to computation). An example of this applied to detecting [[light]] is the [[retinomorphic sensor]] or, when employed in an array, the [[event camera]].

The concept of neuromorphic systems can be extended to sensors (not just to computation). An example of this applied to detecting light is the retinomorphic sensor or, when employed in an array, the event camera.

The concept of neuromorphic systems can be extended to sensors (not just to computation). An example of this applied to detecting light is the retinomorphic sensor or, when employed in an array, the event camera.

= = = 神经形态传感器 = = = 神经形态系统的概念可以扩展到传感器(而不仅仅是计算)。用于检测光线的一个例子是视网膜变形传感器，或者在阵列中使用的事件摄像机。

神经形态系统的概念可以扩展到传感器(而不仅仅是计算)。用于检测光线的一个例子是视网膜变形传感器，或者在阵列中使用的事件摄像机。

==Ethical considerations==

==Ethical considerations ==

==伦理问题==

While the interdisciplinary concept of neuromorphic engineering is relatively new, many of the same ethical considerations apply to neuromorphic systems as apply to [[human-like machines]] and [[artificial intelligence]] in general. However, the fact that neuromorphic systems are designed to mimic a [[human brain]] gives rise to unique ethical questions surrounding their usage.

While the interdisciplinary concept of neuromorphic engineering is relatively new, many of the same ethical considerations apply to neuromorphic systems as apply to [[human-like machines]] and [[artificial intelligence]] in general. However, the fact that neuromorphic systems are designed to mimic a [[human brain]] gives rise to unique ethical questions surrounding their usage.

===Democratic concerns===

===Democratic concerns===

Significant ethical limitations may be placed on neuromorphic engineering due to public perception.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj9861/f/ai_100_report_0831fnl.pdf|title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030|author=2015 Study Panel|date=September 2016|work=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100)|publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> Special [[Eurobarometer]] 382: Public Attitudes Towards Robots, a survey conducted by the European Commission, found that 60% of [[European Union]] citizens wanted a ban of robots in the care of children, the elderly, or the disabled. Furthermore, 34% were in favor of a ban on robots in education, 27% in healthcare, and 20% in leisure. The European Commission classifies these areas as notably “human.” The report cites increased public concern with robots that are able to mimic or replicate human functions. Neuromorphic engineering, by definition, is designed to replicate the function of the human brain.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_382_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer 382: Public Attitudes Towards Robots|last=European Commission|date=September 2012|website=European Commission}}</ref>

Significant ethical limitations may be placed on neuromorphic engineering due to public perception.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj9861/f/ai_100_report_0831fnl.pdf|title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030|author=2015 Study Panel|date=September 2016|work=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100)|publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> Special [[Eurobarometer]] 382: Public Attitudes Towards Robots, a survey conducted by the European Commission, found that 60% of [[European Union]] citizens wanted a ban of robots in the care of children, the elderly, or the disabled. Furthermore, 34% were in favor of a ban on robots in education, 27% in healthcare, and 20% in leisure. The European Commission classifies these areas as notably “human.” The report cites increased public concern with robots that are able to mimic or replicate human functions. Neuromorphic engineering, by definition, is designed to replicate the function of the human brain.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_382_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer 382: Public Attitudes Towards Robots|last=European Commission|date=September 2012|website=European Commission}}</ref>

===Personhood===

===Personhood===

As neuromorphic systems have become increasingly advanced, some scholars{{who|date=August 2021}} have advocated for granting [[personhood]] rights to these systems. If the brain is what grants humans their personhood, to what extent does a neuromorphic system have to mimic the human brain to be granted personhood rights? Critics of technology development in the [[Human Brain Project]], which aims to advance brain-inspired computing, have argued that advancement in neuromorphic computing could lead to machine consciousness or personhood.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aicardi|first=Christine|date=September 2018|title=Accompanying technology development in the Human Brain Project: From foresight to ethics management|journal=Futures|volume=102|pages=114–124|doi=10.1016/j.futures.2018.01.005|doi-access=free}}</ref> If these systems are to be treated as people, critics argue, then many tasks humans perform using neuromorphic systems, including the act of termination of neuromorphic systems, may be morally impermissible as these acts would violate the autonomy of the neuromorphic systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lim|first=Daniel|date=2014-06-01|title=Brain simulation and personhood: a concern with the Human Brain Project|journal=Ethics and Information Technology|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=77–89|doi=10.1007/s10676-013-9330-5|s2cid=17415814|issn=1572-8439}}</ref>

