艾伦·图灵

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Alan Turing 模板:Postnominals
文件:Alan Turing Aged 16.jpg Turing 模板:Circa 1928 at age 16
Born	Alan Mathison Turing (1912-模板:MONTHNUMBER-23)23 1912 Maida Vale, London, England
Died	7 June 1954(1954-06-07) (aged 41) Wilmslow, Cheshire, England
Cause of death	Suicide (disputed) by cyanide poisoning
Resting place	Ashes scattered in gardens of Woking Crematorium
Education	Sherborne School
Alma mater	University of Cambridge (BA, MA) Princeton University (PhD)
Known for	Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Turing's proof Turing machine Turing test Unorganised machine Turing pattern Turing reduction "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis"
Partner(s)	Joan Clarke (engaged in 1941; did not marry)
Awards	Smith's Prize (1936)
Scientific career
Fields	Logic Mathematics Cryptanalysis Computer science Mathematical and theoretical biology
Institutions	University of Manchester Government Code and Cypher School National Physical Laboratory
Thesis	Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals (1938)
Doctoral advisor	Alonzo Church
Doctoral students	Robin Gandy, Beatrice Worsley
Influences	Max Newman
Signature
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Alan Mathison Turing ( 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.

【最终版】艾伦·麦席森·图灵(Alan Mathison Turing, 1912年6月23日- 1954年6月7日)，英国数学家、计算机科学家、逻辑学家、密码专家、哲学家和理论生物学家。图灵对理论计算机科学的发展产生了巨大的影响，他用图灵机(被认为是通用计算机的模型)将算法和计算的概念形式化。图灵被广泛认为是理论计算机科学和人工智能之父。

Born in Maida Vale, London, Turing was raised in southern England. He graduated at King's College, Cambridge, with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a fellow at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a Turing machine, and went on to prove the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable. In 1938, he obtained his PhD from the Department of Mathematics at Princeton University. During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Axis powers in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic.A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see and A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities. Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University

【最终版】图灵出生在伦敦的梅达韦尔（Maida Vale），在英格兰南部长大。他毕业于剑桥大学国王学院，获得了数学学位。当他在剑桥大学做研究员时，他发表了一个证明，证明了一些纯数学的是非问题永远不能通过计算来回答，并定义了图灵机，进而证明了图灵机的停机问题是不可判定的。1938年，他获得了普林斯顿大学数学系博士学位。第二次世界大战期间，图灵在布莱切利公园的政府密码与密码学校(GC&CS)工作，这是英国的密码破译中心，并且产生了“超级智能”。有一段时间，他领导8号营房，该部门负责德国海军的密码分析工作。在这里，他设计了许多加速破译德国密码的技术，包括对战前的波兰炸弹法的改进，一种可以为恩尼格玛机找到系统设置的机电机器。图灵在破解被截获的编码信息方面发挥了至关重要的作用，这使得盟军在许多关键战役中击败了轴心国，包括大西洋战役。一些消息来源称，温斯顿·丘吉尔曾说过，图灵为盟军战胜纳粹德国做出了最大的贡献。然而，丘吉尔中心和图灵的传记作者安德鲁·霍奇斯都表示，他们不知道任何文件证据来支持这一说法，也不知道丘吉尔说这句话的日期或者背景，丘吉尔中心把这句话列为丘吉尔的“神话”之一。BBC新闻的一篇人物简介文章重复了丘吉尔的说法，但后来被修正为没有证据证明这一点。官方战争历史学家哈里·欣斯利估计，这项工作将欧洲战争缩短了两年多，但他补充说，这项工作没有考虑到原子弹的使用和其他可能性。1993年10月19日星期二在剑桥大学的一次演讲实录。

After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory, at the Victoria University of Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act.Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.

【最终版】战后，图灵在国家物理实验室工作，在那里他设计了自动计算引擎(ACE)，这是最早的存储程序计算机的设计之一。1948年，图灵加入了曼彻斯特维多利亚大学的马克斯·纽曼计算机器实验室，在那里，他帮助开发了曼彻斯特计算机，并对数学生物学产生了兴趣。他写了一篇关于形态发生的化学基础的论文，并预测了振荡的化学反应，如Belousov-Zhabotinsky反应，在20世纪60年代首次观察到。尽管取得了这些成就，但在他的一生中，他在自己的祖国从未得到充分认可，因为他的大部分工作都受到了《官方保密法》(Official Secrets Act)的保护。

Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts. He accepted chemical castration treatment, with DES, as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.

【最终版】图灵在1952年因同性恋行为被起诉。他接受了用DES进行的化学阉割治疗，作为监狱的替代方案。1954年，图灵在他42岁生日前16天死于氰化物中毒。调查确定他的死亡为自杀，但有人指出，已知的证据也与意外中毒相一致。

In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". Queen Elizabeth II granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "Alan Turing law" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts. Turing has an extensive legacy with statues of him and many things named after him, including an annual award for computer science innovations. He appears on the current Bank of England £50 note, which was released to coincide with his birthday. A 2019 BBC series, as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century.

【最终版】2009年，在一场网络运动之后，英国首相戈登·布朗代表英国政府就“他受到的恶劣对待”正式公开道歉。2013年，英国女王伊丽莎白二世赦免了图灵。现在，“艾伦·图灵法”是英国2017年颁布的一项法律的非正式用语，该法律追溯性地赦免了根据禁止同性恋行为的历史立法而被警告或定罪的男子。图灵有着广泛的遗产，有他的雕像和许多以他命名的东西，包括年度计算机科学创新奖。他出现在目前英格兰银行50英镑纸币上，该纸币是为了配合他的生日而发行的。在2019年的BBC系列节目中，观众投票选出他为20世纪最伟大的人。

Early life and education早年生活和教育

Family家庭

Turing was born in Maida Vale, London, while his father, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), was on leave from his position with the Indian Civil Service (ICS) at Chatrapur, then in the Madras Presidency and presently in Odisha state, in India. Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev. John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a baronet. Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing (模板:Nee; 1881–1976), daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railways. The Stoneys were a Protestant Anglo-Irish gentry family from both County Tipperary and County Longford, while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in County Clare.Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. The Irish Times, 23 June 2012.

【最终版】图灵出生在伦敦的梅达韦尔(Maida Vale)，当时他的父亲朱利叶斯·麦席森·图灵(Julius Mathison Turing, 1873 - 1947)正在Chatrapur（当时在马德拉斯总统府，现在在印度的Odisha邦）的印度公务员系统（ICS）的职位上休假。图灵的父亲是牧师约翰·罗伯特·图灵(John Robert Turing)的儿子，他来自一个苏格兰商人家族，该家庭曾在荷兰定居，其中包括一位男爵。图灵的母亲，朱利叶斯的妻子，是埃塞尔·萨拉·图灵(模板:Nee;1881 - 1976)，是马德拉斯铁路总工程师爱德华·沃勒·斯托尼的女儿。斯托尼家族是来自蒂珀雷里郡和朗福德郡的一个信奉新教盎格鲁-爱尔兰贵族家庭，而埃塞尔本人则在克莱尔郡度过了她的大部分童年。《爱尔兰时报》，2012年6月23日。

Julius's work with the ICS brought the family to British India, where his grandfather had been a general in the Bengal Army. However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in Britain, so they moved to Maida Vale, London, where Alan Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the house of his birth, The Scientific Tourist In London: #17 Alan Turing's Birth Place , Nature. London Blog later the Colonnade Hotel. Turing had an elder brother, John (the father of Sir John Dermot Turing, 12th Baronet of the Turing baronets).Sir John Dermot Turing on the Bletchley Park website.

【最终版】朱利叶斯在ICS的工作使他们全家来到了英属印度，他的祖父曾是孟加拉军队的一名将军。然而,朱利叶斯和埃塞尔想让他们的孩子在英国长大,所以他们搬到了梅达韦尔(Maida Vale),艾伦·图灵出生于1912年6月23日出生在这里,他出生地的房子外面有一块蓝色的牌子，《伦敦的科学旅游》：#17艾伦-图灵的出生地，自然。伦敦博客之后是柱廊酒店。图灵有一个哥哥，约翰(约翰·德莫特·图灵爵士的父亲，图灵家族的第12位男爵)。布莱切利公园网站上的约翰·德莫特·图灵爵士。

Turing's father's civil service commission was still active and during Turing's childhood years, his parents travelled between Hastings in the United Kingdom and India, leaving their two sons to stay with a retired Army couple. At Hastings, Turing stayed at Baston Lodge, Upper Maze Hill, St Leonards-on-Sea, now marked with a blue plaque. The plaque was unveiled on 23 June 2012, the centenary of Turing's birth.

【最终版】图灵的父亲的公务员委员会仍然活跃，在图灵的童年时代，他的父母在英国的黑斯廷斯和印度之间旅行，把他们的两个儿子留在一对退休的军队夫妇那里。在黑斯廷斯，图灵住在海上圣伦纳德的巴斯顿小屋，现在这里有一块蓝色的牌匾。该牌匾于2012年6月23日图灵诞辰一百周年之际揭幕。

Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius that he was later to display prominently. His parents purchased a house in Guildford in 1927, and Turing lived there during school holidays. The location is also marked with a blue plaque.

【最终版】在很小的时候，图灵就表现出了天才的迹象，他后来也表现得非常出色。1927年，图灵的父母在吉尔福德买了一套房子，他在学校放假的时候就住在那里。这个地点也用一块蓝色的牌子做了标记。

School学校

Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a primary school at 20 Charles Road, St Leonards-on-Sea, from the age of six to nine. The headmistress recognised his talent, noting that she has "...had clever boys and hardworking boys, but Alan is a genius."

【最终版】图灵的父母在他6岁到9岁的时候，把他送到了圣迈克尔小学，那是一所位于圣伦纳德海滨的查尔斯路20号的小学。女校长承认了他的才华，指出她的学校里“……有的孩子既聪明又勤奋，但艾伦是个天才。”

Between January 1922 and 1926, Turing was educated at Hazelhurst Preparatory School, an independent school in the village of Frant in Sussex (now East Sussex). In 1926, at the age of 13, he went on to Sherborne School, a boarding independent school in the market town of Sherborne in Dorset, where he boarded at Westcott House. The first day of term coincided with the 1926 General Strike, in Britain, but Turing was so determined to attend, that he rode his bicycle unaccompanied 模板:Convert from Southampton to Sherborne, stopping overnight at an inn.

【最终版】1922年1月至1926年期间，图灵在黑泽尔赫斯特预备学校接受教育，这是一所位于苏塞克斯郡（现为东苏塞克斯郡）弗兰特村的独立学校。1926年，13岁的他进入了位于多塞特郡集镇舍伯恩的独立寄宿学校--舍伯恩学校，他寄宿在韦斯科特之家。学期的第一天正好是英国1926年大罢工的日子，但图灵决心参加，他在无人陪伴的情况下，骑着自行车从南安普顿到舍伯恩，在一家旅馆过夜。

Turing's natural inclination towards mathematics and science did not earn him respect from some of the teachers at Sherborne, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the classics. His headmaster wrote to his parents: "I hope he will not fall between two stools. If he is to stay at public school, he must aim at becoming educated. If he is to be solely a Scientific Specialist, he is wasting his time at a public school". Despite this, Turing continued to show remarkable ability in the studies he loved, solving advanced problems in 1927 without having studied even elementary calculus. In 1928, aged 16, Turing encountered Albert Einstein's work; not only did he grasp it, but it is possible that he managed to deduce Einstein's questioning of Newton's laws of motion from a text in which this was never made explicit.

