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Suppose observed data are [[文件:Wiki-IPWE-Figure1.png]] <nowiki><math>\{\bigl(X_i,A_i,Y_i\bigr)\}^{n}_{i=1}</math></nowiki> drawn i.i.d (independent and identically distributed) from unknown distribution P, where
Suppose observed data are [[文件:Wiki-IPWE-Figure1.png]] <nowiki><math>\{\bigl(X_i,A_i,Y_i\bigr)\}^{n}_{i=1}</math></nowiki> drawn i.i.d (independent and identically distributed) from unknown distribution P, where
<nowiki><math>X \in \mathbb{R}^{p}</math></nowiki>
* [[文件:Wiki-IPWE-Figure2.png]] covariates
* [[文件:Wiki-IPWE-Figure2.png]] covariates