As neuromorphic systems have become increasingly advanced, some scholars{{who|date=August 2021}} have advocated for granting [[personhood]] rights to these systems. If the brain is what grants humans their personhood, to what extent does a neuromorphic system have to mimic the human brain to be granted personhood rights? Critics of technology development in the [[Human Brain Project]], which aims to advance brain-inspired computing, have argued that advancement in neuromorphic computing could lead to machine consciousness or personhood.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aicardi|first=Christine|date=September 2018|title=Accompanying technology development in the Human Brain Project: From foresight to ethics management|journal=Futures|volume=102|pages=114–124|doi=10.1016/j.futures.2018.01.005|doi-access=free}}</ref> If these systems are to be treated as people, critics argue, then many tasks humans perform using neuromorphic systems, including the act of termination of neuromorphic systems, may be morally impermissible as these acts would violate the autonomy of the neuromorphic systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lim|first=Daniel|date=2014-06-01|title=Brain simulation and personhood: a concern with the Human Brain Project|journal=Ethics and Information Technology|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=77–89|doi=10.1007/s10676-013-9330-5|s2cid=17415814|issn=1572-8439}}</ref>

As neuromorphic systems have become increasingly advanced, some scholars have advocated for granting personhood rights to these systems. If the brain is what grants humans their personhood, to what extent does a neuromorphic system have to mimic the human brain to be granted personhood rights? Critics of technology development in the Human Brain Project, which aims to advance brain-inspired computing, have argued that advancement in neuromorphic computing could lead to machine consciousness or personhood. If these systems are to be treated as people, critics argue, then many tasks humans perform using neuromorphic systems, including the act of termination of neuromorphic systems, may be morally impermissible as these acts would violate the autonomy of the neuromorphic systems.

As neuromorphic systems have become increasingly advanced, some scholars have advocated for granting personhood rights to these systems. If the brain is what grants humans their personhood, to what extent does a neuromorphic system have to mimic the human brain to be granted personhood rights? Critics of technology development in the Human Brain Project, which aims to advance brain-inspired computing, have argued that advancement in neuromorphic computing could lead to machine consciousness or personhood. If these systems are to be treated as people, critics argue, then many tasks humans perform using neuromorphic systems, including the act of termination of neuromorphic systems, may be morally impermissible as these acts would violate the autonomy of the neuromorphic systems.

= = = 人格 = = 随着神经形态系统的日益发展，一些学者主张赋予这些系统人格权。如果是大脑赋予了人类人格，那么神经形态系统在多大程度上必须模仿人类大脑才能被赋予人格权利？“人脑计划”旨在推进以大脑为灵感的计算机技术发展，该计划的批评者认为，神经形态计算机技术的进步可能导致机器意识或人格的形成。批评家认为，如果这些系统被当作人来对待，那么人类使用神经形态系统执行的许多任务，包括终止神经形态系统的行为，可能在道德上是不允许的，因为这些行为将违反神经形态系统的自主性。

随着神经形态系统的日益发展，一些学者主张赋予这些系统人格权。如果是大脑赋予了人类人格，那么神经形态系统在多大程度上必须模仿人类大脑才能被赋予人格权利？“人脑计划”旨在推进以大脑为灵感的计算机技术发展，该计划的批评者认为，神经形态计算机技术的进步可能导致机器意识或人格的形成。批评家认为，如果这些系统被当作人来对待，那么人类使用神经形态系统执行的许多任务，包括终止神经形态系统的行为，可能在道德上是不允许的，因为这些行为将违反神经形态系统的自主性。

==Dual use (military applications)==

==Dual use (military applications)==

军民两用联合人工智能中心是美国军队的一个分支，专门从事采购和实施用于战斗的人工智能软件和神经形态硬件。具体应用包括智能耳机/护目镜和机器人。JAIC 打算严重依赖神经形态技术来连接神经形态单位网络中的“每个战士每个射手”。

军民两用联合人工智能中心是美国军队的一个分支，专门从事采购和实施用于战斗的人工智能软件和神经形态硬件。具体应用包括智能耳机/护目镜和机器人。JAIC 打算严重依赖神经形态技术来连接神经形态单位网络中的“每个战士每个射手”。