【最终版】图灵对数学和科学的自然倾向并没有为他赢得舍伯恩的一些老师的尊重，他们对教育的定义更强调经典。他的校长给他的父母写信说 "我希望他不要两头落空。如果他要留在公立学校，他必须以成为有教养的人为目标。如果他只想成为一名科学专家，那么他在公立学校是在浪费时间"。尽管如此，图灵仍然在他所喜爱的研究中表现出非凡的能力，在1927年，他甚至没有学习过初级微积分，就解决了高级问题。1928年，16岁的图灵看到了阿尔伯特-爱因斯坦的作品；他不仅掌握了它，而且他有可能设法从一篇从未明确说明的文本中推导出爱因斯坦对牛顿运动定律的质疑。

Christopher Morcom克里斯托弗 莫科姆

At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom (13 July 1911 – 13 February 1930), who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of bovine tuberculosis, contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.Rachel Hassall, 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing' 'Vivat!' 2012/13

【最终版】在舍伯恩，图灵和他的同学克里斯托弗·科兰·莫科姆(1911年7月13日- 1930年2月13日)建立了重要的友谊，后者被称为图灵的“初恋”。他们的关系为图灵未来的努力提供了灵感，但这段关系因1930年2月莫科姆死于牛结核病的并发症而中断，这是几年前喝了受感染的牛奶后感染的。雷切尔-哈索尔，《谢尔邦公式》。阿兰-图灵的诞生》"Vivat！" 2012/13

The event caused Turing great sorrow. He coped with his grief by working that much harder on the topics of science and mathematics that he had shared with Morcom. In a letter to Morcom's mother, Frances Isobel Morcom (née Swan), Turing wrote:

I am sure I could not have found anywhere another companion so brilliant and yet so charming and unconceited. I regarded my interest in my work, and in such things as astronomy (to which he introduced me) as something to be shared with him and I think he felt a little the same about me ... I know I must put as much energy if not as much interest into my work as if he were alive, because that is what he would like me to do.

【最终版】这件事使图灵非常难过。为了克服悲伤，他更加努力地研究他和默卡分享过的科学和数学话题。在给莫科姆母亲弗朗西斯·伊泽贝尔·莫科姆(née Swan)的一封信中，图灵写道:

我敢肯定，我在任何地方都找不到另一个如此聪明、如此迷人、如此谦逊的伴侣。我把我对工作和天文学(他向我介绍的)等方面的兴趣当作可以和他分享的东西，我想他对我也有同样的感觉……我知道，如果我的工作没有他活着时那么有兴趣，我也必须投入同样多的精力，因为他希望我这样做。

Turing's relationship with Morcom's mother continued long after Morcom's death, with her sending gifts to Turing, and him sending letters, typically on Morcom's birthday. A day before the third anniversary of Morcom's death (13 February 1933), he wrote to Mrs. Morcom:

I expect you will be thinking of Chris when this reaches you. I shall too, and this letter is just to tell you that I shall be thinking of Chris and of you tomorrow. I am sure that he is as happy now as he was when he was here. Your affectionate Alan.

【最终版】在莫科姆死后，图灵和其母亲的关系一直很好，其母亲给图灵送礼物，图灵写信给她，通常是在莫科姆生日那天。在莫科姆逝世三周年纪念日(1933年2月13日)的前一天，他写信给莫科姆夫人:

我希望你收到这封信的时候会想到克里斯。我也会的，这封信只是想告诉你，明天我将会想念克里斯和你。我相信他现在和在这里时一样快乐。亲爱的艾伦.

Some have speculated that Morcom's death was the cause of Turing's atheism and materialism. Paul Gray, Alan Turing Time Magazine's Most Important People of the Century, p. 2 Apparently, at this point in his life he still believed in such concepts as a spirit, independent of the body and surviving death. In a later letter, also written to Morcom's mother, Turing wrote:

Personally, I believe that spirit is really eternally connected with matter but certainly not by the same kind of body ... as regards the actual connection between spirit and body I consider that the body can hold on to a 'spirit', whilst the body is alive and awake the two are firmly connected. When the body is asleep I cannot guess what happens but when the body dies, the 'mechanism' of the body, holding the spirit is gone and the spirit finds a new body sooner or later, perhaps immediately.

【最终版】有人推测，莫科姆的死是图灵走向无神论和唯物主义的原因。保罗 · 格雷，阿兰 · 图灵时代杂志的《世纪最重要的人物》 ，第2页。显然，在他生命的这个阶段，他仍然相信灵魂这种概念，它独立于肉体，可以从死亡中幸存下来。在后来写给莫科姆母亲的信中，图灵写道:

就我个人而言，我相信精神确实与物质永恒地联系在一起，但肯定不是由同一种肉体联系在一起……至于精神和身体之间的实际联系，我认为身体可以抓住一个“灵魂”，当身体活着和醒着的时候，两者是紧密联系的。当身体睡着的时候，我猜不出会发生什么，但当身体死亡的时候，身体的“机制”，承载着灵魂的东西就消失了，而灵魂迟早会找到一个新的身体，也许马上就会找到。

University and work on computability大学时期以及对于可计算性的研究

After Sherborne, Turing studied as an undergraduate from 1931 to 1934 at King's College, Cambridge, where he was awarded first-class honours in mathematics. In 1935, at the age of 22, he was elected a Fellow of King's College on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the central limit theorem. See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 Decembre 2009 Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique Unknown to the committee, the theorem had already been proven, in 1922, by Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg.

【最终版】从舍伯恩毕业之后，图灵于1931年至1934年在剑桥大学国王学院就读本科，在那里他获得了数学方面的一等荣誉。1935年，22岁的他凭借一篇证明中心极限定理的论文，被选为国王学院的研究员。参见约翰 · 奥尔德里奇的《两次世界大战之间的英格兰和大陆概率》第3节，《电子杂志与概率与统计学组织》 ，第一卷。2009年12月5日《电子杂志》 : 委员会不知道的概率和统计数据，这个定理已经在1922年被 Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg 证明了。

In 1936, Turing published his paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". It was published in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society journal in two parts, the first on 30 November and the second on 23 December. In this paper, Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines. The Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem) was originally posed by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1928. Turing proved that his "universal computing machine" would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm. He went on to prove that there was no solution to the decision problem by first showing that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a Turing machine will ever halt. This paper has been called "easily the most influential math paper in history".

【最终版】1936年，图灵发表了他的论文《论可计算数及其在设计问题中的应用》。它分两部分发表在《伦敦数学学会学报》上，第一部分于11月30日发表，第二部分于12月23日发表。在这篇论文中，图灵重新表述了库尔特Gödel 1931年提出的关于证明和计算极限的结果，用正式的、简单的假设设备，即图灵机，取代了Gödel基于通用算法的形式语言。决策问题(Entscheidungsproblem)最初是由德国数学家大卫·希尔伯特于1928年提出的。图灵证明了他的“通用计算机”能够执行任何可以想象的数学计算，只要它可以被表示为一种算法。他接着证明了决策问题是没有解决方案的，他首先证明了图灵机的停止问题是不可决定的:从算法上决定图灵机是否会停止是不可能的。这篇论文被称为“史上最具影响力的数学论文”。

文件:20130808 Kings College Front Court Fountain Crop 03.jpg

King's College, Cambridge, where Turing was an undergraduate in 1931 and became a Fellow in 1935. The computer room is named after him.

Although Turing's proof was published shortly after Alonzo Church's equivalent proof using his lambda calculus, Turing's approach is considerably more accessible and intuitive than Church's. It also included a notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other computation machine (as indeed could Church's lambda calculus). According to the Church–Turing thesis, Turing machines and the lambda calculus are capable of computing anything that is computable. John von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to Turing's paper. "von Neumann ... firmly emphasised to me, and to others I am sure, that the fundamental conception is owing to Turing—insofar as not anticipated by Babbage, Lovelace and others." Letter by Stanley Frankel to Brian Randell, 1972, quoted in Jack Copeland (2004) The Essential Turing, p. 22. To this day, Turing machines are a central object of study in theory of computation.

【最终版】尽管图灵的证明是在Alonzo Church使用他的λ微积分的等效证明之后不久发表的，但图灵的方法要比Church的方法更容易理解和直观。它还包括一个 "通用机器 "的概念（现在被称为通用图灵机），认为这样的机器可以执行任何其他计算机器的任务（就像丘奇的λ微积分那样）。根据丘奇-图灵论，图灵机和λ微积分能够计算任何可计算的东西。约翰-冯-诺伊曼承认，现代计算机的核心概念是归功于图灵的论文。"冯-诺伊曼......向我和其他人坚定地强调，基本概念是归功于图灵的--只要是巴贝奇、洛夫拉斯和其他人没有预见到的。" 斯坦利-弗兰克尔写给布赖恩-兰德尔的信，1972年，引自杰克-科普兰（2004年）《基本图灵》，第22页。时至今日，图灵机仍是计算理论中的一个核心研究对象。

From September 1936 to July 1938, Turing spent most of his time studying under Church at Princeton University, in the second year as a Jane Eliza Procter Visiting Fellow. In addition to his purely mathematical work, he studied cryptology and also built three of four stages of an electro-mechanical binary multiplier. In June 1938, he obtained his PhD from the Department of Mathematics at Princeton; his dissertation, Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals, introduced the concept of ordinal logic and the notion of relative computing, in which Turing machines are augmented with so-called oracles, allowing the study of problems that cannot be solved by Turing machines. John von Neumann wanted to hire him as his postdoctoral assistant, but he went back to the United Kingdom.John Von Neumann: The Scientific Genius Who Pioneered the Modern Computer, Game Theory, Nuclear Deterrence, and Much More, Norman MacRae, 1999, American Mathematical Society, Chapter 8

【最终版】从1936年9月到1938年7月，图灵大部分时间都在普林斯顿大学的丘奇门下学习，第二年是作为简-伊丽莎-普罗克特访问学者。除了纯粹的数学工作外，他还研究了密码学，还建造了一个电子机械式二进制乘法器的四级中的三级。1938年6月，他获得了普林斯顿大学数学系的博士学位；他的论文《基于序数的逻辑系统》提出了序数逻辑的概念和相对计算的概念，其中图灵机被增加了所谓的神谕，允许研究图灵机无法解决的问题。约翰-冯-诺伊曼想聘请他做博士后助理，但他回到了英国。《约翰-冯-诺伊曼：开创现代计算机、博弈论、核威慑及更多事物的科学天才》，诺曼-麦克雷，1999年，美国数学学会，第八章

Career and research职业和研究

When Turing returned to Cambridge, he attended lectures given in 1939 by Ludwig Wittgenstein about the foundations of mathematics. The lectures have been reconstructed verbatim, including interjections from Turing and other students, from students' notes. Cora Diamond (ed.), Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, University of Chicago Press, 1976Turing and Wittgenstein argued and disagreed, with Turing defending formalism and Wittgenstein propounding his view that mathematics does not discover any absolute truths, but rather invents them.

【最终版】当图灵回到剑桥时，他参加了路德维希-维特根斯坦在1939年举办的关于数学基础的讲座。这些讲座被逐字重建，包括图灵和其他学生的插话，来自学生的笔记。Cora Diamond (ed.), 维特根斯坦关于数学基础的演讲》，芝加哥大学出版社, 1976图灵和维特根斯坦争论不休，图灵为形式主义辩护，维特根斯坦则提出他的观点：数学并没有发现任何绝对真理，而是发明了它们。

Cryptanalysis密码分析

During the Second World War, Turing was a leading participant in the breaking of German ciphers at Bletchley Park. The historian and wartime codebreaker Asa Briggs has said, "You needed exceptional talent, you needed genius at Bletchley and Turing's was that genius."

