更改

添加1,889字节 、 2020年8月9日 (日) 23:03
无编辑摘要
第19行: 第19行:  
A social network  is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. The study of these structures uses social network analysis to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics.
 
A social network  is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. The study of these structures uses social network analysis to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics.
   −
社会网络是一种社会结构,由一组社会行为者(如个人或组织)、一组二元关系以及行为者之间的其他社会互动组成。社会网络视角为分析整个社会实体的结构提供了一套方法,也为解释这些结构中所观察到的模式提供了各种理论。这些结构的研究使用社会网络分析,以确定本地和全球模式,定位有影响力的实体,并审查网络动态。
+
'''<font color="#FFD700">社会网络 Social Network</font>'''是一种由一组社会行为者(个人或组织)、一组二元关系以及行为者之间的其他社会互动组成的社会结构。社会网络视角为分析整个社会实体的结构提供了一套方法,也为解释在这些结构中观察到的模式提供了各种理论。对这些结构的研究使用'''<font color="#FFD700">社会网络分析 Social Network Analysis</font>'''以确定本地及全球模式,定位有影响力的实体,并审查网络动态。
      第29行: 第29行:  
Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently interdisciplinary academic field which emerged from social psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph theory. Georg Simmel authored early structural theories in sociology emphasizing the dynamics of triads and "web of group affiliations". Jacob Moreno is credited with developing the first sociograms in the 1930s to study interpersonal relationships. These approaches were mathematically formalized in the 1950s and theories and methods of social networks became pervasive in the social and behavioral sciences by the 1980s. Social network analysis is now one of the major paradigms in contemporary sociology, and is also employed in a number of other social and formal sciences. Together with other complex networks, it forms part of the nascent field of network science.
 
Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently interdisciplinary academic field which emerged from social psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph theory. Georg Simmel authored early structural theories in sociology emphasizing the dynamics of triads and "web of group affiliations". Jacob Moreno is credited with developing the first sociograms in the 1930s to study interpersonal relationships. These approaches were mathematically formalized in the 1950s and theories and methods of social networks became pervasive in the social and behavioral sciences by the 1980s. Social network analysis is now one of the major paradigms in contemporary sociology, and is also employed in a number of other social and formal sciences. Together with other complex networks, it forms part of the nascent field of network science.
   −
社会网络及其分析是社会心理学、社会学、统计学和图论中内在的跨学科学术领域。格奥尔格 · 西梅尔(Georg Simmel)是早期社会学结构主义理论的作者,他强调三合会和“群体关系网”的动态性。雅各布 · 莫雷诺被认为是在20世纪30年代发展了第一个研究人际关系的社会学家。这些方法在20世纪50年代被数学化,到20世纪80年代,社会网络的理论和方法在社会和行为科学中变得普遍。社会网络分析现在是当代社会学的主要范式之一,也被用于许多其他社会科学和正规科学。与其他复杂网络一起,它构成了新兴网络科学领域的一部分。
+
社会网络及其分析是社会心理学、社会学、统计学和图论中内在的跨学科学术领域。'''格奥尔格·西梅尔 Georg Simmel'''是早期社会学结构主义理论的作者,他强调三合会和“群体关系网”的动态性。'''雅各布·莫雷诺 Jacob Moreno'''被认为是在20世纪30年代发展了第一份'''<font color="#FFD700">社交关系图 Sociogram</font>'''以研究人际关系的人。这些方法在20世纪50年代得到数学化,到20世纪80年代,社会网络的理论和方法在社会和行为科学中变得普遍。社会网络分析现在是当代社会学的主要范式之一,也被用于许多其他社会科学及形式科学。它与其他复杂网络一起构成了网络科学新兴领域的一部分。
      第35行: 第35行:       −
==Overview==
+
==Overview 概览==
   −
==Overview==
  −
  −
概览
      
[[File:Barabasi Albert model.gif|thumb|left|Evolution graph of a social network: [[Barabási–Albert model|Barabási model]].]]
 
[[File:Barabasi Albert model.gif|thumb|left|Evolution graph of a social network: [[Barabási–Albert model|Barabási model]].]]
第47行: 第44行:  
Barabási model.]]
 
Barabási model.]]
   −
 
+
一个社会网络的演化图:巴拉巴西模型。
      第55行: 第52行:  
The social network is a theoretical construct useful in the social sciences to study relationships between individuals, groups, organizations, or even entire societies (social units, see differentiation). The term is used to describe a social structure determined by such interactions. The ties through which any given social unit connects represent the convergence of the various social contacts of that unit. This theoretical approach is, necessarily, relational.  An axiom of the social network approach to understanding social interaction is that social phenomena should be primarily conceived and investigated through the properties of relations between and within units, instead of the properties of these units themselves. Thus, one common criticism of social network theory is that individual agency is often ignored although this may not be the case in practice (see agent-based modeling). Precisely because many different types of relations, singular or in combination, form these network configurations, network analytics are useful to a broad range of research enterprises. In social science, these fields of study include, but are not limited to anthropology, biology, communication studies, economics, geography, information science, organizational studies, social psychology, sociology, and sociolinguistics.
 
