其中<math>Y(0)</math>和<math>Y(1)</math>是两个潜在结果,W是处理分配,X是协变量<ref>Rubin, Donald B.; Rosenbaum, Paul R. (1983). "The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects"</ref>。类似地,还有弱可忽略分配机制,只需:<math>Y(w)\perp W|X</math> | 其中<math>Y(0)</math>和<math>Y(1)</math>是两个潜在结果,W是处理分配,X是协变量<ref>Rubin, Donald B.; Rosenbaum, Paul R. (1983). "The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects"</ref>。类似地,还有弱可忽略分配机制,只需:<math>Y(w)\perp W|X</math> |