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第63行：
第63行： − Evolutional stable strategy 是一种策略(或一组策略) ，如果在特定的环境中被一个种群所采用，那么它是不可渗透的，这意味着它不会被任何一种最初罕见的替代策略(或策略)所侵入。这与博弈论、行为生态学和进化心理学有关。斯洛文尼亚进化系统是纳什均衡点的一个平衡优化。这是一个进化稳定的纳什均衡点: 一旦它在一个种群中固定下来，单独的自然选择就足以防止替代(突变)策略的成功入侵。这一理论的目的不是要处理环境可能发生的重大外部变化，从而产生新的选择性力量。+ − 第71行：
第70行： − 在1972年由约翰·梅纳德·史密斯出版的书中，ESS 首次作为一个特定的术语出版，它被广泛应用于行为生态学和经济学，并且已经在人类学、进化心理学、哲学和政治科学中使用。+ − − +
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An evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is a strategy (or set of strategies) which, if adopted by a population in a given environment, is impenetrable, meaning that it cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy (or strategies) that are initially rare. It is relevant in game theory, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary psychology. An ESS is an equilibrium refinement of the Nash equilibrium. It is a Nash equilibrium that is "evolutionarily" stable: once it is fixed in a population, natural selection alone is sufficient to prevent alternative (mutant) strategies from invading successfully. The theory is not intended to deal with the possibility of gross external changes to the environment that bring new selective forces to bear.
An evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is a strategy (or set of strategies) which, if adopted by a population in a given environment, is impenetrable, meaning that it cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy (or strategies) that are initially rare. It is relevant in game theory, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary psychology. An ESS is an equilibrium refinement of the Nash equilibrium. It is a Nash equilibrium that is "evolutionarily" stable: once it is fixed in a population, natural selection alone is sufficient to prevent alternative (mutant) strategies from invading successfully. The theory is not intended to deal with the possibility of gross external changes to the environment that bring new selective forces to bear.
进化均衡策略Evolutionarily Stable Strategy（ESS）是指一个种群在特定环境下采用的策略或策略组，它具有不可渗透性，即该群体不可能被初期占比小的其他策略或策略组所入侵。它与博弈论，行为生态学和进化心理学有关。进化均衡策略ESS是纳什平衡Nash equilibrium（Q问题：在集智百科“博弈论”里面翻译为纳什平衡，在词条“Nash equilibrium”翻译为纳什均衡，暂时采用了博弈论里面的翻译）的细化，相当于是稳定进化的纳什平衡：一旦该种群采取了此策略，仅自然选择过程就足以防止其他（变异）的策略成功入侵。该理论并非旨在处理外部总体环境可能发生的变化，以此带来的全新的选择性力量。
First published as a specific term in the 1972 book by John Maynard Smith, the ESS is widely used in behavioural ecology and economics, and has been used in anthropology, evolutionary psychology, philosophy, and political science.
First published as a specific term in the 1972 book by John Maynard Smith, the ESS is widely used in behavioural ecology and economics, and has been used in anthropology, evolutionary psychology, philosophy, and political science.
在1972年由约翰·梅纳德·史密斯John Maynard Smith出版的书中，进化均衡策略ESS首次作为一个特定的术语出现，它广泛应用于行为生态学和经济学，同时在人类学、进化心理学、哲学和政治科学中均已被使用。
==History==
==History 历史==
Evolutionarily stable strategies were defined and introduced by [[John Maynard Smith]] and [[George R. Price]] in a 1973 ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' paper.<ref name="JMSandP73">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/246015a0 |author1=Maynard Smith, J. |authorlink1=John Maynard Smith |author2=Price, G.R. |authorlink2=George R. Price |title=The logic of animal conflict |journal=Nature |volume=246 |issue=5427 |pages=15–8 |year=1973 |bibcode=1973Natur.246...15S}}</ref> Such was the time taken in peer-reviewing the paper for ''Nature'' that this was preceded by a 1972 essay by Maynard Smith in a book of essays titled ''On Evolution''.<ref name="OEJMS"/> The 1972 essay is sometimes cited instead of the 1973 paper, but university libraries are much more likely to have copies of ''Nature''. Papers in ''Nature'' are usually short; in 1974, Maynard Smith published a longer paper in the ''[[Journal of Theoretical Biology]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(74)90110-6 |author=Maynard Smith, J. |title=The Theory of Games and the Evolution of Animal Conflicts |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=209–21 |year=1974 |pmid=4459582 |url=http://www.dklevine.com/archive/refs4448.pdf }}</ref> Maynard Smith explains further in his 1982 book ''[[Evolution and the Theory of Games]]''.<ref name="JMS82">{{cite book |author=Maynard Smith, John |title=Evolution and the Theory of Games |year=1982 |isbn=0-521-28884-3 |title-link=Evolution and the Theory of Games }}</ref> Sometimes these are cited instead. In fact, the ESS has become so central to game theory that often no citation is given, as the reader is assumed to be familiar with it.
Evolutionarily stable strategies were defined and introduced by [[John Maynard Smith]] and [[George R. Price]] in a 1973 ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' paper.<ref name="JMSandP73">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/246015a0 |author1=Maynard Smith, J. |authorlink1=John Maynard Smith |author2=Price, G.R. |authorlink2=George R. Price |title=The logic of animal conflict |journal=Nature |volume=246 |issue=5427 |pages=15–8 |year=1973 |bibcode=1973Natur.246...15S}}</ref> Such was the time taken in peer-reviewing the paper for ''Nature'' that this was preceded by a 1972 essay by Maynard Smith in a book of essays titled ''On Evolution''.<ref name="OEJMS"/> The 1972 essay is sometimes cited instead of the 1973 paper, but university libraries are much more likely to have copies of ''Nature''. Papers in ''Nature'' are usually short; in 1974, Maynard Smith published a longer paper in the ''[[Journal of Theoretical Biology]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(74)90110-6 |author=Maynard Smith, J. |title=The Theory of Games and the Evolution of Animal Conflicts |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=209–21 |year=1974 |pmid=4459582 |url=http://www.dklevine.com/archive/refs4448.pdf }}</ref> Maynard Smith explains further in his 1982 book ''[[Evolution and the Theory of Games]]''.<ref name="JMS82">{{cite book |author=Maynard Smith, John |title=Evolution and the Theory of Games |year=1982 |isbn=0-521-28884-3 |title-link=Evolution and the Theory of Games }}</ref> Sometimes these are cited instead. In fact, the ESS has become so central to game theory that often no citation is given, as the reader is assumed to be familiar with it.