【最终版】第二次世界大战期间，图灵是布莱切利公园破解德国密码的主要参与者。历史学家和战时密码破译者阿萨-布里格斯（Asa Briggs）曾说："你需要杰出的人才，你在布莱切利需要天才，而图灵就是这种天才。"

From September 1938, Turing worked part-time with the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), the British codebreaking organisation. He concentrated on cryptanalysis of the Enigma cipher machine used by Nazi Germany, together with Dilly Knox, a senior GC&CS codebreaker. Soon after the July 1939 meeting near Warsaw at which the Polish Cipher Bureau gave the British and French details of the wiring of Enigma machine's rotors and their method of decrypting Enigma machine's messages, Turing and Knox developed a broader solution. The Polish method relied on an insecure indicator procedure that the Germans were likely to change, which they in fact did in May 1940. Turing's approach was more general, using crib-based decryption for which he produced the functional specification of the bombe (an improvement on the Polish Bomba).

【最终版】从1938年9月起，图灵在英国密码破译组织--政府密码和密码学校（GC&CS）兼职工作。他与GC&CS的高级破译员迪利-诺克斯一起，专注于对纳粹德国使用的恩尼格玛密码机进行密码分析。1939年7月在华沙附近举行的会议上，波兰密码局向英国和法国提供了英格玛机转子的接线细节以及他们解密英格玛机信息的方法，此后不久，图灵和诺克斯开发了一个更广泛的解决方案。波兰的方法依赖于一个不安全的指示器程序，而德国人很可能会改变这个程序，事实上他们在1940年5月就已经改变了。图灵的方法更为普遍，他使用基于摇篮的解密方法，为此他制作了炸弹人的功能规范（对波兰的Bomba进行了改进）。

文件:Turing flat.jpg

Two cottages in the stable yard at Bletchley Park. Turing worked here in 1939 and 1940, before moving to Hut 8.

On 4 September 1939, the day after the UK declared war on Germany, Turing reported to Bletchley Park, the wartime station of GC&CS. Like all others who came to Bletchley, he was required to sign the Official Secrets Act, in which he agreed not to disclose anything about his work at Bletchley, with severe legal penalties for violating the Act.

【最终版】1939年9月4日，英国对德国宣战的第二天，图灵到布莱切利公园报到，这里是GC&CS的战时驻地。像所有其他来到布莱切利的人一样，他被要求签署《官方保密法》，其中他同意不透露任何有关他在布莱切利的工作，违反该法将受到严厉的法律惩罚。

Specifying the bombe was the first of five major cryptanalytical advances that Turing made during the war. The others were: deducing the indicator procedure used by the German navy; developing a statistical procedure dubbed Banburismus for making much more efficient use of the bombes; developing a procedure dubbed Turingery for working out the cam settings of the wheels of the Lorenz SZ 40/42 (Tunny) cipher machine and, towards the end of the war, the development of a portable secure voice scrambler at Hanslope Park that was codenamed Delilah.

【最终版】指定炸弹是图灵在战争期间取得的五个主要密码分析进展中的第一个。其他的是：推断出德国海军使用的指示器程序；开发出一种被称为Banburismus的统计程序，以更有效地利用炸弹；开发出一种被称为Turingery的程序，以计算出Lorenz SZ 40/42（Tunny）密码机车轮的凸轮设置，以及在战争结束时，在汉斯洛普公园开发出一种便携式安全语音扰频器，代号为Delilah。

By using statistical techniques to optimise the trial of different possibilities in the code breaking process, Turing made an innovative contribution to the subject. He wrote two papers discussing mathematical approaches, titled The Applications of Probability to Cryptography and Paper on Statistics of Repetitions, which were of such value to GC&CS and its successor GCHQ that they were not released to the UK National Archives until April 2012, shortly before the centenary of his birth. A GCHQ mathematician, "who identified himself only as Richard," said at the time that the fact that the contents had been restricted under the Official Secrets Act for some 70 years demonstrated their importance, and their relevance to post-war cryptanalysis:

Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

【最终版】通过使用统计技术来优化密码破译过程中不同可能性的试验，图灵对该主题做出了创新的贡献。他写了两篇讨论数学方法的论文，题目是《概率在密码学中的应用》和《关于重复统计的论文》，这两篇论文对GC&CS及其继承者GCHQ具有如此大的价值，以至于直到2012年4月，在他诞辰一百周年前不久才被公布给英国国家档案局。一位GCHQ的数学家，"他只称自己为理查德"，当时说，这些内容根据《官方保密法》被限制了约70年，这表明它们的重要性，以及它们与战后密码分析的相关性。

[他]说，内容被限制的事实 "表明它在我们学科的基础上具有多么巨大的重要性"。... 这些论文详细介绍了使用 "数学分析来尝试和确定哪些是更有可能的设置，以便能够尽快地进行尝试"。... 理查德说，GCHQ现在已经从这两篇论文中 "榨出了汁液"，并且 "很高兴将它们发布到公共领域"。

Turing had a reputation for eccentricity at Bletchley Park. He was known to his colleagues as "Prof" and his treatise on Enigma was known as the "Prof's Book". According to historian Ronald Lewin, Jack Good, a cryptanalyst who worked with Turing, said of his colleague:

【最终版】图灵在布莱切利公园有一个怪异的声誉。他被同事称为 "教授"，他关于英格玛的论文被称为 "教授之书"。根据历史学家Ronald Lewin的说法，与图灵共事的密码学家Jack Good曾这样评价他的同事。

In the first week of June each year he would get a bad attack of hay fever, and he would cycle to the office wearing a service gas mask to keep the pollen off. His bicycle had a fault: the chain would come off at regular intervals. Instead of having it mended he would count the number of times the pedals went round and would get off the bicycle in time to adjust the chain by hand. Another of his eccentricities is that he chained his mug to the radiator pipes to prevent it being stolen.

Peter Hilton recounted his experience working with Turing in Hut 8 in his "Reminiscences of Bletchley Park" from A Century of Mathematics in America:

【最终版】在每年6月的第一个星期，他的花粉症会严重发作，他将戴着服务用的防毒面具骑车去办公室，以防止花粉进入。他的自行车有一个毛病：链条会定期脱落。他不去修理，而是数着踏板转了多少圈，然后及时下车，用手调整链条。他的另一个怪癖是，他把他的杯子拴在散热器的管道上，以防止它被偷。

彼得-希尔顿在《美国的数学世纪》中的 "布莱切利公园的回忆 "中讲述了他与图灵在8号小屋合作的经历。

It is a rare experience to meet an authentic genius. Those of us privileged to inhabit the world of scholarship are familiar with the intellectual stimulation furnished by talented colleagues. We can admire the ideas they share with us and are usually able to understand their source; we may even often believe that we ourselves could have created such concepts and originated such thoughts. However, the experience of sharing the intellectual life of a genius is entirely different; one realizes that one is in the presence of an intelligence, a sensibility of such profundity and originality that one is filled with wonder and excitement. Alan Turing was such a genius, and those, like myself, who had the astonishing and unexpected opportunity, created by the strange exigencies of the Second World War, to be able to count Turing as colleague and friend will never forget that experience, nor can we ever lose its immense benefit to us.

Hilton echoed similar thoughts in the Nova PBS documentary Decoding Nazi Secrets.

【最终版】 遇到一个真正的天才是一种罕见的经历。我们这些有幸居住在学术界的人都熟悉有才华的同事所提供的智力刺激。我们可以欣赏他们与我们分享的想法，并且通常能够理解它们的来源；我们甚至经常相信我们自己可以创造这样的概念和产生这样的思想。然而，分享一个天才的智力生活的经验是完全不同的；人们意识到自己是在一个智慧的面前，一个具有如此深刻性和独创性的感性，使人充满了好奇和兴奋。艾伦-图灵就是这样一位天才，而那些像我一样，拥有由第二次世界大战的奇怪紧急情况所创造的令人惊讶和意外的机会，能够把图灵算作同事和朋友的人，将永远不会忘记这种经历，也不会失去它对我们的巨大好处。

希尔顿在PBS纪录片《解密纳粹秘密》中表达了类似的想法。

While working at Bletchley, Turing, who was a talented long-distance runner, occasionally ran the 模板:Convert to London when he was needed for meetings, and he was capable of world-class marathon standards. Turing tried out for the 1948 British Olympic team, but he was hampered by an injury. His tryout time for the marathon was only 11 minutes slower than British silver medallist Thomas Richards' Olympic race time of 2 hours 35 minutes. He was Walton Athletic Club's best runner, a fact discovered when he passed the group while running alone. When asked why he ran so hard in training he replied:

【最终版】在布莱切利工作时，图灵是个有天赋的长跑运动员，当需要他参加会议时，他偶尔会跑模板：转换到伦敦，他有能力达到世界级的马拉松标准。图灵曾为1948年的英国奥运队试跑，但他受到了伤病的阻碍。他试跑马拉松的时间只比英国银牌得主托马斯-理查兹的奥运比赛时间2小时35分慢了11分钟。他是沃尔顿体育俱乐部最好的跑者，当他在单独跑步时超过队伍时发现了这一事实。当被问及为什么他在训练中跑得如此辛苦时，他回答说。

I have such a stressful job that the only way I can get it out of my mind is by running hard; it’s the only way I can get some release.

Due to the problems of counterfactual history, it is hard to estimate the precise effect Ultra intelligence had on the war. However, official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years and saved over 14 million lives.Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University

【最终版】我的工作压力很大，唯一能让我忘掉它的方法就是努力跑步；这是我能得到一些释放的唯一方法。

由于反事实历史的问题，很难估计超强情报对战争的确切影响。然而，官方战争史学家哈里-辛斯利估计，这项工作使欧洲战争缩短了两年多，挽救了1400多万条生命。

At the end of the war, a memo was sent to all those who had worked at Bletchley Park, reminding them that the code of silence dictated by the Official Secrets Act did not end with the war but would continue indefinitely. Thus, even though Turing was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1946 by King George VI for his wartime services, his work remained secret for many years.

【最终版】战争结束后，一份备忘录被寄给了所有曾在布莱切利公园工作过的人，提醒他们《官方保密法》所规定的沉默准则并没有随着战争的结束而结束，而是将无限期地持续下去。因此，尽管图灵在1946年被英王乔治六世任命为大英帝国军官勋章（OBE），以表彰他在战时的贡献，但他的工作在许多年里仍然是秘密的。

Bombe解码器

Main article: Bombe

Within weeks of arriving at Bletchley Park, Turing had specified an electromechanical machine called the bombe, which could break Enigma more effectively than the Polish bomba kryptologiczna, from which its name was derived. The bombe, with an enhancement suggested by mathematician Gordon Welchman, became one of the primary tools, and the major automated one, used to attack Enigma-enciphered messages. 【最终版】在到达布莱切利公园的几周内，图灵指定了一台名为Bombe的机电机器，它可以比波兰的bomba kryptologiczna更有效地破解英格玛，它的名字就来源于此。Bombe，加上数学家戈登-韦尔奇曼建议的改进，成为用于攻击英格玛加密信息的主要工具之一，也是主要的自动化工具。

文件:Bombe-rebuild.jpg

A working replica of a bombe now at The National Museum of Computing on Bletchley Park

The bombe searched for possible correct settings used for an Enigma message (i.e., rotor order, rotor settings and plugboard settings) using a suitable crib: a fragment of probable plaintext. For each possible setting of the rotors (which had on the order of 10¹⁹ states, or 10²² states for the four-rotor U-boat variant), Jack Good in "The Men Who Cracked Enigma", 2003: with his caveat: "if my memory is correct". the bombe performed a chain of logical deductions based on the crib, implemented electromechanically.