==Legal considerations==

==Legal considerations ==

==法律问题==

Skeptics have argued that there is no way to apply the electronic personhood, the concept of personhood that would apply to neuromorphic technology, legally. In a letter signed by 285 experts in law, robotics, medicine, and ethics opposing a European Commission proposal to recognize “smart robots” as legal persons, the authors write, “A legal status for a robot can’t derive from the [[Natural person|Natural Person]] model, since the robot would then hold [[human rights]], such as the right to dignity, the right to its integrity, the right to remuneration or the right to citizenship, thus directly confronting the Human rights. This would be in contradiction with the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]] and the [[Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms]].”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.robotics-openletter.eu/|title=Robotics Openletter {{!}} Open letter to the European Commission|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref>

Skeptics have argued that there is no way to apply the electronic personhood, the concept of personhood that would apply to neuromorphic technology, legally. In a letter signed by 285 experts in law, robotics, medicine, and ethics opposing a European Commission proposal to recognize “smart robots” as legal persons, the authors write, “A legal status for a robot can’t derive from the [[Natural person|Natural Person]] model, since the robot would then hold [[human rights]], such as the right to dignity, the right to its integrity, the right to remuneration or the right to citizenship, thus directly confronting the Human rights. This would be in contradiction with the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]] and the [[Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms]].”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.robotics-openletter.eu/|title=Robotics Openletter {{!}} Open letter to the European Commission|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref>

Skeptics have argued that there is no way to apply the electronic personhood, the concept of personhood that would apply to neuromorphic technology, legally. In a letter signed by 285 experts in law, robotics, medicine, and ethics opposing a European Commission proposal to recognize “smart robots” as legal persons, the authors write, “A legal status for a robot can’t derive from the Natural Person model, since the robot would then hold human rights, such as the right to dignity, the right to its integrity, the right to remuneration or the right to citizenship, thus directly confronting the Human rights. This would be in contradiction with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.”

Skeptics have argued that there is no way to apply the electronic personhood, the concept of personhood that would apply to neuromorphic technology, legally. In a letter signed by 285 experts in law, robotics, medicine, and ethics opposing a European Commission proposal to recognize “smart robots” as legal persons, the authors write, “A legal status for a robot can’t derive from the Natural Person model, since the robot would then hold human rights, such as the right to dignity, the right to its integrity, the right to remuneration or the right to citizenship, thus directly confronting the Human rights. This would be in contradiction with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.”

= = 法律方面的考虑 = = 怀疑论者认为，在法律上没有办法应用电子人格，这个人格概念将适用于神经形态技术。在一封由285名法律、机器人、医学和伦理学专家签名的信中，作者们反对欧盟委员会承认“智能机器人”为法人的提议，他们写道，“机器人的法律地位不能从自然人模型中推导出来，因为机器人将拥有人权，如尊严权、完整权、报酬权或公民权，从而直接面对人权。这将有悖于《欧洲联盟基本权利宪章和《保护人权和基本自由公约》。”

怀疑论者认为，在法律上没有办法应用电子人格，这个人格概念将适用于神经形态技术。在一封由285名法律、机器人、医学和伦理学专家签名的信中，作者们反对欧盟委员会承认“智能机器人”为法人的提议，他们写道，“机器人的法律地位不能从自然人模型中推导出来，因为机器人将拥有人权，如尊严权、完整权、报酬权或公民权，从而直接面对人权。这将有悖于《欧洲联盟基本权利宪章和《保护人权和基本自由公约》。”

=== Ownership and property rights===

===Ownership and property rights===

===所有权及财产权问题 ===

There is significant legal debate around property rights and artificial intelligence. In ''Acohs Pty Ltd v. Ucorp Pty Ltd'', Justice Christopher Jessup of the [[Federal Court of Australia]] found that the [[source code]] for [[Material safety data sheets|Material Safety Data Sheets]] could not be [[Copyright law of Australia|copyrighted]] as it was generated by a [[software interface]] rather than a human author.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lavan.com.au/advice/intellectual_property_technology/copyright_in_source_code_and_digital_products|title=Copyright in source code and digital products|last=Lavan|website=Lavan|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> The same question may apply to neuromorphic systems: if a neuromorphic system successfully mimics a human brain and produces a piece of original work, who, if anyone, should be able to claim ownership of the work?<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eshraghian|first1=Jason K. |title=Human Ownership of Artificial Creativity |journal=Nature Machine Intelligence |date=9 March 2020 |volume=2 |pages=157–160  |doi=10.1038/s42256-020-0161-x}}</ref>