The social network is a theoretical construct useful in the social sciences to study relationships between individuals, groups, organizations, or even entire societies (social units, see differentiation). The term is used to describe a social structure determined by such interactions. The ties through which any given social unit connects represent the convergence of the various social contacts of that unit. This theoretical approach is, necessarily, relational.  An axiom of the social network approach to understanding social interaction is that social phenomena should be primarily conceived and investigated through the properties of relations between and within units, instead of the properties of these units themselves. Thus, one common criticism of social network theory is that individual agency is often ignored although this may not be the case in practice (see agent-based modeling). Precisely because many different types of relations, singular or in combination, form these network configurations, network analytics are useful to a broad range of research enterprises. In social science, these fields of study include, but are not limited to anthropology, biology, communication studies, economics, geography, information science, organizational studies, social psychology, sociology, and sociolinguistics.
   −
社会网络是社会科学中研究个人、团体、组织甚至整个社会(社会单位,见分化)之间关系的理论构造。这个术语用来描述由这种相互作用决定的社会结构。任何一个特定的社会单元之间的联系都代表着这个单元各种社会联系的汇聚。这种理论方法必然是相关的。理解社会互动的社会网络方法的一个公理是,社会现象应该主要通过单元之间和单元内部关系的性质来构思和研究,而不是这些单元本身的性质。因此,对社会网络理论的一个常见批评是,个体代理常常被忽视,尽管在实践中可能并非如此(见基于代理的建模)。正是因为许多不同类型的关系,单独或组合,形成这些网络配置,网络分析是有用的广泛的研究企业。在社会科学中,这些研究领域包括但不限于人类学、生物学、传播学、经济学、地理学、信息科学、组织学、社会心理学、社会学和社会语言学。
+
社会网络是社会科学中研究个人、团体、组织甚至整个社会(社会单位,见分化)之间关系的理论构造。这个术语用来描述由这种相互作用决定的社会结构。任何一个特定的社会单元之间的联系都代表着这个单元各种社会联系的聚合。这种理论方法必然是相关的。理解社会互动的社会网络方法的一个公理是,社会现象应该主要通过单元之间和单元内部关系的性质来构思和研究,而不是这些单元本身的性质。因此,社会网络理论总被诟病的一点是其常忽视个体代理,而实践中可能并非如此(见基于主体的建模)。正是因为许多不同类型的关系(单独或组合形式)形成这些网络配置,网络分析在广泛的研究中有用。在社会科学中,这些研究领域包括但不限于'''<font color="#FFD700">人类学 Anthropology</font>'''、生物学、'''<font color="#FFD700">传播学 Communication Studies</font>'''、经济学、地理学、信息科学、组织学、社会心理学、社会学和'''<font color="#FFD700">社会语言学 Sociolinguistics</font>''。
      第61行: 第58行:       −
==History==
+
==History 历史==
   −
==History==
     −
历史
      
In the late 1890s, both [[Émile Durkheim]] and [[Ferdinand Tönnies]] foreshadowed the idea of social networks in their theories and research of [[social group]]s. Tönnies argued that social groups can exist as personal and direct social ties that either link individuals who share values and belief (''[[Gemeinschaft]]'', German, commonly translated as "[[community]]") or impersonal, formal, and instrumental social links (''[[Gesellschaft]]'', German, commonly translated as "[[society]]").<ref>Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft'', Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. (Translated, 1957 by Charles Price Loomis as ''Community and Society'', East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.)</ref> Durkheim gave a non-individualistic explanation of social facts, arguing that social phenomena arise when interacting individuals constitute a reality that can no longer be accounted for in terms of the properties of individual actors.<ref>Durkheim, Emile (1893). ''De la division du travail social: étude sur l'organisation des sociétés supérieures'', Paris: F. Alcan. (Translated, 1964, by Lewis A. Coser as ''The Division of Labor in Society'', New York: Free Press.)</ref> [[Georg Simmel]], writing at the turn of the twentieth century, pointed to the nature of networks and the effect of network size on interaction and examined the likelihood of interaction in loosely knit networks rather than groups.<ref>Simmel, Georg (1908). ''Soziologie'', Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.</ref>
 
