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→Criticisms of views, concerning distinctions of type and categories well as distinguishability
调性音乐的音高和形式是按等级组织的，所有音高的重要性来自于它们与主调的关系，其他调中的次要主题在主要主题的再现中被带回主调。苏珊·麦克拉里（Susan McClary）在她的《女性结局（(Feminine Endings）一书中将这一点在奏鸣曲式中具体地与女性主义的性别层次结构(见上文)联系起来，甚至指出，主要的主题通常以前被称为“阳性” ，而次要主题被称为“阴性”。
调性音乐的音高和形式是按等级组织的，所有音高的重要性来自于它们与主调的关系，其他调中的次要主题在主要主题的再现中被带回主调。苏珊·麦克拉里（Susan McClary）在她的《女性结局（(Feminine Endings）一书中将这一点在奏鸣曲式中具体地与女性主义的性别层次结构(见上文)联系起来，甚至指出，主要的主题通常以前被称为“阳性” ，而次要主题被称为“阴性”。
==Criticisms of views, concerning distinctions of type and categories well as distinguishability ==
==Criticisms of views, concerning distinctions of type and categories well as distinguishability 关于类型和范畴的区别以及区别性的观点的批判==
In the work of diverse theorists such as [[William James]] (1842–1910), [[Michel Foucault]] (1926–1984) and [[Hayden White]], important critiques of hierarchical [[epistemology]] are advanced. James famously asserts in his work "Radical Empiricism" that clear distinctions of type and category are a constant but unwritten goal of scientific reasoning, so that when they are discovered, success is declared. But if aspects of the world are organized differently, involving inherent and intractable ambiguities, then scientific questions are often considered unresolved.
In the work of diverse theorists such as [[William James]] (1842–1910), [[Michel Foucault]] (1926–1984) and [[Hayden White]], important critiques of hierarchical [[epistemology]] are advanced. James famously asserts in his work "Radical Empiricism" that clear distinctions of type and category are a constant but unwritten goal of scientific reasoning, so that when they are discovered, success is declared. But if aspects of the world are organized differently, involving inherent and intractable ambiguities, then scientific questions are often considered unresolved.
In the work of diverse theorists such as William James (1842–1910), Michel Foucault (1926–1984) and Hayden White, important critiques of hierarchical epistemology are advanced. James famously asserts in his work "Radical Empiricism" that clear distinctions of type and category are a constant but unwritten goal of scientific reasoning, so that when they are discovered, success is declared. But if aspects of the world are organized differently, involving inherent and intractable ambiguities, then scientific questions are often considered unresolved.
In the work of diverse theorists such as William James (1842–1910), Michel Foucault (1926–1984) and Hayden White, important critiques of hierarchical epistemology are advanced. James famously asserts in his work "Radical Empiricism" that clear distinctions of type and category are a constant but unwritten goal of scientific reasoning, so that when they are discovered, success is declared. But if aspects of the world are organized differently, involving inherent and intractable ambiguities, then scientific questions are often considered unresolved.
在威廉·詹姆斯(1842-1910)、米歇尔·福柯(1926-1984)和海登·怀特等不同理论家的著作中，提出了对等级认识论的重要批判。詹姆斯在他的著作“彻底经验主义 Radical Empiricism”中断言，明确类型和范畴的区分是科学推理的一个恒定但不成文的目标，因此当他们被发现的时候，就是宣告成功的时候。但是，如果世界的各个方面以不同的方式组织起来，涉及到固有的和难以解决的模糊性，那么科学问题通常被认为是没有解决的。
Hierarchy in ethics emerged in Western Europe, West Asia and North Africa around the 1600s. In this aspect, the term hierarchy refers to how distinguishable they are from real to unreal. Feminists, Marxists, anarchists, communists, critical theorists and others, all of whom have multiple interpretations, criticize the hierarchies commonly found within human society, especially in social relationships. Hierarchies are present in all parts of society: in businesses, schools, families, etc. These relationships are often viewed as necessary. Entities that stand in hierarchical arrangements are animals, humans, plants, etc.
Hierarchy in ethics emerged in Western Europe, West Asia and North Africa around the 1600s. In this aspect, the term hierarchy refers to how distinguishable they are from real to unreal. Feminists, Marxists, anarchists, communists, critical theorists and others, all of whom have multiple interpretations, criticize the hierarchies commonly found within human society, especially in social relationships. Hierarchies are present in all parts of society: in businesses, schools, families, etc. These relationships are often viewed as necessary. Entities that stand in hierarchical arrangements are animals, humans, plants, etc.
17世纪左右，伦理学的等级制度在西欧、西亚和北非出现。在这方面，术语层次是指它们从真实到非真实是如何区分的。女权主义者、马克思主义者、无政府主义者、共产主义者、批判理论家以及其他人，他们对人类社会中普遍存在的等级制度，尤其是社会关系中的等级制度，都有不同的解释。等级制度存在于社会的各个部分：企业、学校、家庭等等。这些关系通常被认为是必要的。站在等级结构中的实体是动物、人类、植物等等。
In some of these random examples, there is an asymmetry of 'compositional' significance between levels of structure, so that small parts of the whole hierarchical array depend, for their meaning, on their membership in larger parts. There is a hierarchy of activities in human life: productive activity serves or is guided by the moral life; the moral life is guided by practical reason; practical reason (used in moral and political life) serves contemplative reason (whereby we contemplate God). Practical reason sets aside time and resources for contemplative reason.
In some of these random examples, there is an asymmetry of 'compositional' significance between levels of structure, so that small parts of the whole hierarchical array depend, for their meaning, on their membership in larger parts. There is a hierarchy of activities in human life: productive activity serves or is guided by the moral life; the moral life is guided by practical reason; practical reason (used in moral and political life) serves contemplative reason (whereby we contemplate God). Practical reason sets aside time and resources for contemplative reason.
在一些随机的例子中，结构层次之间的“组合”意义是不对称的，因此整个层次数组的小部分依赖于它们在更大部分中的隶属关系。人类生活中的活动有一种层次：生产活动服务于或被道德生活所指导；道德生活被实践理性所指导；实践理性(用于道德和政治生活)服务于冥想理性(我们借以思考上帝)。实用理性为深思的理由留出时间和资源。
==Examples of other applications==
==Examples of other applications==