There is significant legal debate around property rights and artificial intelligence. In ''Acohs Pty Ltd v. Ucorp Pty Ltd'', Justice Christopher Jessup of the [[Federal Court of Australia]] found that the [[source code]] for [[Material safety data sheets|Material Safety Data Sheets]] could not be [[Copyright law of Australia|copyrighted]] as it was generated by a [[software interface]] rather than a human author.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lavan.com.au/advice/intellectual_property_technology/copyright_in_source_code_and_digital_products|title=Copyright in source code and digital products|last=Lavan|website=Lavan|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> The same question may apply to neuromorphic systems: if a neuromorphic system successfully mimics a human brain and produces a piece of original work, who, if anyone, should be able to claim ownership of the work?<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eshraghian|first1=Jason K. |title=Human Ownership of Artificial Creativity |journal=Nature Machine Intelligence |date=9 March 2020 |volume=2 |pages=157–160  |doi=10.1038/s42256-020-0161-x}}</ref>

There is significant legal debate around property rights and artificial intelligence. In Acohs Pty Ltd v. Ucorp Pty Ltd, Justice Christopher Jessup of the Federal Court of Australia found that the source code for Material Safety Data Sheets could not be copyrighted as it was generated by a software interface rather than a human author. The same question may apply to neuromorphic systems: if a neuromorphic system successfully mimics a human brain and produces a piece of original work, who, if anyone, should be able to claim ownership of the work?

There is significant legal debate around property rights and artificial intelligence. In Acohs Pty Ltd v. Ucorp Pty Ltd, Justice Christopher Jessup of the Federal Court of Australia found that the source code for Material Safety Data Sheets could not be copyrighted as it was generated by a software interface rather than a human author. The same question may apply to neuromorphic systems: if a neuromorphic system successfully mimics a human brain and produces a piece of original work, who, if anyone, should be able to claim ownership of the work?

= = = 所有权和财产权 = = = 围绕财产权和人工智能有着重大的法律争论。在 Acohs Pty Ltd 诉 Ucorp Pty Ltd 一案中，澳大利亚联邦法院的克里斯托弗 · 杰瑟普法官发现，材料安全数据表的源代码不能受版权保护，因为它是由软件界面而不是人工作者生成的。同样的问题可能也适用于神经形态系统: 如果一个神经形态系统成功地模仿了人类的大脑并产生了一部原创作品，那么谁，如果有人，应该声称拥有这部作品的所有权？

围绕财产权和人工智能有着重大的法律争论。在 Acohs Pty Ltd 诉 Ucorp Pty Ltd 一案中，澳大利亚联邦法院的克里斯托弗 · 杰瑟普法官发现，材料安全数据表的源代码不能受版权保护，因为它是由软件界面而不是人工作者生成的。同样的问题可能也适用于神经形态系统: 如果一个神经形态系统成功地模仿了人类的大脑并产生了一部原创作品，那么谁，如果有人，应该声称拥有这部作品的所有权？

==Neuromemristive systems==

==Neuromemristive systems==

Neuromemristive systems are a subclass of neuromorphic computing systems that focus on the use of [[memristors]] to implement [[neuroplasticity]]. While neuromorphic engineering focuses on mimicking biological behavior, neuromemristive systems focus on abstraction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitalops.sandia.gov/Mediasite/Play/a10cf6ceb55d47608bb8326dd00e46611d|title=002.08 N.I.C.E. Workshop 2014: Towards Intelligent Computing with Neuromemristive Circuits and Systems - Feb. 2014|website=digitalops.sandia.gov|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> For example, a neuromemristive system may replace the details of a [[Cerebral cortex|cortical]] microcircuit's behavior with an abstract neural network model.<ref>C. Merkel and D. Kudithipudi, "Neuromemristive extreme learning machines for pattern classification," ISVLSI, 2014.</ref>

Neuromemristive systems are a subclass of neuromorphic computing systems that focus on the use of [[memristors]] to implement [[neuroplasticity]]. While neuromorphic engineering focuses on mimicking biological behavior, neuromemristive systems focus on abstraction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitalops.sandia.gov/Mediasite/Play/a10cf6ceb55d47608bb8326dd00e46611d|title=002.08 N.I.C.E. Workshop 2014: Towards Intelligent Computing with Neuromemristive Circuits and Systems - Feb. 2014|website=digitalops.sandia.gov|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref> For example, a neuromemristive system may replace the details of a [[Cerebral cortex|cortical]] microcircuit's behavior with an abstract neural network model.<ref>C. Merkel and D. Kudithipudi, "Neuromemristive extreme learning machines for pattern classification," ISVLSI, 2014.</ref>

