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The other end of the spectrum of brain states in awake mammals is the quiet wakefulness condition, which is somewhat similar to light anesthesia, and is characterized by rather short depolarizations ('bumps') and membrane potential distribution that is not bimodal, e.g., (DeWeese and Zador, 2006; Poulet and Petersen, 2008).  

The other end of the spectrum of brain states in awake mammals is the quiet wakefulness condition, which is somewhat similar to light anesthesia, and is characterized by rather short depolarizations ('bumps') and membrane potential distribution that is not bimodal, e.g., (DeWeese and Zador, 2006; Poulet and Petersen, 2008).  

清醒哺乳动物大脑状态谱的另一端是安静的清醒状态，这在某种程度上类似于轻度麻醉，其特征是相当短的去极化（'''<font color="#ff8000">“碰撞”</font>'''）和非双峰的膜电位分布，例如（DeWeese和Zador，2006；Poulet和Petersen，2008）。

清醒哺乳动物大脑状态谱的另一端是安静的清醒状态，这在某种程度上类似于轻度麻醉，其特征是相当短的去极化（'''<font color="#ff8000">“碰撞bumps”</font>'''）和非双峰的膜电位分布，例如（DeWeese和Zador，2006；Poulet和Petersen，2008）。

In the quiet wakefulness condition and light state of anesthesia there are no '''<font color="#32CD32"> stereotypic</font>''' Up events nor does the activity resemble a single continuous Up phase, therefore the single-electrode conductance measurement method which requires averaging over multiple repeats of some stereotypic event, recorded at different holding potentials, cannot be applied.  

In the quiet wakefulness condition and light state of anesthesia there are no '''<font color="#32CD32"> stereotypic</font>''' Up events nor does the activity resemble a single continuous Up phase, therefore the single-electrode conductance measurement method which requires averaging over multiple repeats of some stereotypic event, recorded at different holding potentials, cannot be applied.  

== Current research directions 当前研究方向 ==

==Current research directions 当前研究方向==

In the recent years a whole range of new genetic tools became available, particularly for the mouse (''Mus musculus'') species.  

In the recent years a whole range of new genetic tools became available, particularly for the mouse (''Mus musculus'') species.  

=== E/I balance across brain states E/I 在大脑状态之间保持平衡 ===

===E/I balance across brain states E/I 在大脑状态之间保持平衡===

To date, only few works investigated how brain state modulation affects E/I balance.

To date, only few works investigated how brain state modulation affects E/I balance.

=== Interneuron classes and the E/I balance 中间神经元等级和 E/I 平衡 ===

===Interneuron classes and the E/I balance 中间神经元等级和 E/I 平衡===

In spite of constituting a minority, inhibitory interneurons in the cortex are vastly more diverse than the excitatory cells, with large variety of dendritic and axonal arborization patterns (Ramon Y Cajal, 1911; Jones 1975).  

In spite of constituting a minority, inhibitory interneurons in the cortex are vastly more diverse than the excitatory cells, with large variety of dendritic and axonal arborization patterns (Ramon Y Cajal, 1911; Jones 1975).  

== Conclusions 结论 ==

==Conclusions 结论==

The available data, collected under a wide variety of conditions and in distinct cortical areas indicates that co-activation of inhibition and excitation is a basic functional principle underlying various cortical activities (Isaacson and Scanziani, 2011).  

The available data, collected under a wide variety of conditions and in distinct cortical areas indicates that co-activation of inhibition and excitation is a basic functional principle underlying various cortical activities (Isaacson and Scanziani, 2011).