【最终版】Bombe使用一个可能的明文片段搜索英格玛信息可能使用的正确设置（即转子顺序、转子设置和插板设置）。对于每个可能的转子设置（有1019个状态，或1022个状态的四转子U型船变体），杰克-古德在 2003年《破解英格玛的人》警告："如果我的记忆是正确的。"Bombe执行一连串的逻辑推理的基础上，通过电机械实现。

The bombe detected when a contradiction had occurred and ruled out that setting, moving on to the next. Most of the possible settings would cause contradictions and be discarded, leaving only a few to be investigated in detail. A contradiction would occur when an enciphered letter would be turned back into the same plaintext letter, which was impossible with the Enigma. The first bombe was installed on 18 March 1940.

【最终版】Bombe测到矛盾发生时，就会排除该设置，转而进行下一个设置。大多数可能的设置都会引起矛盾并被抛弃，只剩下少数几个需要详细调查。当一个被加密的字母变回相同的明文字母时，就会出现矛盾，这在英格玛中是不可能的。第一个Bombe是在1940年3月18日安装的。

By late 1941, Turing and his fellow cryptanalysts Gordon Welchman, Hugh Alexander and Stuart Milner-Barry were frustrated. Building on the work of the Poles, they had set up a good working system for decrypting Enigma signals, but their limited staff and bombes meant they could not translate all the signals. In the summer, they had considerable success, and shipping losses had fallen to under 100,000 tons a month; however, they badly needed more resources to keep abreast of German adjustments. They had tried to get more people and fund more bombes through the proper channels, but had failed.

【最终版】到了1941年末，图灵和他的密码学同事戈登-韦尔奇曼、休-亚历山大和斯图尔特-米尔纳-巴里感到很沮丧。在波兰人的工作基础上，他们建立了一个良好的工作系统来解密英格玛信号，但他们有限的工作人员和炸弹意味着他们无法翻译所有的信号。在夏季，他们取得了相当大的成功，信息传输损失已经降到每月不到10万的量值;然而，他们急需更多的资源来跟上德国的调整步伐。他们试图通过适当的渠道招募更多的人，资助了更多的解码器，但失败了。

On 28 October they wrote directly to Winston Churchill explaining their difficulties, with Turing as the first named. They emphasised how small their need was compared with the vast expenditure of men and money by the forces and compared with the level of assistance they could offer to the forces. As Andrew Hodges, biographer of Turing, later wrote, "This letter had an electric effect." Churchill wrote a memo to General Ismay, which read: "ACTION THIS DAY. Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done." On 18 November, the chief of the secret service reported that every possible measure was being taken. The cryptographers at Bletchley Park did not know of the Prime Minister's response, but as Milner-Barry recalled, "All that we did notice was that almost from that day the rough ways began miraculously to be made smooth." More than two hundred bombes were in operation by the end of the war.

【最终版】10月28日，他们直接给温斯顿-丘吉尔写信，解释他们的困难，图灵是第一个。他们强调，与部队大量的人员和资金支出相比，他们的需求是多么的小，与他们能够提供给部队的援助水平相比也是如此。正如图灵的传记作者安德鲁-霍奇斯（Andrew Hodges）后来写道："这封信产生了一种电光火石的效果。" 丘吉尔给伊斯梅将军写了一份备忘录，其中写道。"今天采取行动。确保他们在极度优先的情况下拥有他们想要的一切，并向我报告这已经完成了。" 11月18日，特工处处长报告说，正在采取一切可能的措施。布莱切利公园的密码学家们并不知道首相的回应，但正如米尔纳-巴利所回忆的那样，"我们所注意到的是，几乎从那天起，崎岖的道路开始奇迹般地变得平坦了。到战争结束时，有两百多枚Bombe在运行。

文件:Turing-statue-Bletchley 14.jpg

Statue of Turing by Stephen Kettle at Bletchley Park, commissioned by Sidney Frank, built from half a million pieces of Welsh slate.

Hut 8 and the naval Enigma8号营房和海军谜机

Turing decided to tackle the particularly difficult problem of German naval Enigma "because no one else was doing anything about it and I could have it to myself". In December 1939, Turing solved the essential part of the naval indicator system, which was more complex than the indicator systems used by the other services.

【最终版】图灵决定解决德国海军英格玛这个特别困难的问题，"因为没有人在做这方面的工作，我可以自己来做"。1939年12月，图灵解决了海军指标系统的关键部分，该系统比其他部门使用的指标系统更加复杂。

That same night, he also conceived of the idea of Banburismus, a sequential statistical technique (what Abraham Wald later called sequential analysis) to assist in breaking the naval Enigma, "though I was not sure that it would work in practice, and was not, in fact, sure until some days had actually broken." For this, he invented a measure of weight of evidence that he called the ban. Banburismus could rule out certain sequences of the Enigma rotors, substantially reducing the time needed to test settings on the bombes. Later this sequential process of accumulating sufficient weight of evidence using decibans (one tenth of a ban) was used in Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher.

【最终版】同一天晚上，他还构思了Banburismus的想法，这是一种顺序统计技术（亚伯拉罕-瓦尔德后来称之为顺序分析），以协助破解海军英格玛，"尽管我不确定它在实践中是否可行，事实上，直到一些天后真正破解了才确定"。为此，他发明了一种衡量证据重要性的方法，他称之为禁令。Banburismus可以排除英格玛转子的某些序列，大大减少了在炸弹上测试设置所需的时间。后来，这种用分班（禁令的十分之一）积累足够证据权重的顺序过程被用于洛伦兹密码的密码分析。

Turing travelled to the United States in November 1942 and worked with US Navy cryptanalysts on the naval Enigma and bombe construction in Washington; he also visited their Computing Machine Laboratory in Dayton, Ohio.

【最终版】1942年11月，图灵前往美国，在华盛顿与美国海军的密码学家们一起研究海军的英格码和轰炸机的构造；他还参观了他们在俄亥俄州代顿的计算机实验室。

Turing's reaction to the American bombe design was far from enthusiastic:

Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

【最终版】图灵对美国人的炸弹设计的反应远不是那么热情。

美国的 "炸弹"计划是要生产336个 "炸弹"，每个轮次一个。我曾经对这一计划所隐含的轰炸机小屋的概念暗自发笑，但认为指出我们不会真正以这种方式使用它们并没有什么特别的作用。

During this trip, he also assisted at Bell Labs with the development of secure speech devices. He returned to Bletchley Park in March 1943. During his absence, Hugh Alexander had officially assumed the position of head of Hut 8, although Alexander had been de facto head for some time (Turing having little interest in the day-to-day running of the section). Turing became a general consultant for cryptanalysis at Bletchley Park.

【最终版】在这次旅行中，他还在贝尔实验室协助开发安全语音设备。1943年3月，他回到了布莱切利公园。在他离开期间，休-亚历山大正式担任了8号营房的负责人，尽管亚历山大在一段时间内一直是事实上的负责人（图灵对该部门的日常运作兴趣不大）。图灵成为布莱切利公园的密码分析的一般顾问。

Alexander wrote of Turing's contribution:

There should be no question in anyone's mind that Turing's work was the biggest factor in Hut 8's success. In the early days, he was the only cryptographer who thought the problem worth tackling and not only was he primarily responsible for the main theoretical work within the Hut, but he also shared with Welchman and Keen the chief credit for the invention of the bombe. It is always difficult to say that anyone is 'absolutely indispensable', but if anyone was indispensable to Hut 8, it was Turing. The pioneer's work always tends to be forgotten when experience and routine later make everything seem easy and many of us in Hut 8 felt that the magnitude of Turing's contribution was never fully realised by the outside world.

【最终版】亚历山大在谈到图灵的贡献时写道：

任何人都不应该怀疑图灵的工作是8号营房成功的最大因素。在早期，他是唯一认为这个问题值得解决的密码学家，他不仅主要负责营房内的主要理论工作，而且他还与韦尔奇曼和基恩分享了发明Bombe的主要功劳。要说谁是 "绝对不可缺少的 "总是很困难的，但如果说谁是8号营房不可缺少的，那就是图灵。当经验和制度后来使一切都显得容易时，先驱者的工作总是倾向于被遗忘，我们8号营房的许多人认为，图灵的贡献之大从未被外界充分认识。

Turingery图灵格里

In July 1942, Turing devised a technique termed Turingery (or jokingly Turingismus) for use against the Lorenz cipher messages produced by the Germans' new Geheimschreiber (secret writer) machine. This was a teleprinter rotor cipher attachment codenamed Tunny at Bletchley Park. Turingery was a method of wheel-breaking, i.e., a procedure for working out the cam settings of Tunny's wheels. He also introduced the Tunny team to Tommy Flowers who, under the guidance of Max Newman, went on to build the Colossus computer, the world's first programmable digital electronic computer, which replaced a simpler prior machine (the Heath Robinson), and whose superior speed allowed the statistical decryption techniques to be applied usefully to the messages. Some have mistakenly said that Turing was a key figure in the design of the Colossus computer. Turingery and the statistical approach of Banburismus undoubtedly fed into the thinking about cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, but he was not directly involved in the Colossus development.

【最终版】1942年7月，图灵设计了一种被称为Turingery（或开玩笑说Turingismus）的技术，用于对付德国人新的Geheimschreiber（秘密编写器）机器产生的洛伦兹密码信息。这是在布莱切利公园的一个电传打印机转子密码附件，代号为Tunny。Turingery是一种破轮的方法，即找出通尼的轮子的凸轮设置的程序。他还将Tunny团队介绍给了Tommy Flowers，后者在Max Newman的指导下，继续建造了Colossus计算机，这是世界上第一台可编程的数字电子计算机，它取代了之前更简单的机器（Heath Robinson），其优越的速度使得统计解密技术可以有效地应用于信息。有些人错误地说图灵是设计Colossus计算机的关键人物。Turingery和Banburismus的统计方法无疑为洛伦兹密码的密码分析提供了思路，但他没有直接参与Colossus的开发。

Delilah黛利拉

Following his work at Bell Labs in the US, Turing pursued the idea of electronic enciphering of speech in the telephone system. In the latter part of the war, he moved to work for the Secret Service's Radio Security Service (later HMGCC) at Hanslope Park. At the park, he further developed his knowledge of electronics with the assistance of engineer Donald Bayley. Together they undertook the design and construction of a portable secure voice communications machine codenamed Delilah. The machine was intended for different applications, but it lacked the capability for use with long-distance radio transmissions. In any case, Delilah was completed too late to be used during the war. Though the system worked fully, with Turing demonstrating it to officials by encrypting and decrypting a recording of a Winston Churchill speech, Delilah was not adopted for use. Turing also consulted with Bell Labs on the development of SIGSALY, a secure voice system that was used in the later years of the war.

