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无编辑摘要
Systems ecology is an interdisciplinary field of ecology, a subset of Earth system science, that takes a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems, especially ecosystems. Systems ecology can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology. Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a complex system exhibiting emergent properties. Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions. It uses and extends concepts from thermodynamics and develops other macroscopic descriptions of complex systems.
Systems ecology is an interdisciplinary field of ecology, a subset of Earth system science, that takes a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems, especially ecosystems. Systems ecology can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology. Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a complex system exhibiting emergent properties. Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions. It uses and extends concepts from thermodynamics and develops other macroscopic descriptions of complex systems.
'''<font color="#ff8000">系统生态学 Systems ecology</font>'''是一个'''<font color="#ff8000">跨学科的 Interdisciplinary</font>''' '''<font color="#ff8000">生态学 Ecology</font>'''领域，是'''<font color="#ff8000">地球系统科学 Earth system science</font>'''的一个子集，它采用整体的方法研究生态学中的系统，尤其是生态系统。系统生态学可以看作是'''<font color="#ff8000">一般系统理论 General system theroy</font>'''在生态学中的应用。系统生态学方法的核心思想是，生态系统是一个具有'''<font color="#ff8000">突显特性 Emergent properties</font>'''的复杂系统。系统生态学侧重于生物的系统和生态的系统内部，以及它们之间的相互作用和交换，尤其关注人类干预对生态系统功能的影响。它使用并扩展了'''<font color="#ff8000">热力学 Thermodynamics</font>'''的概念，同时开发了其他复杂系统的宏观描述。
'''<font color="#ff8000">系统生态学 Systems Ecology</font>'''是一个'''<font color="#ff8000">跨学科的 Interdisciplinary</font>''' '''<font color="#ff8000">生态学 Ecology</font>'''领域，是'''<font color="#ff8000">地球系统科学 Earth System Science</font>'''的一个子集，它采用整体的方法研究生态学中的系统，尤其是生态系统。系统生态学可以看作是'''<font color="#ff8000">一般系统理论 General System Theroy</font>'''在生态学中的应用。系统生态学方法的核心思想是，生态系统是一个具有'''<font color="#ff8000">突显特性 Emergent Properties</font>'''的复杂系统。系统生态学侧重于生物的系统和生态的系统内部，以及它们之间的相互作用和交换，尤其关注人类干预对生态系统功能的影响。它使用并扩展了'''<font color="#ff8000">热力学 Thermodynamics</font>'''的概念，同时开发了其他复杂系统的宏观描述。
As a mode of scientific enquiry, a central feature of Systems Ecology is the general application of the principles of energetics to all systems at any scale. Perhaps the most notable proponent of this view was Howard T. Odum - sometimes considered the father of ecosystems ecology. In this approach the principles of energetics constitute ecosystem principles. Reasoning by formal analogy from one system to another enables the Systems Ecologist to see principles functioning in an analogous manner across system-scale boundaries. H.T. Odum commonly used the Energy Systems Language as a tool for making systems diagrams and flow charts.
As a mode of scientific enquiry, a central feature of Systems Ecology is the general application of the principles of energetics to all systems at any scale. Perhaps the most notable proponent of this view was Howard T. Odum - sometimes considered the father of ecosystems ecology. In this approach the principles of energetics constitute ecosystem principles. Reasoning by formal analogy from one system to another enables the Systems Ecologist to see principles functioning in an analogous manner across system-scale boundaries. H.T. Odum commonly used the Energy Systems Language as a tool for making systems diagrams and flow charts.
