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删除364字节 、 2020年7月16日 (四) 19:41
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This is because a general process for this case may include work being done on the system by its surroundings, which can have frictional or viscous effects inside the system, because a chemical reaction may be in progress, or because heat transfer actually occurs only irreversibly, driven by a finite difference between the system temperature ({{math|''T''}}) and the temperature of the surroundings ({{math|''T''}}<sub>''surr''</sub>).<ref name=":0">Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983), p. 75.</ref><ref name="Munster 45"/> Note that the equality still applies for pure heat flow,<ref name="Schmidt-Rohr 14"> Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2014). "Expansion Work without the External Pressure, and Thermodynamics in Terms of Quasistatic Irreversible Processes" ''J. Chem. Educ.'' '''91''': 402-409.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed3008704 </ref>
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This is because a general process for this case may include work being done on the system by its surroundings, which can have frictional or viscous effects inside the system, because a chemical reaction may be in progress, or because heat transfer actually occurs only irreversibly, driven by a finite difference between the system temperature ({{math|''T''}}) and the temperature of the surroundings ({{math|''T''}}<sub>''surr''</sub>).
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<ref name=":0">Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983), p. 75.</ref><ref name="Munster 45"/>  
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Note that the equality still applies for pure heat flow,
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<ref name="Schmidt-Rohr 14"> Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2014). "Expansion Work without the External Pressure, and Thermodynamics in Terms of Quasistatic Irreversible Processes" ''J. Chem. Educ.'' '''91''': 402-409.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed3008704 </ref>
    
This is because a general process for this case may include work being done on the system by its surroundings, which can have frictional or viscous effects inside the system, because a chemical reaction may be in progress, or because heat transfer actually occurs only irreversibly, driven by a finite difference between the system temperature () and the temperature of the surroundings (<sub>surr</sub>).
 
This is because a general process for this case may include work being done on the system by its surroundings, which can have frictional or viscous effects inside the system, because a chemical reaction may be in progress, or because heat transfer actually occurs only irreversibly, driven by a finite difference between the system temperature () and the temperature of the surroundings (<sub>surr</sub>).
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这是因为这种情况下的一般过程可能包括周围环境对系统所做的功,这可能在系统内部产生摩擦或粘滞效应,因为一个化学反应可能正在进行,或者因为热传递实际上只是不可逆地发生,由系统温度()和周围环境温度(sub surr / sub)之间的差分驱动。
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这种情况下的一般过程可能包括周围环境对系统所做的功,这是因为在系统内部会产生摩擦或粘滞效应,此时是由于化学反应可能正在进行,或热传递实际上是不可逆地发生,通过系统温度<math>T</math>和周围环境温度<math>T_surr</math>之间存在差异而进行驱动。
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: <math>\mathrm dS = \frac{\delta Q}{T} \,\, \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \text {(actually possible quasistatic irreversible process without composition change).}</math>
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<math>\mathrm dS = \frac{\delta Q}{T} \,\, \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \text {(actually possible quasistatic irreversible process without composition change).}</math>
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(实际上可能是不改变成分的准静态不可逆性)。数学
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: <math>\mathrm dS = \frac{\delta Q}{T} \,\, \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \text {(actually possible quasistatic irreversible process without composition change 实际上可能是不改变成分的准静态不可逆性).}</math>
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==Various statements of the law==
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==Various statements of the law==
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各种各样的法律陈述
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==Various statements of the law热力学第二定律的不同表述==
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===Carnot's principle===
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===Carnot's principle===
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卡诺原理
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===Carnot's principle卡诺原理===
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===Clausius statement克劳修斯表述===
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===Clausius statement===
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===Clausius statement===
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克劳修斯声明
      
The German scientist [[Rudolf Clausius]] laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by examining the relation between heat transfer and work.{{sfnp|Clausius|1850}} His formulation of the second law, which was published in German in 1854, is known as the ''Clausius statement'':
 
The German scientist [[Rudolf Clausius]] laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by examining the relation between heat transfer and work.{{sfnp|Clausius|1850}} His formulation of the second law, which was published in German in 1854, is known as the ''Clausius statement'':
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===Kelvin statements===
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===Kelvin statements开尔文描述===
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===Kelvin statements===
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开尔文陈述
      
[[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]] expressed the second law in several wordings.
 
[[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]] expressed the second law in several wordings.
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===Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements===
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===Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements===
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===Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements克劳修斯和开尔文陈述的等价性===
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克劳修斯和开尔文陈述的等价性
      
[[Image:Deriving Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement.svg|thumb|Derive Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement]]
 
[[Image:Deriving Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement.svg|thumb|Derive Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement]]
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===Planck's proposition===
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===Planck's proposition===
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普朗克的命题
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===Planck's proposition普朗克假设===
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