【最终版】在美国贝尔实验室工作后，图灵追求在电话系统中对语音进行电子加密的想法。在战争后期，他转到汉斯洛普公园为特勤局的无线电安全局（后来的HMGCC）工作。在该公园，他在工程师唐纳德-贝利的协助下进一步发展了他的电子知识。他们一起设计和建造了一台代号为大利拉的便携式安全语音通信机。该机器旨在用于不同的应用，但它缺乏用于长距离无线电传输的能力。无论如何，"黛丽拉"完成得太晚，无法在战争期间使用。尽管该系统可以完全工作，图灵通过加密和解密温斯顿-丘吉尔的讲话录音向官员们展示了该系统，但黛丽拉没有被采用。图灵还与贝尔实验室协商开发了SIGSALY，这是一个安全的语音系统，在战争的后期使用。

Early computers and the Turing test早期的计算机和图灵测试

文件:Alan Turing 78 High Street Hampton blue plaque.jpg

Plaque, 78 High Street, Hampton

Between 1945 and 1947, Turing lived in Hampton, London, while he worked on the design of the ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). He presented a paper on 19 February 1946, which was the first detailed design of a stored-program computer. Von Neumann's incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC had predated Turing's paper, but it was much less detailed and, according to John R. Womersley, Superintendent of the NPL Mathematics Division, it "contains a number of ideas which are Dr. Turing's own".citing

【最终版】1945年至1947年间，图灵住在伦敦的汉普顿，同时他在国家物理实验室（NPL）从事ACE（自动计算引擎）的设计工作。他于1946年2月19日提交了一篇论文，这是第一份关于存储程序计算机的详细设计。冯-诺伊曼不完整的关于EDVAC的报告初稿比图灵的论文早，但它没有那么详细，根据NPL数学部主管约翰-R-沃默斯利的说法，它 "包含了许多图灵博士自己的想法"。

Although ACE was a feasible design, the effect of the Official Secrets Act surrounding the wartime work at Bletchley Park made it impossible for Turing to explain the basis of his analysis of how a computer installation involving human operators would work. This led to delays in starting the project and he became disillusioned. In late 1947 he returned to Cambridge for a sabbatical year during which he produced a seminal work on Intelligent Machinery that was not published in his lifetime. While he was at Cambridge, the Pilot ACE was being built in his absence. It executed its first program on 10 May 1950, and a number of later computers around the world owe much to it, including the English Electric DEUCE and the American Bendix G-15. The full version of Turing's ACE was not built until after his death.

【最终版】虽然ACE是一个可行的设计，但围绕着布莱切利公园的战时工作的官方保密法的影响，使得图灵不可能解释他对涉及人类操作的计算机装置如何工作的分析基础。这导致了项目启动的延迟，他也变得心灰意冷。1947年底，他回到剑桥大学进行休假，在此期间，他完成了一项关于智能机械的开创性工作，但在他有生之年没有发表。当他在剑桥的时候，Pilot ACE正在他不在的时候建造。它在1950年5月10日执行了它的第一个程序，后来世界上的一些计算机都归功于它，包括英国的Electric DEUCE和美国的Bendix G-15。图灵的ACE的完整版本直到他死后才建成。

According to the memoirs of the German computer pioneer Heinz Billing from the Max Planck Institute for Physics, published by Genscher, Düsseldorf, there was a meeting between Turing and Konrad Zuse. It took place in Göttingen in 1947. The interrogation had the form of a colloquium. Participants were Womersley, Turing, Porter from England and a few German researchers like Zuse, Walther, and Billing (for more details see Herbert Bruderer, Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz).

【最终版】根据马克斯-普朗克物理研究所的德国计算机先驱Heinz Billing的回忆录，由杜塞尔多夫的Genscher出版，图灵和Konrad Zuse之间有过一次会面。它于1947年在哥廷根发生。审讯采取了座谈会的形式。与会者有沃默斯利、图灵、来自英国的波特和一些德国研究人员，如祖思、瓦尔特和比林（更多细节见Herbert Bruderer, Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz）。

In 1948, Turing was appointed reader in the Mathematics Department at the Victoria University of Manchester. A year later, he became deputy director of the Computing Machine Laboratory, where he worked on software for one of the earliest stored-program computers—the Manchester Mark 1. Turing wrote the first version of the Programmer's Manual for this machine, and was recruited by Ferranti as a consultant in the development of their commercialised machine, the Ferranti Mark 1. He continued to be paid consultancy fees by Ferranti until his death. During this time, he continued to do more abstract work in mathematics, and in "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (Mind, October 1950), Turing addressed the problem of artificial intelligence, and proposed an experiment that became known as the Turing test, an attempt to define a standard for a machine to be called "intelligent". The idea was that a computer could be said to "think" if a human interrogator could not tell it apart, through conversation, from a human being. Harnad, Stevan (2008) The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery and Intelligence . In: Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.) Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer. Springer In the paper, Turing suggested that rather than building a program to simulate the adult mind, it would be better to produce a simpler one to simulate a child's mind and then to subject it to a course of education. A reversed form of the Turing test is widely used on the Internet; the CAPTCHA test is intended to determine whether the user is a human or a computer.

【最终版】1948年，图灵被任命为曼彻斯特维多利亚大学数学系的读者。一年后，他成为计算机实验室的副主任，在那里他为最早的存储程序计算机之一--曼彻斯特马克1号--开发软件。图灵为这台机器编写了第一版《程序员手册》，并被费兰蒂公司聘为顾问，负责开发他们的商业化机器--费兰蒂Mark 1。他一直被费兰蒂公司支付顾问费，直到他去世。在此期间，他继续从事更抽象的数学工作，在《计算机械与智能》（Mind，1950年10月）中，图灵探讨了人工智能的问题，并提出了一个被称为图灵测试的实验，试图为机器被称为 "智能 "定义一个标准。这个想法是，如果人类审讯者无法通过对话将计算机与人类区分开来，那么就可以说计算机有 "思想"。《注释游戏:论图灵(1950):计算、机械和智能》.在Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.)解析图灵测试: 思考计算机探索中的哲学和方法论问题。在论文中，图灵建议，与其建立一个模拟成人思维的程序，不如制作一个更简单的程序来模拟儿童的思维，然后让它接受一个教育课程。图灵测试的一种反转形式在互联网上被广泛使用；CAPTCHA测试旨在确定用户是人类还是计算机。

In 1948 Turing, working with his former undergraduate colleague, D.G. Champernowne, began writing a chess program for a computer that did not yet exist. By 1950, the program was completed and dubbed the Turochamp. In 1952, he tried to implement it on a Ferranti Mark 1, but lacking enough power, the computer was unable to execute the program. Instead, Turing "ran" the program by flipping through the pages of the algorithm and carrying out its instructions on a chessboard, taking about half an hour per move. The game was recorded. Alan Turing vs Alick Glennie (1952) "Turing Test" Chessgames.com According to Garry Kasparov, Turing's program "played a recognizable game of chess." Kasparov, Garry, Smart machines will free us all, The Wall Street Journal, 15–16 April 2017, p. c3 The program lost to Turing's colleague Alick Glennie, although it is said that it won a game against Champernowne's wife, Isabel.

【最终版】1948年，图灵与他以前的本科同事D.G. Champernowne合作，开始为一台还不存在的计算机编写国际象棋程序。到1950年，该程序已经完成，并被称为 "图灵尚"。1952年，他试图在Ferranti Mark 1上实现该程序，但由于缺乏足够的动力，该计算机无法执行该程序。相反，图灵通过翻阅算法的页面来 "运行 "该程序，并在棋盘上执行其指令，每一步都要花费大约半小时。这场比赛被记录了下来。Alan Turing vs Alick Glennie (1952) "Turing Test" Chessgames.com 根据Garry Kasparov的说法，图灵的程序 "下了一盘可识别的国际象棋"。Kasparov, Garry, Smart machines will free us all, The Wall Street Journal, 15-16 April 2017, p. c3 该程序输给了图灵的同事Alick Glennie，不过据说它在与Champernowne的妻子Isabel的比赛中获胜。

His Turing test was a significant, characteristically provocative, and lasting contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence, which continues after more than half a century.

【最终版】他的图灵测试对有关人工智能的辩论做出了重要的、具有特色的挑战性和持久的贡献，这种辩论在半个多世纪后仍在继续。

Pattern formation and mathematical biology模式形成和数学生物学

When Turing was 39 years old in 1951, he turned to mathematical biology, finally publishing his masterpiece "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" in January 1952. He was interested in morphogenesis, the development of patterns and shapes in biological organisms. He suggested that a system of chemicals reacting with each other and diffusing across space, termed a reaction–diffusion system, could account for "the main phenomena of morphogenesis". He used systems of partial differential equations to model catalytic chemical reactions. For example, if a catalyst A is required for a certain chemical reaction to take place, and if the reaction produced more of the catalyst A, then we say that the reaction is autocatalytic, and there is positive feedback that can be modelled by nonlinear differential equations. Turing discovered that patterns could be created if the chemical reaction not only produced catalyst A, but also produced an inhibitor B that slowed down the production of A. If A and B then diffused through the container at different rates, then you could have some regions where A dominated and some where B did. To calculate the extent of this, Turing would have needed a powerful computer, but these were not so freely available in 1951, so he had to use linear approximations to solve the equations by hand. These calculations gave the right qualitative results, and produced, for example, a uniform mixture that oddly enough had regularly spaced fixed red spots. The Russian biochemist Boris Belousov had performed experiments with similar results, but could not get his papers published because of the contemporary prejudice that any such thing violated the second law of thermodynamics. Belousov was not aware of Turing's paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.John Gribbin, Deep Simplicity, p. 126, Random House, 2004

【最终版】1951年图灵39岁时，他转向了数学生物学，最终在1952年1月发表了他的代表作《形态发生的化学基础》。他对形态发生感兴趣，即生物体内模式和形状的发展。他提出，一个化学物质相互反应并在空间扩散的系统，被称为反应-扩散系统，可以解释 "形态发生的主要现象"。他用偏微分方程系统来模拟催化性化学反应。例如，如果某种化学反应的发生需要一种催化剂A，如果反应产生了更多的催化剂A，那么我们就说这个反应是自催化的，存在着正反馈，可以用非线性微分方程来模拟。图灵发现，如果化学反应不仅产生了催化剂A，而且还产生了减缓A产生的抑制剂B，那么就会产生模式。如果A和B以不同的速度在容器中扩散，那么就会出现一些A占优势的区域和一些B占优势的区域。为了计算这种情况的程度，图灵需要一台强大的计算机，但这些计算机在1951年并不那么容易获得，所以他不得不使用线性近似法来手工解决这些方程式。这些计算给出了正确的定性结果，并产生了，例如，一个均匀的混合物，奇怪的是，它有固定间距的固定红点。俄罗斯生物化学家鲍里斯-贝卢索夫（Boris Belousov）进行了具有类似结果的实验，但由于当代人认为任何此类事情都违反了热力学第二定律的偏见，他的论文未能发表。贝卢索夫并不知道图灵在《皇家学会哲学期刊》上发表的论文。约翰-格里宾，《深度简化》，第126页，兰登书屋，2004年。

Although published before the structure and role of DNA was understood, Turing's work on morphogenesis remains relevant today and is considered a seminal piece of work in mathematical biology. One of the early applications of Turing's paper was the work by James Murray explaining spots and stripes on the fur of cats, large and small. James Murray, How the leopard gets its spots, Scientific American, vol 258, number 3, p. 80, March 1988James Murray, Mathematical Biology I, 2007, Chapter 6, Springer VerlagJohn Gibbin, Deep Simplicity, p. 134, Random House, 2004 Further research in the area suggests that Turing's work can partially explain the growth of "feathers, hair follicles, the branching pattern of lungs, and even the left-right asymmetry that puts the heart on the left side of the chest." In 2012, Sheth, et al. found that in mice, removal of Hox genes causes an increase in the number of digits without an increase in the overall size of the limb, suggesting that Hox genes control digit formation by tuning the wavelength of a Turing-type mechanism. Later papers were not available until Collected Works of A. M. Turing was published in 1992.

