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== 定义 ==
== 定义 ==
'''计算社会科学'''是社会学的一个分支，通过使用计算机模拟、人工智能、复杂的统计学方法，社会网络分析等技术分析计算社会学的发展，以及对社会互动自下而上的建模检验复杂社会过程的理论。<ref name="MW">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141117|title=From Factors to Actors: Computational Sociology and Agent-Based Modeling |first1=Michael W. |last1=Macy |first2=Robert |last2=Willer |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=28 |pages=143–166 |jstor=3069238|year=2002}}</ref>它涉及对社会主体的理解，这些主体之间的相互作用，以及这些相互作用对社会整体产生的影响。<ref name="SfSS1">{{cite book|last1=Gilbert |first1=Nigel |last2=Troitzsch |first2=Klaus |year=2005 |title=Simulation for Social Scientists |edition=2 |chapter=Simulation and social science |publisher=Open University Press |chapter-url=http://cress.soc.surrey.ac.uk/s4ss/}}</ref> 虽然社会科学的主题和方法不同于自然科学或计算机科学，但当前社会仿真中使用的一些方法起源于物理学和人工智能等领域。 <ref name="Artificial Societies">{{cite book|last1=Epstein |first1=Joshua M. |last2=Axtell |first2=Robert |year=1996 |title=Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up |location=Washington DC |publisher=Brookings Institution Press|url=https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst|url-access=registration |isbn=978-0262050531 }}</ref><ref name="Cooperation">{{cite book|last1=Axelrod |first1=Robert |year=1997 |title=The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>同时这个领域的一些方法也被应用于自然科学的其他领域，例如来自[[社会网络分析]]和[[网络科学]]领域的网络中心性度量。
'''计算社会科学'''是社会学的一个分支，通过使用计算机模拟、人工智能、复杂的统计学方法，社会网络分析等技术分析计算社会学的发展，以及对社会互动自下而上的建模检验复杂社会过程的理论。<ref name="MW">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141117|title=From Factors to Actors: Computational Sociology and Agent-Based Modeling |first1=Michael W. |last1=Macy |first2=Robert |last2=Willer |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |volume=28 |pages=143–166 |jstor=3069238|year=2002}}</ref>它涉及对社会主体的理解，这些主体之间的相互作用，以及这些相互作用对社会整体产生的影响。<ref name="SfSS1">{{cite book|last1=Gilbert |first1=Nigel |last2=Troitzsch |first2=Klaus |year=2005 |title=Simulation for Social Scientists |edition=2 |chapter=Simulation and social science |publisher=Open University Press |chapter-url=http://cress.soc.surrey.ac.uk/s4ss/}}</ref> 虽然社会科学的主题和方法不同于自然科学或计算机科学，但当前社会仿真中使用的一些方法起源于物理学和人工智能等领域。 <ref name="Artificial Societies">{{cite book|last1=Epstein |first1=Joshua M. |last2=Axtell |first2=Robert |year=1996 |title=Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up |location=Washington DC |publisher=Brookings Institution Press|url=https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst|url-access=registration |isbn=978-0262050531 }}</ref><ref name="Cooperation">{{cite book|last1=Axelrod |first1=Robert |year=1997 |title=The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>同时这个领域的一些方法也被应用于自然科学的其他领域，例如来自[[社会网络分析]]和[[网络科学]]领域的网络中心性度量。在相关文献中，计算社会科学经常与[[社会复杂性]]的研究有关。 [[复杂系统]]、宏观和微观过程之间的非线性相互联系、[[涌现]]等社会复杂性概念已经进入了计算社会科学中。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Casti |first=J |year=1999 |title=The Computer as Laboratory: Toward a Theory of Complex Adaptive Systems |journal=Complexity |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=12–14 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199905/06)4:5<12::AID-CPLX3>3.0.CO;2-4}}</ref> 一个实际而著名的例子是以“人工社会”的形式建造一个计算模型，通过它研究人员可以分析一个社会系统的结构。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Goldspink |first=C |year=2002 |title=Methodological Implications of Complex Systems Approaches to Sociality: Simulation as a Foundation for Knowledge |url=http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/5/1/3.html |publisher=Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation |volume=5 |issue=1}}</ref> <ref name="SfSS1"/><ref name="Generative">{{cite book|last=Epstein |first=Joshua |year=2007 |title=Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283615593}}</ref>
计算社会科学彻底改变了科学方法的两个基本支柱: 实证研究，特别是通过大数据，通过分析社会在线活动留下的数据痕迹; 科学理论，特别是通过社会模拟建立计算机模拟模型。<ref>DT&SC 7-1: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9x3d75ZMuYU . Introduction to e-Science]: From the DT&SC [https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/949415 online course] at the University of California</ref><ref name="HilbertICT4ICT4D">{{cite book|author=Hilbert, M.|year=2015|title=e-Science for Digital Development: ICT4ICT4D|publisher=Centre for Development Informatics, SEED, University of Manchester|url=http://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/IDPM/working_papers/di/di-wp60.pdf|isbn=978-1-905469-54-3|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100018/http://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/IDPM/working_papers/di/di-wp60.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-24}}</ref>
计算社会科学彻底改变了科学方法的两个基本支柱: 实证研究，特别是通过大数据，通过分析社会在线活动留下的数据痕迹; 科学理论，特别是通过社会模拟建立计算机模拟模型。<ref>DT&SC 7-1: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9x3d75ZMuYU . Introduction to e-Science]: From the DT&SC [https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/949415 online course] at the University of California</ref><ref name="HilbertICT4ICT4D">{{cite book|author=Hilbert, M.|year=2015|title=e-Science for Digital Development: ICT4ICT4D|publisher=Centre for Development Informatics, SEED, University of Manchester|url=http://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/IDPM/working_papers/di/di-wp60.pdf|isbn=978-1-905469-54-3|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100018/http://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/IDPM/working_papers/di/di-wp60.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-24}}</ref>