In the late 1890s, both [[Émile Durkheim]] and [[Ferdinand Tönnies]] foreshadowed the idea of social networks in their theories and research of [[social group]]s. Tönnies argued that social groups can exist as personal and direct social ties that either link individuals who share values and belief (''[[Gemeinschaft]]'', German, commonly translated as "[[community]]") or impersonal, formal, and instrumental social links (''[[Gesellschaft]]'', German, commonly translated as "[[society]]").<ref>Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). ''Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft'', Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. (Translated, 1957 by Charles Price Loomis as ''Community and Society'', East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.)</ref> Durkheim gave a non-individualistic explanation of social facts, arguing that social phenomena arise when interacting individuals constitute a reality that can no longer be accounted for in terms of the properties of individual actors.<ref>Durkheim, Emile (1893). ''De la division du travail social: étude sur l'organisation des sociétés supérieures'', Paris: F. Alcan. (Translated, 1964, by Lewis A. Coser as ''The Division of Labor in Society'', New York: Free Press.)</ref> [[Georg Simmel]], writing at the turn of the twentieth century, pointed to the nature of networks and the effect of network size on interaction and examined the likelihood of interaction in loosely knit networks rather than groups.<ref>Simmel, Georg (1908). ''Soziologie'', Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.</ref>
第71行: 第66行:  
In the late 1890s, both Émile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tönnies foreshadowed the idea of social networks in their theories and research of social groups. Tönnies argued that social groups can exist as personal and direct social ties that either link individuals who share values and belief (Gemeinschaft, German, commonly translated as "community") or impersonal, formal, and instrumental social links (Gesellschaft, German, commonly translated as "society"). Durkheim gave a non-individualistic explanation of social facts, arguing that social phenomena arise when interacting individuals constitute a reality that can no longer be accounted for in terms of the properties of individual actors. Georg Simmel, writing at the turn of the twentieth century, pointed to the nature of networks and the effect of network size on interaction and examined the likelihood of interaction in loosely knit networks rather than groups.
 
In the late 1890s, both Émile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tönnies foreshadowed the idea of social networks in their theories and research of social groups. Tönnies argued that social groups can exist as personal and direct social ties that either link individuals who share values and belief (Gemeinschaft, German, commonly translated as "community") or impersonal, formal, and instrumental social links (Gesellschaft, German, commonly translated as "society"). Durkheim gave a non-individualistic explanation of social facts, arguing that social phenomena arise when interacting individuals constitute a reality that can no longer be accounted for in terms of the properties of individual actors. Georg Simmel, writing at the turn of the twentieth century, pointed to the nature of networks and the effect of network size on interaction and examined the likelihood of interaction in loosely knit networks rather than groups.
   −
在19世纪90年代晚期,迪尔凯姆和斐迪南·滕尼斯在他们关于社会群体的理论和研究中都预示了社会网络的概念。尼斯认为,社会群体可以作为个人和直接的社会关系存在,这种关系或者将具有共同价值观和信仰的个人联系在一起(德语 Gemeinschaft,通常翻译为“社区”) ,或者将非个人的、正式的和工具性的社会关系(德语 Gesellschaft,通常翻译为“社会”)。涂尔干对社会事实作了非个人主义的解释,认为当相互作用的个体构成一种现实时,社会现象就产生了,而这种现实再也不能用个体行为者的特性来解释。乔治 · 西梅尔在20世纪之交的著作中指出了网络的本质和网络规模对互动的影响,并研究了在松散的网络而不是群体中互动的可能性。
+
在19世纪90年代晚期,'''迪尔凯姆 Émile Durkheim'''和'''斐迪南·滕尼斯 Ferdinand Tönnies'''在他们关于社会群体的理论和研究中都预示了社会网络的概念。尼斯认为,社会群体可以作为个人和直接的社会关系存在,这种关系或者将具有共同价值观和信仰的个人联系在一起(德语 Gemeinschaft,通常翻译为“社区”),或者将非个人的、正式的和工具性的社会关系(德语 Gesellschaft,通常翻译为“社会”)。涂尔干对社会事实作了非个人主义的解释,认为当相互作用的个体构成一种现实时,社会现象就产生了,而这种现实再也不能用个体行为者的特性来解释。乔治 · 西梅尔在20世纪之交的著作中指出了网络的本质和网络规模对互动的影响,并研究了在松散的网络而不是群体中互动的可能性。
      第988行: 第983行:        +
==编者推荐==
 +
集智俱乐部:[https://swarma.org/?p=18646 社会网络分析的四个维度:研究方法、应用和软件工具综述 | 网络科学论文速递25篇]
   −
 
+
[http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.09485 The Four Dimensions of Social Network Analysis: An Overview of Research Methods, Applications, and Software Tools]:近年来,基于社交网络的应用呈指数级增长,其中一个方面的原因是,这个应用领域提供了一个特别肥沃的地方,可以测试和开发最先进的计算技术,从 Web  中提取有价值的信息。这项工作的主要贡献有三个方面:(1) 我们对社会网络分析 (SNA) 的最新发展水平进行了文献综述;(2) 我们提出了一套基于 SNA  四个基本特征(或维度)的新度量标准;(3) 最后,我们对一套流行的 SNA  工具和框架进行了定量分析。我们还进行了一项科学计量学研究,以检测该领域中最活跃的研究领域和应用领域。本工作提出了四个不同维度的定义,即(a)模式、(b)知识发现、(c)信息融合、(d)集成、可伸缩性和可视化,用于定义一组新的度量(称为度),以评估 SNA 的不同软件工具和框架(根据之前的度量对一组 20 个 SNA-软件工具进行分析和排序)。这些维度连同定义的程度,可以评价和衡量社会网络技术的成熟度,寻求对它们的定量评估,从而揭示这一活跃领域的挑战和未来发展趋势。
 
       
52

个编辑