:\frac{d}{dt} \vec{W} = \alpha \vec{W}-\frac{1}{\beta} (I+\xi \Omega W)^{-1} \Omega \vec S

:\frac{d}{dt} \vec{W} = \alpha \vec{W}-\frac{1}{\beta} (I+\xi \Omega W)^{-1} \Omega \vec S

: \frac{d}{dt} \vec{W} = \alpha \vec{W}-\frac{1}{\beta} (I+\xi \Omega W)^{-1} \Omega \vec S

:\frac{d}{dt} \vec{W} = \alpha \vec{W}-\frac{1}{\beta} (I+\xi \Omega W)^{-1} \Omega \vec S

as a function of the properties of the physical memristive network and the external sources. In the equation above, <math>\alpha</math> is the "forgetting" time scale constant, <math> \xi=r-1</math> and <math>r=\frac{R_\text{off}}{R_\text{on}}</math> is the ratio of ''off'' and ''on'' values of the limit resistances of the memristors, <math> \vec S </math> is the vector of the sources of the circuit and <math>\Omega</math> is a projector on the fundamental loops of the circuit. The constant <math>\beta</math> has the dimension of a voltage and is associated to the properties of the [[memristor]]; its physical origin is the charge mobility in the conductor. The diagonal matrix and vector <math>W=\operatorname{diag}(\vec W)</math> and <math>\vec W</math> respectively, are instead the internal value of the memristors, with values between 0 and 1. This equation thus requires adding extra constraints on the memory values in order to be reliable.

as a function of the properties of the physical memristive network and the external sources. In the equation above, <math>\alpha</math> is the "forgetting" time scale constant, <math> \xi=r-1</math> and <math>r=\frac{R_\text{off}}{R_\text{on}}</math> is the ratio of ''off'' and ''on'' values of the limit resistances of the memristors, <math> \vec S </math> is the vector of the sources of the circuit and <math>\Omega</math> is a projector on the fundamental loops of the circuit. The constant <math>\beta</math> has the dimension of a voltage and is associated to the properties of the [[memristor]]; its physical origin is the charge mobility in the conductor. The diagonal matrix and vector <math>W=\operatorname{diag}(\vec W)</math> and <math>\vec W</math> respectively, are instead the internal value of the memristors, with values between 0 and 1. This equation thus requires adding extra constraints on the memory values in order to be reliable.

<nowiki>作为物理记忆网络和外部源的性质的函数。在上述方程中，α 是“遗忘”时间尺度常数，xi = r-1，r = frac { r _ text { off }{ on }{ r _ text { on }}是记忆电阻器极限电阻的开关和开关值之比，vec s 是电路源的矢量，Omega 是电路基本环路的投影仪。常数 β 具有电压的尺寸，与记忆电阻器的特性有关; 它的物理起源是导体中的电荷迁移率。对角矩阵和向量 w = 操作者名{ diag }(vec w)和 vec w 分别是记忆电阻器的内值，值在0到1之间。因此，这个等式需要在内存值上添加额外的约束，以保证可靠性。</nowiki>

<nowiki>作为物理记忆网络和外部源的性质的函数。在上述方程中，α 是“遗忘”时间尺度常数，xi = r-1，r = frac { r _ text { off }{ on }{ r _ text { on }}是记忆电阻器极限电阻的开关和开关值之比，vec s 是电路源的矢量，Omega 是电路基本环路的投影仪。常数 β 具有电压的尺寸，与记忆电阻器的特性有关; 它的物理起源是导体中的电荷迁移率。对角矩阵和向量 w = 操作者名{ diag }(vec w)和 vec w 分别是记忆电阻器的内值，值在0到1之间。因此，这个等式需要在内存值上添加额外的约束，以保证可靠性。</nowiki>

==See also ==

==See also==

== 相关词条==

{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|

{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|

* [[AI accelerator (computer hardware)|AI accelerator]]

* [[AI accelerator (computer hardware)|AI accelerator]]

* Telluride Neuromorphic Engineering Workshop

*Telluride Neuromorphic Engineering Workshop

*CapoCaccia Cognitive Neuromorphic Engineering Workshop

*CapoCaccia Cognitive Neuromorphic Engineering Workshop

*Institute of Neuromorphic Engineering

*Institute of Neuromorphic Engineering