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第102行：
第102行： − + + + + − 这是因为这种情况下的一般过程可能包括周围环境对系统所做的功，这可能在系统内部产生摩擦或粘滞效应，因为一个化学反应可能正在进行，或者因为热传递实际上只是不可逆地发生，由系统温度()和周围环境温度(sub surr / sub)之间的差分驱动。 + − : <math>\mathrm dS = \frac{\delta Q}{T} \,\, \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \text {(actually possible quasistatic irreversible process without composition change).}</math> − <math>\mathrm dS = \frac{\delta Q}{T} \,\, \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \text {(actually possible quasistatic irreversible process without composition change).}</math> − + + 第166行：
第168行： − ==Various statements of the law== − ==Various statements of the law== − 各种各样的法律陈述+ + + 第186行：
第188行： − ===Carnot's principle=== − ===Carnot's principle=== − 卡诺原理+ + + 第259行：
第261行： + − ===Clausius statement=== − ===Clausius statement=== − − 克劳修斯声明 第302行：
第301行： − + − ===Kelvin statements=== − 开尔文陈述 第338行：
第335行： − ===Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements=== − + + − 克劳修斯和开尔文陈述的等价性 第360行：
第356行： − ===Planck's proposition=== − ===Planck's proposition=== − 普朗克的命题+ + +
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This is because a general process for this case may include work being done on the system by its surroundings, which can have frictional or viscous effects inside the system, because a chemical reaction may be in progress, or because heat transfer actually occurs only irreversibly, driven by a finite difference between the system temperature ({{math|''T''}}) and the temperature of the surroundings ({{math|''T''}}<sub>''surr''</sub>).<ref name=":0">Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983), p. 75.</ref><ref name="Munster 45"/> Note that the equality still applies for pure heat flow,<ref name="Schmidt-Rohr 14"> Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2014). "Expansion Work without the External Pressure, and Thermodynamics in Terms of Quasistatic Irreversible Processes" ''J. Chem. Educ.'' '''91''': 402-409. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed3008704 </ref>
This is because a general process for this case may include work being done on the system by its surroundings, which can have frictional or viscous effects inside the system, because a chemical reaction may be in progress, or because heat transfer actually occurs only irreversibly, driven by a finite difference between the system temperature ({{math|''T''}}) and the temperature of the surroundings ({{math|''T''}}<sub>''surr''</sub>).
<ref name=":0">Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983), p. 75.</ref><ref name="Munster 45"/>
Note that the equality still applies for pure heat flow,
<ref name="Schmidt-Rohr 14"> Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2014). "Expansion Work without the External Pressure, and Thermodynamics in Terms of Quasistatic Irreversible Processes" ''J. Chem. Educ.'' '''91''': 402-409. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed3008704 </ref>
This is because a general process for this case may include work being done on the system by its surroundings, which can have frictional or viscous effects inside the system, because a chemical reaction may be in progress, or because heat transfer actually occurs only irreversibly, driven by a finite difference between the system temperature () and the temperature of the surroundings (<sub>surr</sub>).
This is because a general process for this case may include work being done on the system by its surroundings, which can have frictional or viscous effects inside the system, because a chemical reaction may be in progress, or because heat transfer actually occurs only irreversibly, driven by a finite difference between the system temperature () and the temperature of the surroundings (<sub>surr</sub>).
这种情况下的一般过程可能包括周围环境对系统所做的功，这是因为在系统内部会产生摩擦或粘滞效应，此时是由于化学反应可能正在进行，或热传递实际上是不可逆地发生，通过系统温度<math>T</math>和周围环境温度<math>T_surr</math>之间存在差异而进行驱动。
(实际上可能是不改变成分的准静态不可逆性)。数学
: <math>\mathrm dS = \frac{\delta Q}{T} \,\, \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \text {(actually possible quasistatic irreversible process without composition change 实际上可能是不改变成分的准静态不可逆性).}</math>
==Various statements of the law热力学第二定律的不同表述==
===Carnot's principle卡诺原理===
===Clausius statement克劳修斯表述===
The German scientist [[Rudolf Clausius]] laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by examining the relation between heat transfer and work.{{sfnp|Clausius|1850}} His formulation of the second law, which was published in German in 1854, is known as the ''Clausius statement'':
The German scientist [[Rudolf Clausius]] laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by examining the relation between heat transfer and work.{{sfnp|Clausius|1850}} His formulation of the second law, which was published in German in 1854, is known as the ''Clausius statement'':
===Kelvin statements===
===Kelvin statements开尔文描述===
[[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]] expressed the second law in several wordings.
[[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]] expressed the second law in several wordings.
===Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements===
===Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements克劳修斯和开尔文陈述的等价性===
[[Image:Deriving Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement.svg|thumb|Derive Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement]]
[[Image:Deriving Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement.svg|thumb|Derive Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement]]
===Planck's proposition普朗克假设===