更改

此词条由读书会词条梳理志愿者（Glh20100487）翻译审校，未经专家审核，带来阅读不便，请见谅。

此词条由读书会词条梳理志愿者（Glh20100487）翻译审校，未经专家审核，带来阅读不便，请见谅。

<font color="#32CD32">在格式编辑阶段需要另行编辑的有（1）文中公式需居中；（2）公式编号可参考原文链接；（3）补充图片</font>

 

<nowiki><font color="#32CD32">在格式编辑阶段需要另行编辑的有（1）文中公式需居中；（2）公式编号可参考原文链接；（3）补充图片</font></nowiki>

Short-term plasticity (STP) ([[#Stevens95|Stevens 95]], [[#Markram96|Markram 96]], [[#Abbott97|Abbott 97]], [[#Zucker02|Zucker 02]], [[#Abbott04|Abbott 04]]), also called dynamical synapses, refers to a phenomenon in which synaptic efficacy changes over time in a way that reflects the history of presynaptic activity. Two types of STP, with opposite effects on synaptic efficacy, have been observed in experiments. They are known as Short-Term Depression (STD) and Short-Term Facilitation (STF). STD is caused by depletion of neurotransmitters consumed during the synaptic signaling process at the axon terminal of a pre-synaptic neuron, whereas STF is caused by influx of calcium into the axon terminal after spike generation, which increases the release probability of neurotransmitters. STP has been found in various cortical regions and exhibits great diversity in properties ([[#Markram98|Markram 98]], [[#Dittman00|Dittman 00]], [[#Wang06|Wang 06]]). Synapses in different cortical areas can have varied forms of plasticity, being either STD-dominated, STF-dominated, or showing a mixture of both forms.

Short-term plasticity (STP) ([[#Stevens95|Stevens 95]], [[#Markram96|Markram 96]], [[#Abbott97|Abbott 97]], [[#Zucker02|Zucker 02]], [[#Abbott04|Abbott 04]]), also called dynamical synapses, refers to a phenomenon in which synaptic efficacy changes over time in a way that reflects the history of presynaptic activity. Two types of STP, with opposite effects on synaptic efficacy, have been observed in experiments. They are known as Short-Term Depression (STD) and Short-Term Facilitation (STF). STD is caused by depletion of neurotransmitters consumed during the synaptic signaling process at the axon terminal of a pre-synaptic neuron, whereas STF is caused by influx of calcium into the axon terminal after spike generation, which increases the release probability of neurotransmitters. STP has been found in various cortical regions and exhibits great diversity in properties ([[#Markram98|Markram 98]], [[#Dittman00|Dittman 00]], [[#Wang06|Wang 06]]). Synapses in different cortical areas can have varied forms of plasticity, being either STD-dominated, STF-dominated, or showing a mixture of both forms.

图 1. (A) 由 Eqs.\ref{model} 和 \ref{current} 给出的 STP 现象学模型。 (B) 由 STD 主导的突触产生的突触后电流。 神经元放电率 [math]\displaystyle{ R=15 }[/math]Hz。 参数 [math]\displaystyle{ A=1 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ U=0.45 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \tau_s=20 }[/math]ms, [ math]\displaystyle{ \tau_d=750 }[/math]ms 和 [math]\displaystyle{ \tau_f=50 }[/math]ms。 (C) STF 主导突触的动力学。 参数 [math]\displaystyle{ U=0.15 }[/math]、[math]\displaystyle{ \tau_f=750 }[/math]ms 和 [math]\displaystyle{ \tau_d=50 }[/math] 小姐。

图 1. (A) 由 Eqs.\ref{model} 和 \ref{current} 给出的 STP 现象学模型。 (B) 由 STD 主导的突触产生的突触后电流。 神经元放电率 [math]\displaystyle{ R=15 }[/math]Hz。 参数 [math]\displaystyle{ A=1 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ U=0.45 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \tau_s=20 }[/math]ms, [ math]\displaystyle{ \tau_d=750 }[/math]ms 和 [math]\displaystyle{ \tau_f=50 }[/math]ms。 (C) STF 主导突触的动力学。 参数 [math]\displaystyle{ U=0.15 }[/math]、[math]\displaystyle{ \tau_f=750 }[/math]ms 和 [math]\displaystyle{ \tau_d=50 }[/math] 小姐。

==对信息传输的影响Effects on information transmission ==

==对信息传输的影响Effects on information transmission==

Because STP modifies synaptic efficacy based on the history of presynaptic activity, it can alter neural information transmission ([[#Abbott97|Abbott 97]], [[#Tsodyks97|Tsodyks 97]], [[#Fuhrmann02|Fuhrmann 02]], [[#Rotman11|Rotman 11]], [[#Rosenbaum12|Rosenbaum 12]]). In general, an STD-dominated synapse favors information transfer for low firing rates, since high-frequency spikes rapidly deactivate the synapse. An STF-dominated synapse, however, tends to optimize information transfer for high-frequency bursts, which increase the synaptic strength.  

Because STP modifies synaptic efficacy based on the history of presynaptic activity, it can alter neural information transmission ([[#Abbott97|Abbott 97]], [[#Tsodyks97|Tsodyks 97]], [[#Fuhrmann02|Fuhrmann 02]], [[#Rotman11|Rotman 11]], [[#Rosenbaum12|Rosenbaum 12]]). In general, an STD-dominated synapse favors information transfer for low firing rates, since high-frequency spikes rapidly deactivate the synapse. An STF-dominated synapse, however, tends to optimize information transfer for high-frequency bursts, which increase the synaptic strength.  

图 3. (A,B) 以 STD 为主的网络响应外部兴奋性脉冲而产生的人口峰值。当脉冲的呈现率低 (A) 时，网络对它们中的每一个做出响应。对于更高的呈现率 (B)，网络仅响应一小部分输入。改编自([[#Loebel02|Loebel 02]])。 (C) STD 在 CANN 中产生的行波。 (D) 具有 STD 的 CANN 的预期跟踪行为。

图 3. (A,B) 以 STD 为主的网络响应外部兴奋性脉冲而产生的人口峰值。当脉冲的呈现率低 (A) 时，网络对它们中的每一个做出响应。对于更高的呈现率 (B)，网络仅响应一小部分输入。改编自([[#Loebel02|Loebel 02]])。 (C) STD 在 CANN 中产生的行波。 (D) 具有 STD 的 CANN 的预期跟踪行为。

==附录A:短期抑郁的临时过滤器的推导Appendix A: Derivation of a temporal filter for short-term depression==

==附录A:短期抑郁的临时过滤器的推导Appendix A: Derivation of a temporal filter for short-term depression ==

We consider the rate-based dynamics in Eq. （3）for depression-dominated synapses (<math>u^+ \approx U</math>) and for synaptic responses that are much faster than the depression dynamics (<math>\tau_s \ll \tau_d</math>):

We consider the rate-based dynamics in Eq. （3）for depression-dominated synapses (<math>u^+ \approx U</math>) and for synaptic responses that are much faster than the depression dynamics (<math>\tau_s \ll \tau_d</math>):