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</math>

</math>

Moreover, to a certain extent, [math]\Gamma_{\alpha}[/math] can be used instead of <math>EI</math> to measure the extent of causal effect of Markov chains. Therefore, the so-called causal emergence can also be understood as an '''emergence of dynamical reversibility'''.

Moreover, to a certain extent, [math]\Gamma_{\alpha}[/math] can be used instead of <math>EI</math> to measure the degree of causal effect of Markov chains. Therefore, the so-called causal emergence can also be understood as an '''emergence of dynamical reversibility'''.

=====Quantification of causal emergence without coarse-graining=====

=====Quantification of causal emergence without coarse-graining=====