【最终版】虽然在DNA的结构和作用被理解之前就已经发表了，但图灵关于形态发生的工作至今仍有意义，被认为是数学生物学的开创性工作。图灵论文的早期应用之一是詹姆斯-默里的工作，他解释了大大小小的猫的皮毛上的斑点和条纹。詹姆斯穆雷,豹的斑点,《科学美国人》,第258卷,3号,p。80年,1988年3月詹姆斯·莫里数学生物学,2007年,第6章,施普林格VerlagJohn Gibbin,深简单,p。134年,兰登书屋,2004年在该领域的进一步研究表明，图灵的工作可以部分解释 "羽毛、毛囊、肺的分支模式，甚至使心脏位于胸部左侧的左右不对称 "的生长。2012年，Sheth等人发现，在小鼠中，去除Hox基因会导致指头数量的增加，但肢体的整体尺寸却没有增加，这表明Hox基因通过调整图灵型机制的波长来控制指头的形成。后来的论文直到《A.M.图灵作品集》在1992年出版时才得以发表。

Personal life个人生活

Engagement订婚

In 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Hut 8 colleague Joan Clarke, a fellow mathematician and cryptanalyst, but their engagement was short-lived. After admitting his homosexuality to his fiancée, who was reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation, Turing decided that he could not go through with the marriage.

【最终版】1941年，图灵向8号营房的同事Joan Clarke求婚，Joan Clarke是一位数学家和密码学专家，但他们的订婚时间很短。在向他的未婚妻承认了他的同性恋身份后，据说未婚妻对这一消息 "无动于衷"，图灵决定他不能再继续这段婚姻了。

Conviction for indecency因猥亵而被定罪

In January 1952, Turing was 39 when he started a relationship with Arnold Murray, a 19-year-old unemployed man. Just before Christmas, Turing was walking along Manchester's Oxford Road when he met Murray just outside the Regal Cinema and invited him to lunch. On 23 January, Turing's house was burgled. Murray told Turing that he and the burglar were acquainted, and Turing reported the crime to the police. During the investigation, he acknowledged a sexual relationship with Murray. Homosexual acts were criminal offences in the United Kingdom at that time, and both men were charged with "gross indecency" under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885. Initial committal proceedings for the trial were held on 27 February during which Turing's solicitor "reserved his defence", i.e., did not argue or provide evidence against the allegations.

【最终版】1952年1月，图灵39岁，他与19岁的失业男子阿诺德-默里开始了一段关系。就在圣诞节前，图灵沿着曼彻斯特的牛津路散步，他在富豪影院外遇到了默里，并邀请他共进午餐。1月23日，图灵的房子被盗。默里告诉图灵，他和窃贼是认识的，图灵向警方报了案。在调查期间，他承认与默里有性关系。同性恋行为在当时的英国属于刑事犯罪，根据1885年《刑法修正案》第11条，两人都被指控为 "严重猥亵"。2月27日进行了初步的审判程序，期间图灵的律师 "保留辩护"，即没有对指控进行辩论或提供证据。

Turing was later convinced by the advice of his brother and his own solicitor, and he entered a plea of guilty. The case, Regina v. Turing and Murray, was brought to trial on 31 March 1952. Turing was convicted and given a choice between imprisonment and probation. His probation would be conditional on his agreement to undergo hormonal physical changes designed to reduce libido. He accepted the option of injections of what was then called stilboestrol (now known as diethylstilbestrol or DES), a synthetic oestrogen; this feminization of his body was continued for the course of one year. The treatment rendered Turing impotent and caused breast tissue to form, fulfilling in the literal sense Turing's prediction that "no doubt I shall emerge from it all a different man, but quite who I've not found out". Murray was given a conditional discharge.

【最终版】图灵后来被他的兄弟和他自己的律师的建议所说服，他做了有罪答辩。1952年3月31日，"Regina诉图灵和默里 "一案进行了审判。图灵被定罪，并在监禁和缓刑之间做出了选择。他的缓刑的条件是他同意接受旨在减少性欲的荷尔蒙身体变化。他接受了注射当时被称为stilboestrol（现在被称为diethylstilbestrol或DES）的选择，这是一种合成雌激素；这种对他身体的女性化处理持续了一年。这种治疗使图灵阳痿，并导致乳房组织的形成，从字面意义上实现了图灵的预言："毫无疑问，我将从这一切中脱颖而出，成为一个不同的人，但究竟是谁，我还没有发现。" 默里被有条件释放。

Turing's conviction led to the removal of his security clearance and barred him from continuing with his cryptographic consultancy for the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), the British signals intelligence agency that had evolved from GC&CS in 1946, though he kept his academic job. He was denied entry into the United States after his conviction in 1952, but was free to visit other European countries.

【最终版】图灵的定罪导致他的安全许可被取消，并禁止他继续为政府通信总部（GCHQ）提供密码咨询，该机构是1946年从GC&CS演变而来的英国信号情报机构，不过他保留了他的学术工作。他在1952年被定罪后被拒绝进入美国，但可以自由访问其他欧洲国家。

Death死亡

文件:Turing Plaque.jpg

A blue plaque on the house at 43 Adlington Road, Wilmslow where Turing lived and died

On 8 June 1954, at his house at 43 Adlington Road, Wilmslow, Turing's housekeeper found him dead. He had died the previous day at the age of 41. Cyanide poisoning was established as the cause of death. When his body was discovered, an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanide, it was speculated that this was the means by which Turing had consumed a fatal dose. An inquest determined that he had committed suicide. Andrew Hodges and another biographer, David Leavitt, have both speculated that Turing was re-enacting a scene from the Walt Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), his favourite fairy tale. Both men noted that (in Leavitt's words) he took "an especially keen pleasure in the scene where the Wicked Queen immerses her apple in the poisonous brew". Turing's remains were cremated at Woking Crematorium on 12 June 1954, and his ashes were scattered in the gardens of the crematorium, just as his father's had been.

【最终版】1954年6月8日，在他位于威尔姆斯洛阿德灵顿路43号的房子里，图灵的管家发现他死了。他在前一天去世，享年41岁。氰化物中毒被确定为死亡的原因。当他的尸体被发现时，他的床边躺着一个吃了一半的苹果，尽管这个苹果没有被检测出氰化物，但人们猜测这是图灵食用致命剂量的手段。一个验尸报告确定他是自杀的。安德鲁-霍奇斯和另一位传记作者大卫-利维特都推测，图灵是在重演沃尔特-迪斯尼电影《白雪公主与七个小矮人》（1937年）中的一个场景，这是他最喜欢的童话故事。两人都指出，（用Leavitt的话说）他对 "邪恶的女王将她的苹果浸泡在有毒的酒中的场景感到特别高兴"。图灵的遗体于1954年6月12日在沃金火葬场火化，他的骨灰被撒在火葬场的花园里，就像他父亲那样。

Philosopher Jack Copeland has questioned various aspects of the coroner's historical verdict. He suggested an alternative explanation for the cause of Turing's death: the accidental inhalation of cyanide fumes from an apparatus used to electroplate gold onto spoons. The potassium cyanide was used to dissolve the gold. Turing had such an apparatus set up in his tiny spare room. Copeland noted that the autopsy findings were more consistent with inhalation than with ingestion of the poison. Turing also habitually ate an apple before going to bed, and it was not unusual for the apple to be discarded half-eaten. Furthermore, Turing had reportedly borne his legal setbacks and hormone treatment (which had been discontinued a year previously) "with good humour" and had shown no sign of despondency prior to his death. He even set down a list of tasks that he intended to complete upon returning to his office after the holiday weekend. Turing's mother believed that the ingestion was accidental, resulting from her son's careless storage of laboratory chemicals. Biographer Andrew Hodges theorised that Turing arranged the delivery of the equipment to deliberately allow his mother plausible deniability with regard to any suicide claims.

文件:Alan Turing OBE.jpg

Turing's OBE currently held in Sherborne School archives

【最终版】哲学家杰克-科普兰对验尸官的历史判决提出了多方面的质疑。他对图灵的死因提出了另一种解释：意外吸入了用于在勺子上电镀黄金的仪器中的氰化物烟雾。氰化钾是用来溶解黄金的。图灵在他狭小的闲置房间里安装了这样一台仪器。科普兰指出，尸检结果与吸入毒物而非摄入毒物的情况更为一致。图灵还习惯性地在睡觉前吃一个苹果，而苹果被吃了一半就丢弃的情况并不罕见。此外，据说图灵 "很幽默地 "承受了他的法律挫折和荷尔蒙治疗（一年前就已经停止了），并且在死前没有表现出任何沮丧的迹象。他甚至列出了一份任务清单，打算在周末假期后回到办公室后完成。图灵的母亲认为，图灵的摄取是意外的，是由于她的儿子不小心储存了实验室的化学品。传记作家安德鲁-霍奇斯推测，图灵安排了设备的运送，故意让他的母亲对任何自杀的说法进行合理的推诿。

It has been suggested that Turing's belief in fortune-telling may have caused his depressed mood. As a youth, Turing had been told by a fortune-teller that he would be a genius. In mid-May 1954, shortly before his death, Turing again decided to consult a fortune-teller during a day-trip to St Annes-on-Sea with the Greenbaum family. According to the Greenbaums' daughter, Barbara:But it was a lovely sunny day and Alan was in a cheerful mood and off we went... Then he thought it would be a good idea to go to the Pleasure Beach at Blackpool. We found a fortune-teller's tent[,] and Alan said he'd like to go in[,] so we waited around for him to come back... And this sunny, cheerful visage had shrunk into a pale, shaking, horror-stricken face. Something had happened. We don't know what the fortune-teller said[,] but he obviously was deeply unhappy. I think that was probably the last time we saw him before we heard of his suicide.

【最终版】有人认为，图灵对算命的信仰可能造成了他抑郁的情绪。年轻时，图灵曾被一个算命先生告知他将成为一个天才。1954年5月中旬，在他去世前不久，图灵在和格林鲍姆一家去海边的圣安尼斯的一日游中再次决定咨询算命先生。据格林鲍姆的女儿芭芭拉说："但那是一个可爱的晴天，艾伦的心情很愉快，我们就去了......。然后他认为去黑池的欢乐海滩是个好主意。我们找到了一个算命的帐篷，艾伦说他想进去，于是我们在周围等着他回来...... 这张阳光灿烂的脸已经缩成了一张苍白、颤抖、惊恐的脸。发生了一些事情。我们不知道算命先生说了什么，但他显然非常不高兴。我想那可能是我们听说他自杀之前最后一次见到他。

Government apology and pardon政府道歉和赦免

In August 2009, British programmer John Graham-Cumming started a petition urging the British government to apologise for Turing's prosecution as a homosexual. The petition received more than 30,000 signatures.The petition was only open to UK citizens. The Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, acknowledged the petition, releasing a statement on 10 September 2009 apologising and describing the treatment of Turing as "appalling":Thousands of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under the law of the time and we can't put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him ... So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan's work I am very proud to say: we're sorry, you deserved so much better.

