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- …|author1= Schenk, Eric |author2= Guittard, Claude | date= 1 January 2009 |access-date= 1 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite book |chapter-url=http:// …is not necessarily an "[[online]]" activity; it existed before [[Internet access]] became a household commodity.<ref name = wired2006>{{cite news | url = ht247 KB(27,473个字) - 2022年1月15日 (六) 12:01
- [[File:OpenSystemRepresentation.svg|thumb|252px|''Open [[system|systems]]'' have input and output flows, representing exchanges of …exchanges neither energy, matter, nor information with its environment. An open system is also known as a flow system.17 KB(1,787个字) - 2021年12月1日 (三) 11:22
- …enterprise as a large and complex system or [[system of systems]].<ref>The Open Group (2008) ''TOGAF Version 9''. Van Haren Publishing, 1 nov. 2008.p. 73</ …ards the enterprise as a large and complex system or system of systems.The Open Group (2008) TOGAF Version 9. Van Haren Publishing, 1 nov. 2008.p. 73 To ma80 KB(8,357个字) - 2022年6月29日 (三) 14:29
- …ntelligence III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUxv25JFTkkC&pg=PA63|access-date=11 June 2013|date=25 July 2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-19967 …ssue=1|pages=5–31|doi=10.5399/uo/hsda.6.1.2|issn=2158-3846|doi-access=free|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101022431/h245 KB(27,545个字) - 2021年7月20日 (二) 17:39
- …nion to C. S. Peirce |publisher=Mats Bergman, Sami Paavola & João Queiroz |access-date=2014-08-24}}</ref>}} …y |date=Nov–Dec 2017 |work=Technology Review |issue=6 |volume=120 |page=8 |access-date=6 November 2018 }}</ref>}}234 KB(31,718个字) - 2021年12月1日 (三) 11:05
- …opular definition is that [[organism]]s are [[Open system (thermodynamics)|open systems]] that maintain [[homeostasis]], are composed of [[Cell (biology)|c …rding the definition of life. One popular definition is that organisms are open systems that maintain homeostasis, are composed of cells, have a life cycle254 KB(29,754个字) - 2022年6月10日 (五) 18:18
- …rom diffusion MRI to brain connectomics | last = Hagmann | first= Patric | access-date=2014-01-16 | doi = 10.5075/epfl-thesis-3230 | location = Lausanne | pu …rom diffusion MRI to brain connectomics | last = Hagmann | first= Patric | access-date=2014-01-16 | doi = 10.5075/epfl-thesis-3230 | location = Lausanne | pu110 KB(12,597个字) - 2022年4月29日 (五) 16:07
- …IandI/abstract.html|website=oracle.com|publisher=Oracle Java Documentation|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>}} …t-is-agile/|title = What is Agile Software Development?|date = 8 June 2013|access-date = 4 April 2015|publisher = Agile Alliance}}</ref>}}218 KB(30,012个字) - 2021年12月1日 (三) 11:05
- …9/ostrom-facts.html|title=Elinor Ostrom - Facts|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> …examples have existed and still do exist where members of a community with access to a common resource co-operate or regulate to exploit those resources prud115 KB(13,376个字) - 2020年5月12日 (二) 17:21
- …bots|last=Carne|first=Nick|date=March 8, 2019|magazine=[[Cosmos Magazine]]|accessdate=March 8, 2019}}</ref> …the word "robot" and what does it mean?|publisher=The Karel Čapek website|accessdate=2017-02-05}}</ref> The word ''robot'' comes from the Slavic word ''robo213 KB(24,580个字) - 2020年5月7日 (四) 15:02
- …Leadership Computing Facility |publisher=[[Argonne National Laboratory]] |access-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130507051619/https: …/www.top500.org/lists/2018/06/|title=The List: June 2018|publisher=Top 500|access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref>137 KB(15,486个字) - 2022年1月19日 (三) 17:59
- …|url=https://ig.ft.com/sites/person-of-the-year/ |website=Financial Times |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212160517/ …39F93BA35752C1A964958260|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 8, 1992|access-date=February 4, 2008}}</ref> as a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] candidate427 KB(49,934个字) - 2022年6月10日 (五) 19:19
- …chieve a tighter integration between complex networks and data mining, and open lines of research are discussed.'' ''From epjdatascience.springeropen.com''91 KB(7,595个字) - 2020年10月14日 (三) 21:03
- …Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archiv …/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.a109 KB(9,312个字) - 2021年10月28日 (四) 23:30
- …d Compute Information|volume= 332|issue= 6025|pages= 60–65|journal=Science|access-date= 13 April 2016|bibcode= 2011Sci...332...60H|last1= Hilbert|first1= Mar …|issue=2–3 |pages=61–65 |doi=10.1057/s41270-016-0001-3 |issn=2050-3318|doi-access=free}}</ref>大数据分析挑战包括捕获数据、[[数据存储]]、[[108 KB(7,878个字) - 2022年3月21日 (一) 17:58
- …y, called the [[P versus NP problem]], is one of the fundamental [[List of open problems in computer science|unsolved problems in computer science]] today. …the resulting set of problems won't be smaller than NP-complete; it is an open question whether it will be any larger.60 KB(6,964个字) - 2021年12月1日 (三) 11:21
- …= 10.1145/1562164.1562186 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.156.767 | s2cid = 5969255 | access-date = 26 January 2010 | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/2 The problem is considered by many to be the most important open problem in computer science. Aside from being an important problem in compu167 KB(16,900个字) - 2022年3月30日 (三) 15:20
- …[[Agner Krarup Erlang]] when he created models to describe the system of Copenhagen Telephone Exchange company, a Danish company.<ref name="sun" /> The id | access-date = 2009-07-0866 KB(8,007个字) - 2022年6月14日 (二) 17:36
- …-of-humans-961f501908.html |date=14 October 2014 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Science2016">{{cite journal |title=T …first=Robinson |last=Meyer |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |date=16 April 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> This time period coincides with the start of the…207 KB(23,612个字) - 2022年2月11日 (五) 18:06
- …h a particular process contributes.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10850&page=16|title=Understanding Climate Change Feedback …AR4 WGI Chapter 8: Climate Models and their Evaluation|website=www.ipcc.ch|access-date=2010-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409130123/http121 KB(14,442个字) - 2022年1月19日 (三) 17:56