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无编辑摘要
许多非线性相互作用的子系统构成的“宏观”系统是自组织的前提条件。自组织基于外参量（环境、能量通量）而发生。
许多非线性相互作用的子系统构成的“宏观”系统是自组织的前提条件。自组织基于外参量（环境、能量通量）而发生。
==有序参量概念==
==有序参量概念==
As a consequence, self-organization means an enormous reduction of [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] (entropy) of the system which macroscopically reveals an increase of 'order' (pattern-formation). This far-reaching macroscopic order is independent of the details of the microscopic interactions of the subsystems. This supposedly explains the [[self-organization]] of patterns in so many different systems in physics, chemistry and biology.
As a consequence, self-organization means an enormous reduction of [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] (entropy) of the system which macroscopically reveals an increase of 'order' (pattern-formation). This far-reaching macroscopic order is independent of the details of the microscopic interactions of the subsystems. This supposedly explains the [[self-organization]] of patterns in so many different systems in physics, chemistry and biology.
因此，自我组织意味着系统[[自由度（物理和化学）]](熵)的巨大减少，宏观上表现为“秩序”(斑图形成)的增加。这种广泛的宏观秩序独立于子系统之间微观相互作用细节。这可能解释了物理、化学和生物学中许多不同系统中的斑图[[自组织]]。
<blockquote>"[...] the statistical properties of laser light change qualitatively at the laser threshold. Below laser threshold noise increases more and more while above threshold it decreases again. [...] Below laser threshold, light consists of individual wave tracks which are emitted from the individual atoms independently of each other. Above laser threshold, a practically infinitely long wave track is produced. In order to make contact with other processes of self-organization let us interpret the processes in a lamp or in a laser by means of Bohr's model of the atom. A lamp produces its light in such a way that the excited electrons of the atoms make their transitions from the outer orbit to the inner orbit entirely independently of each other. On the other hand, the properties of laser light can be understood only if we assume that the transitions of the individual electrons occur in a correlated fashion. [...] Above laser threshold the coherent field grows more and more and it can slave the degrees of freedom of the dipole moments and of the inversion. Within synergetics it has turned out that is a quite typical equation describing effects of self-organization. [...] This equation tells us that the amplitude of the dipoles, which is proportional to A, is instantaneously given by the field amplitude B(t) (and by the fluctuating force). This is probably the simplest example of a principle which has turned out to be of fundamental importance in synergetics and which is called the slaving principle." (''Light: Waves, Photons, and Atoms '', vol. 2; Laser light dynamics - chapter 13)</blockquote>
<blockquote>"[...] the statistical properties of laser light change qualitatively at the laser threshold. Below laser threshold noise increases more and more while above threshold it decreases again. [...] Below laser threshold, light consists of individual wave tracks which are emitted from the individual atoms independently of each other. Above laser threshold, a practically infinitely long wave track is produced. In order to make contact with other processes of self-organization let us interpret the processes in a lamp or in a laser by means of Bohr's model of the atom. A lamp produces its light in such a way that the excited electrons of the atoms make their transitions from the outer orbit to the inner orbit entirely independently of each other. On the other hand, the properties of laser light can be understood only if we assume that the transitions of the individual electrons occur in a correlated fashion. [...] Above laser threshold the coherent field grows more and more and it can slave the degrees of freedom of the dipole moments and of the inversion. Within synergetics it has turned out that is a quite typical equation describing effects of self-organization. [...] This equation tells us that the amplitude of the dipoles, which is proportional to A, is instantaneously given by the field amplitude B(t) (and by the fluctuating force). This is probably the simplest example of a principle which has turned out to be of fundamental importance in synergetics and which is called the slaving principle." (''Light: Waves, Photons, and Atoms '', vol. 2; Laser light dynamics - chapter 13)</blockquote>
”[ ... ]激光的统计特性在激光阈值定性变化。低于激光阈值的噪声越来越大，而高于阈值的噪声又越来越小。[ ... ... ]在激光阈值以下，光由单个原子独立发射出来的单个波迹组成。在激光阈值以上，实际上产生了无限长的波迹。为了与自我组织的其他过程取得联系，让我们用玻尔的原子模型来解释灯或激光中的过程。灯产生光的方式使原子的受激电子完全独立地从外层轨道跃迁到内层轨道。另一方面，只有假设单个电子的跃迁以关联方式发生，才能理解激光的性质。[ ... ]超过激光阈值后，相干场增长越来越大，可以从属于偶极矩和反演的自由度。在协同学中，事实证明这是一个描述自我组织效应的非常典型的方程。这个方程告诉我们，偶极子的振幅，与 a 成正比，是由电场振幅 b (t)(和波动力)瞬时给出的。这可能是协同学中具有根本重要性的一个原则的最简单例子，这个原则被称为奴役原则。”(光: 波，光子和原子，卷。2; 激光光动力学-第13章) / blockquote
”[ ... ]激光的统计特性在激光阈值定性变化。低于激光阈值的噪声越来越大，而高于阈值的噪声又越来越小。[ ... ... ]在激光阈值以下，光由单个原子独立发射出来的单个波迹组成。在激光阈值以上，实际上产生了无限长的波迹。为了与自我组织的其他过程取得联系，让我们用玻尔的原子模型来解释灯或激光中的过程。灯产生光的方式使原子的受激电子完全独立地从外层轨道跃迁到内层轨道。另一方面，只有假设单个电子的跃迁以关联方式发生，才能理解激光的性质。[ ... ]超过激光阈值后，相干场增长越来越大，可以从属于偶极矩和反演的自由度。在协同学中，事实证明这是一个描述自我组织效应的非常典型的方程。这个方程告诉我们，偶极子的振幅，与 a 成正比，是由电场振幅 b (t)(和波动力)瞬时给出的。这可能是协同学中具有根本重要性的一个原则的最简单例子，这个原则被称为奴役原则。”(光: 波，光子和原子，卷。2; 激光光动力学-第13章) / blockquote