【最终版】2009年8月，英国程序员约翰-格雷厄姆-康明发起了一项请愿活动，敦促英国政府为图灵被作为同性恋者起诉而道歉。该请愿书收到了30,000多个签名。该请愿书只对英国公民开放。首相戈登-布朗承认了这一请愿，于2009年9月10日发表了一份声明，对图灵的遭遇表示道歉，并将其描述为 "令人震惊"：成千上万的人聚集在一起，要求为艾伦-图灵讨回公道，并承认他受到的令人震惊的待遇。虽然图灵是根据当时的法律处理的，我们不能让时间倒流，但他的待遇当然是完全不公平的，我很高兴有机会说我和我们都对发生在他身上的事情感到非常抱歉 。因此，我代表英国政府，以及所有那些由于艾伦的工作而自由生活的人，非常自豪地说：我们很抱歉，你应该得到更好的。

In December 2011, William Jones and his Member of Parliament, John Leech, created an e-petition requesting that the British government pardon Turing for his conviction of "gross indecency":

We ask the HM Government to grant a pardon to Alan Turing for the conviction of "gross indecency". In 1952, he was convicted of "gross indecency" with another man and was forced to undergo so-called "organo-therapy"—chemical castration. Two years later, he killed himself with cyanide, aged just 41. Alan Turing was driven to a terrible despair and early death by the nation he'd done so much to save. This remains a shame on the British government and British history. A pardon can go some way to healing this damage. It may act as an apology to many of the other gay men, not as well-known as Alan Turing, who were subjected to these laws.

【最终版】2011年12月，威廉-琼斯和他的国会议员约翰-利奇创建了一个电子请愿书，要求英国政府赦免图灵的 "严重猥亵 "罪。

我们要求英国政府赦免艾伦-图灵的 "严重猥亵罪"。1952年，他因与另一名男子 "严重猥亵 "而被定罪，并被迫接受所谓的 "器官疗法"--化学阉割。两年后，他用氰化物自杀，年仅41岁。艾伦-图灵被他所做的大量工作所拯救的国家逼迫到了可怕的绝望和早逝。这仍然是英国政府和英国历史上的一个耻辱。赦免可以在一定程度上弥合这种伤害。它可以作为对许多其他同性恋者的道歉，这些人并不像艾伦-图灵那样出名，他们受到了这些法律的制裁。

The petition gathered over 37,000 signatures, and was submitted to Parliament by the Manchester MP John Leech but the request was discouraged by Justice Minister Lord McNally, who said:

A posthumous pardon was not considered appropriate as Alan Turing was properly convicted of what at the time was a criminal offence. He would have known that his offence was against the law and that he would be prosecuted. It is tragic that Alan Turing was convicted of an offence that now seems both cruel and absurd—particularly poignant given his outstanding contribution to the war effort. However, the law at the time required a prosecution and, as such, long-standing policy has been to accept that such convictions took place and, rather than trying to alter the historical context and to put right what cannot be put right, ensure instead that we never again return to those times.

【最终版】该请愿书收集了37,000多个签名，并由曼彻斯特议员约翰-利奇提交给议会，但该请求被司法部长麦克纳利勋爵劝阻，他说：

死后赦免被认为是不合适的，因为艾伦-图灵被正确地判定为当时的刑事犯罪。他应该知道他的罪行是违反法律的，他将被起诉。艾伦-图灵因一项现在看来既残酷又荒谬的罪行而被定罪，这是很可悲的，鉴于他对战争的杰出贡献，这一点尤其令人感慨。然而，当时的法律要求进行起诉，因此，长期以来的政策是接受这种定罪的发生，而不是试图改变历史背景和纠正不能纠正的事情，而是确保我们永远不会再回到那个时代。

John Leech, the MP for Manchester Withington (2005–15), submitted several bills to Parliament and led a high-profile campaign to secure the pardon. Leech made the case in the House of Commons that Turing's contribution to the war made him a national hero and that it was "ultimately just embarrassing" that the conviction still stood. Leech continued to take the bill through Parliament and campaigned for several years, gaining the public support of numerous leading scientists, including Stephen Hawking. At the British premiere of a film based on Turing's life, The Imitation Game, the producers thanked Leech for bringing the topic to public attention and securing Turing's pardon. Leech is now regularly described as the "architect" of Turing's pardon and subsequently the Alan Turing Law which went on to secure pardons for 75,000 other men and women convicted of similar crimes.

【最终版】曼彻斯特威辛顿的议员约翰-李奇（2005-15）向议会提交了几项法案，并领导了一场高调的运动以确保赦免。李奇在下议院提出的理由是，图灵对战争的贡献使他成为民族英雄，而定罪仍然有效 "最终只是令人尴尬"。李奇继续在议会中提出该法案，并进行了数年的宣传，获得了包括霍金在内的众多知名科学家的公开支持。在根据图灵生平改编的电影《模仿游戏》的英国首映式上，制片人感谢利奇让公众关注这个话题并确保图灵的赦免。现在，利奇经常被描述为图灵赦免的 "设计师"，随后，《艾伦-图灵法》又为其他75000名被判犯有类似罪行的男子和妇女争取到了赦免。

On 26 July 2012, a bill was introduced in the House of Lords to grant a statutory pardon to Turing for offences under section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, of which he was convicted on 31 March 1952. Late in the year in a letter to The Daily Telegraph, the physicist Stephen Hawking and 10 other signatories including the Astronomer Royal Lord Rees, President of the Royal Society Sir Paul Nurse, Lady Trumpington (who worked for Turing during the war) and Lord Sharkey (the bill's sponsor) called on Prime Minister David Cameron to act on the pardon request. Pearse, Damian, "Alan Turing should be pardoned, argue Stephen Hawking and top scientists" , The Guardian, 13 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012. The government indicated it would support the bill, and it passed its third reading in the House of Lords in October.

【最终版】2012年7月26日，上议院提出一项法案，对图灵在1885年《刑法修正案》第11条下的罪行给予法定赦免，他在1952年3月31日被定罪。当年年底，物理学家斯蒂芬-霍金和其他10位签名者，包括皇家天文学家里斯勋爵、皇家学会主席保罗-诺斯爵士、特朗平顿夫人（在战争期间为图灵工作）和沙基勋爵（该法案的发起人）在给《每日电讯报》的一封信中呼吁首相大卫-卡梅伦对赦免请求采取行动。皮尔斯，达米安，“斯蒂芬·霍金和顶尖科学家认为阿兰·图灵应该被赦免”，《卫报》，2012年12月13日。2012年12月15日检索。政府表示将支持该法案，该法案于10月在上议院通过了三读。

At the bill's second reading in the House of Commons on 29 November 2013, Conservative MP Christopher Chope objected to the bill, delaying its passage. The bill was due to return to the House of Commons on 28 February 2014, but before the bill could be debated in the House of Commons, the government elected to proceed under the royal prerogative of mercy. On 24 December 2013, Queen Elizabeth II signed a pardon for Turing's conviction for "gross indecency", with immediate effect. Announcing the pardon, Lord Chancellor Chris Grayling said Turing deserved to be "remembered and recognised for his fantastic contribution to the war effort" and not for his later criminal conviction. The Queen officially pronounced Turing pardoned in August 2014. The Queen's action is only the fourth royal pardon granted since the conclusion of the Second World War. Pardoned: Alan Turing, Computing patriarch. Time Magazine, vol. 183, no. 1, 13 January 2014, p. 14. Retrieved 6 January 2014. Pardons are normally granted only when the person is technically innocent, and a request has been made by the family or other interested party; neither condition was met in regard to Turing's conviction.

【最终版】在2013年11月29日该法案在下议院的二读中，保守党议员克里斯托弗-乔普反对该法案，推迟了法案的通过。该法案原定于2014年2月28日回到下议院，但在下议院对该法案进行辩论之前，政府选择根据皇家赦免权进行。2013年12月24日，英国女王伊丽莎白二世签署了对图灵的 "严重猥亵罪 "的赦免令，并立即生效。大法官克里斯-格雷林在宣布赦免时说，图灵应该被 "记住并承认他对战争努力的神奇贡献"，而不是因为他后来的刑事定罪。女王在2014年8月正式宣布图灵被赦免。女王的行动是自第二次世界大战结束以来的第四次皇家赦免。被赦免者：艾伦-图灵，计算机界的元老。《时代杂志》，第183卷，第1期，2014年1月13日，第14页。检索到2014年1月6日。赦免通常只在当事人在技术上是无罪的，并且由家属或其他相关方提出请求的情况下才会被批准；就图灵的定罪而言，这两个条件都没有满足。

In September 2016, the government announced its intention to expand this retroactive exoneration to other men convicted of similar historical indecency offences, in what was described as an "Alan Turing law". The Alan Turing law is now an informal term for the law in the United Kingdom, contained in the Policing and Crime Act 2017, which serves as an amnesty law to retroactively pardon men who were cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts. The law applies in England and Wales.

【最终版】2016年9月，政府宣布打算将这种追溯性赦免扩大到其他被判犯有类似历史猥亵罪的男子，被称为 "艾伦-图灵法"。艾伦-图灵法现在是英国法律的一个非正式术语，载于《2017年治安和犯罪法》，作为一项大赦法，追溯性地赦免那些根据历史上禁止同性恋行为的立法而被警告或定罪的男子。该法律适用于英格兰和威尔士。

Legacy遗产

Main article: Legacy of Alan Turing

See also: List of things named after Alan Turing

Awards, honours, and tributes奖励、荣誉和贡品

文件:Alan Turing Building 1.jpg

The Alan Turing Building at the University of Manchester in 2008

Turing was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1946. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1951.

【最终版】图灵在1946年被任命为大英帝国勋章的官员。1951年，他还被选为英国皇家学会会员（FRS）。

Turing has been honoured in various ways in Manchester, the city where he worked towards the end of his life. In 1994, a stretch of the A6010 road (the Manchester city intermediate ring road) was named "Alan Turing Way". A bridge carrying this road was widened, and carries the name Alan Turing Bridge. A statue of Turing was unveiled in Manchester on 23 June 2001 in Sackville Park, between the University of Manchester building on Whitworth Street and Canal Street. The memorial statue depicts the "father of computer science" sitting on a bench at a central position in the park. Turing is shown holding an apple. The cast bronze bench carries in relief the text 'Alan Mathison Turing 1912–1954', and the motto 'Founder of Computer Science' as it could appear if encoded by an Enigma machine: 'IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'. However, the meaning of the coded message is disputed, as the 'u' in 'computer' matches up with the 'u' in 'ADXUO'. As a letter encoded by an enigma machine cannot appear as itself, the actual message behind the code is uncertain.

文件:Sackville Park Turing plaque.jpg

Turing memorial statue plaque in Sackville Park, Manchester

A plaque at the statue's feet reads 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'. There is also a Bertrand Russell quotation: "Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty—a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture." The sculptor buried his own old Amstrad computer under the plinth as a tribute to "the godfather of all modern computers".

【最终版】图灵在曼彻斯特以各种方式获得了荣誉，曼彻斯特是他生命末期工作的城市。1994年，A6010公路（曼彻斯特市中间的环形公路）的一段被命名为 "艾伦-图灵路"。承载这条道路的一座桥被拓宽，并被命名为艾伦-图灵桥。2001年6月23日，一座图灵的雕像在曼彻斯特的萨克维尔公园揭幕，位于惠特沃斯街的曼彻斯特大学大楼和运河街之间。纪念雕像描绘了这位 "计算机科学之父 "坐在公园中心位置的长椅上。图灵手持一个苹果。铸铜长椅上有 "艾伦-麦吉森-图灵1912-1954 "的浮雕文字，以及 "计算机科学的创始人 "的座右铭，如果用英尼码机器进行编码，它可能会出现："IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ"。然而，该密码信息的含义有争议，因为 "计算机 "中的 "u "与 "ADXUO "中的 "u "一致。由于由英格玛机器编码的字母不能以其本身的形式出现，密码背后的实际信息是不确定的。

雕像脚下的牌匾上写着 "计算机科学之父，数学家，逻辑学家，战时破译密码者，偏见的受害者"。这里还有一段伯特兰-罗素的名言。"正确看待数学，它不仅拥有真理，而且拥有至高无上的美--一种冷峻的美，就像雕塑的美。雕塑家将他自己的老式Amstrad电脑埋在基座下，作为对 "所有现代电脑的教父 "的致敬。

In 1999, Time magazine named Turing as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century and stated, "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine."A blue plaque was unveiled at King's College on the centenary of his birth on 23 June 2012 and is now installed at the college's Keynes Building on King's Parade.On 25 March 2021, the Bank of England publicly unveiled the design for a new £50 note, featuring Turing's portrait, before its official issue on 23 June, Turing's birthday. Turing was selected as the new face of the note in 2019 following a public nomination process.

【最终版】1999年，《时代》杂志将图灵评为20世纪100位最重要的人物之一，并指出："事实是，每个敲击键盘、打开电子表格或文字处理程序的人，都在为图灵机的化身工作。 "2021年3月25日，英格兰银行在6月23日图灵生日正式发行前，公开发布了新的50英镑纸币的设计，其中包括图灵的肖像。经过公开提名，图灵于2019年被选为新的纸币形象。

Centenary celebrations纪念庆祝活动

Main article: Alan Turing Year

To mark the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee (TCAC) co-ordinated the Alan Turing Year, a year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements. The TCAC, chaired by S. Barry Cooper with Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as Honorary President, worked with the University of Manchester faculty members and a broad spectrum of people from Cambridge University and Bletchley Park.

【最终版】为了纪念图灵诞辰100周年，图灵百年纪念咨询委员会（TCAC）协调了艾伦-图灵年，这是一项为期一年的活动，在世界各地纪念图灵的生活和成就。TCAC由S. Barry Cooper担任主席，图灵的侄子John Dermot Turing爵士担任名誉主席，与曼彻斯特大学的教职员工以及来自剑桥大学和布莱切利公园的广泛人士合作。

Steel sculpture controversy钢雕塑争议

In May 2020 it was reported by Gay Star News that a 模板:Convert high steel sculpture, to honour Turing, designed by Sir Antony Gormley, was planned to be installed at King's College, Cambridge. Historic England, however, was quoted as saying that the abstract work of 19 steel slabs "... would be at odds with the existing character of the College. This would result in harm, of a less than substantial nature, to the significance of the listed buildings and landscape, and by extension the conservation area."

【最终版】2020年5月，Gay Star News报道说，由Antony Gormley爵士设计的纪念图灵的模板：转换高的钢制雕塑，计划安装在剑桥大学国王学院。然而，英国历史学会（Historic England）被引述说，这个由19块钢板组成的抽象作品"......将与学院现有的特征相抵触。这将导致对上市建筑和景观的重要性，以及延伸到保护区域的损害，其性质不大。

Sources其他资源

• Bruderer, Herbert: Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, XXVI, 224 Seiten,
• • in
• Petzold, Charles (2008). "The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine". Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing.
• Smith, Roger (1997). Fontana History of the Human Sciences. London: Fontana.
• Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). Computer Power and Human Reason. London: W.H. Freeman.
• and
• Turing's mother, who survived him by many years, wrote this 157-page biography of her son, glorifying his life. It was published in 1959, and so could not cover his war work. Scarcely 300 copies were sold (Sara Turing to Lyn Newman, 1967, Library of St John's College, Cambridge). The six-page foreword by Lyn Irvine includes reminiscences and is more frequently quoted. It was re-published by Cambridge University Press in 2012, to honour the centenary of his birth, and included a new foreword by Martin Davis, as well as a never-before-published memoir by Turing's older brother John F. Turing.
• This 1986 Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, Derek Jacobi played Turing and he recreated the role in a 1997 television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and WGBH, Boston. The play is published by Amber Lane Press, Oxford, ASIN: B000B7TM0Q
• Williams, Michael R. (1985) A History of Computing Technology, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,

• Bruderer, Herbert: Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz.Wer hat den Computer erfunden?Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, XXVI, 224 Seiten,

• in

• Petzold, Charles (2008).“带注释的图灵: 阿兰 · 图灵关于可计算性和图灵机的历史性论文的导游”。印第安纳波利斯: 威利出版社。
• 史密斯，罗杰(1997)。丰塔纳人文科学史。伦敦: 丰塔纳。

• Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976).计算机能力与人类理性。伦敦: w.h。弗里曼。
• 和
• 图灵的母亲，比他活了许多年，写了这本157页的儿子传记，歌颂了他的一生。这本书出版于1959年，因此无法报道他的战争作品。销售量不到300本(莎拉 · 图灵给林恩 · 纽曼，1967年，剑桥大学圣约翰学院图书馆)。林恩•欧文的前言长达六页，其中包括回忆录，引用频率也更高。2012年，为了纪念图灵的百年诞辰，剑桥大学出版社重新出版了这本书，其中包括马丁 · 戴维斯(Martin Davis)的新前言，以及图灵的哥哥约翰 · f · 图灵(John f. Turing)从未出版过的回忆录。这部1986年的休 · 怀特摩尔的戏剧讲述了图灵的生与死的故事。在最初的伦敦西区和百老汇演出中，德里克 · 雅各比扮演了图灵，并在1997年的一部电视电影中再现了这个角色，该电影是根据 BBC 和波士顿 WGBH 联合制作的。该剧由 Amber Lane Press 出版，牛津，ASIN: B000B7TM0Q
• Williams，Michael r. (1985) a History of Computing Technology，恩格尔伍德克利夫斯，新泽西: Prentice-Hall，

Further reading扩展阅读

Articles其他文章

• Turing, Alan (1950). "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (PDF). Mind. 49 (236): 433–460. doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433.
• Copeland, B. Jack (ed.). "The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others". The Rutherford Journal.
• Copeland, B. Jack (ed.). "Alan Turing: Father of the Modern Computer". The Rutherford Journal.
• 模板:Cite encyclopaedia
• 模板:Cite ODNB
• Gray, Paul (29 March 1999). "Computer Scientist: Alan Turing". Time. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007.

Books其他书籍

• Bernhardt, Chris (2017), Turing's Vision: The Birth of Computer Science, MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-53351-5
• Copeland, B. Jack; Bowen, Jonathan P.; Wilson, Robin; Sprevak, Mark (2017). The Turing Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874783-3. 
• Dyson, George (2012). Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe. Vintage. ISBN 978-1-4000-7599-7. 
• Gleick, James (2011). The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-375-42372-7. 
• Hodges, Andrew (2014). Alan Turing: The Enigma. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16472-4.  (originally published in 1983); basis of the film The Imitation Game
• Turing, Sara (2012). Alan M. Turing. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02058-0.  (originally published in 1959 by W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd)

• (originally published in 1983); basis of the film The Imitation Game
• (originally published in 1959 by W. Heffer & Sons, Lt
• (最初出版于1983年)电影《模仿游戏基本原理

• (最初出版于1959年 w. Heffer & Sons，Ltd)

External links额外连接

• Oral history interview with Nicholas C. Metropolis, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Metropolis was the first director of computing services at Los Alamos National Laboratory; topics include the relationship between Turing and John von Neumann
• How Alan Turing Cracked The Enigma Code Imperial War Museums
• Alan Turing RKBExplorer
• Alan Turing Year
• CiE 2012: Turing Centenary Conference
• Science in the Making Alan Turing's papers in the Royal Society's archives
• Alan Turing site maintained by Andrew Hodges including a short biography
• AlanTuring.net – Turing Archive for the History of Computing by Jack Copeland
• The Turing Archive – contains scans of some unpublished documents and material from the King's College, Cambridge archive
• Alan Turing Papers – University of Manchester Library, Manchester
• Jones, G. James (11 December 2001). "Alan Turing – Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1". System Toolbox. The Binary Freedom Project. Archived from the original on 3 August 2007.
• Sherborne School Archives – holds papers relating to Turing's time at Sherborne School
• Alan Turing plaques recorded on openplaques.org
• Alan Turing archive on New Scientist
• 模板:Find a Grave

• Oral history interview with Nicholas C. Metropolis, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Metropolis was the first director of computing services at Los Alamos National Laboratory; topics include the relationship between Turing and John von Neumann
• How Alan Turing Cracked The Enigma Code Imperial War Museums
• Alan Turing RKBExplorer
• Alan Turing Year
• CiE 2012: Turing Centenary Conference
• Science in the Making Alan Turing's papers in the Royal Society's archives
• Alan Turing site maintained by Andrew Hodges including a short biography
• AlanTuring.net – Turing Archive for the History of Computing by Jack Copeland
• The Turing Archive – contains scans of some unpublished documents and material from the King's College, Cambridge archive
• Alan Turing Papers – University of Manchester Library, Manchester
• Sherborne School Archives – holds papers relating to Turing's time at Sherborne School
• Alan Turing plaques recorded on openplaques.org
• Alan Turing archive on New Scientist

明尼苏达大学，Charles Babbage Institute，Nicholas c. Metropolis 口述历史专访。大都会是洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室计算机服务部门的第一任主管;图灵百年图灵会议2012年图灵百年会议图灵百年会议约翰·冯·诺伊曼图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议2012年图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议2012年图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议图灵会议,剑桥档案馆

• Alan Turing Papers-曼彻斯特大学图书馆，曼彻斯特
• 谢伯恩学校档案馆
• 谢伯恩学校档案馆---- 保存有关图灵时代的论文
• Alan Turing plaques recorded on openplains.org
• Alan Turing archive on New Scientist

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类别: 1912年出生类别: 1954年死亡类别: 1954年自杀类别: 20世纪数学家类别: 20世纪无神论者类别: 20世纪英国科学家类别: 20世纪英国哲学家类别: 曼彻斯特大学学者类别: 曼彻斯特大学科学与技术研究所学者类别: 国王学院校友,剑桥分类: 人工智能研究人员分类: 贝叶斯统计学家分类: Bletchley Park 人分类: 英国反法西斯分类: 英国密码学家分类: 二战英国人分类: 可计算性理论家分类: 计算机设计师分类: 英国无神论者分类: 英国计算机科学家分类: 英国发明家分类: 英国逻辑学家分类: 英国男长跑运动员分类: 英国数学家分类: 英国爱尔兰后裔分类: 苏格兰后裔分类: 英国国王学院研究员,剑桥大学类别: 英国皇家学会类别: 前新教徒类别: 第二次世界大战外交部人员类别: 同性恋学者类别: 同性恋运动员类别: 英国政府通信总部人员类别: 人工智能类别: 计算机史在英国类别: LGBT 相关自杀类别: LGBT 数学家类别: 英国 LGBT 运动员类别: 英国 LGBT 运动员类别: 大英帝国秩序类别: 人在谢伯恩学校受过教育类别: 来自梅达维尔的人类别: 来自威姆斯洛的人类别: 根据反同性恋法被起诉的人类别: 死后得到赦免的人类别: 普林斯顿大学的校友类别: 英国皇家赦免的接受者类别: 氰化物中毒类别: 英国的自杀类别: 理论计算机科学家类别: 中毒死亡类别: 同性恋哲学家This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Alan Turing. Its edit history can be viewed at 艾伦·图灵/edithistory