作为一种科学探究方式，系统生态学的一个核心特征就是'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of energetics</font>'''在任何尺度的所有系统中的普遍应用。这个观点最著名的支持者是Howard T. Odum，他有时被认为是生态系统生态学之父。在这种方法中，能量学原理构成了'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统原理 Ecosystem principles</font>'''。通过从一个系统到另一个系统的形式进行类比推理，系统生态学家可以看到生态系统原理以类似的方式，跨越系统的尺度边界而发挥作用。H.t.Odum 通常将'''<font color="#ff8000">能源系统语言 Energy Systems Language</font>'''作为制作系统图和流程图的工具。
作为一种科学探究方式，系统生态学的一个核心特征就是'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of Energetics</font>'''在任何尺度的所有系统中的普遍应用。这个观点最著名的支持者是Howard T. Odum，他有时被认为是生态系统生态学之父。在这种方法中，能量学原理构成了'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统原理 Ecosystem Principles</font>'''。通过从一个系统到另一个系统的形式进行类比推理，系统生态学家可以看到生态系统原理以类似的方式，跨越系统的尺度边界而发挥作用。H.t.Odum 通常将'''<font color="#ff8000">能源系统语言 Energy Systems Language</font>'''作为制作系统图和流程图的工具。
The fourth of these principles, the principle of maximum power efficiency, takes central place in the analysis and synthesis of ecological systems. The fourth principle suggests that the most evolutionarily advantageous system function occurs when the environmental load matches the internal resistance of the system. The further the environmental load is from matching the internal resistance, the further the system is away from its sustainable steady state. Therefore, the systems ecologist engages in a task of resistance and impedance matching in ecological engineering, just as the electronic engineer would do.
The fourth of these principles, the principle of maximum power efficiency, takes central place in the analysis and synthesis of ecological systems. The fourth principle suggests that the most evolutionarily advantageous system function occurs when the environmental load matches the internal resistance of the system. The further the environmental load is from matching the internal resistance, the further the system is away from its sustainable steady state. Therefore, the systems ecologist engages in a task of resistance and impedance matching in ecological engineering, just as the electronic engineer would do.
原理中的第四条，'''<font color="#ff8000">最大功率效率原则 Principle of maximum power efficiency</font>'''，在生态系统的分析和综合体中占据中心地位。第四个原则认为，当环境负荷与系统内部阻力相匹配时，系统功能将发生于进化最有利的改变。环境负荷与内阻的匹配越小，系统离可持续稳定状态越远。因此，系统生态学家像'''<font color="#ff8000">电子工程师 electronic engineer</font>'''一样，在生态工程中从事匹配电阻和阻抗的任务。
原理中的第四条，'''<font color="#ff8000">最大功率效率原则 Principle of Maximum Power Efficiency</font>'''，在生态系统的分析和综合体中占据中心地位。第四个原则认为，当环境负荷与系统内部阻力相匹配时，系统功能将发生于进化最有利的改变。环境负荷与内阻的匹配越小，系统离可持续稳定状态越远。因此，系统生态学家像'''<font color="#ff8000">电子工程师 Electronic Engineer</font>'''一样，在生态工程中从事匹配电阻和阻抗的任务。
==Closely related fields==
==Closely related fields==
Deep ecology is an ideology whose metaphysical underpinnings are deeply concerned with the science of ecology. The term was coined by Arne Naess, a Norwegian philosopher, Gandhian scholar, and environmental activist. He argues that the prevailing approach to environmental management is anthropocentric, and that the natural environment is not only "more complex than we imagine, it is more complex than we can imagine." Naess formulated deep ecology in 1973 at an environmental conference in Budapest.
Deep ecology is an ideology whose metaphysical underpinnings are deeply concerned with the science of ecology. The term was coined by Arne Naess, a Norwegian philosopher, Gandhian scholar, and environmental activist. He argues that the prevailing approach to environmental management is anthropocentric, and that the natural environment is not only "more complex than we imagine, it is more complex than we can imagine." Naess formulated deep ecology in 1973 at an environmental conference in Budapest.
深层生态学是一种与生态学密切相关的形而上学的基础意识形态。这个术语是由挪威哲学家、甘地学者和'''<font color="#ff8000">环境活动家 Environmental activist</font>'''Arne Naess创造的。他认为，目前流行的'''<font color="#ff8000">环境管理 Environmental management</font>'''方法是'''<font color="#ff8000">人本位的 Anthropocentric</font>'''，自然环境不仅是要“比我们想象的更复杂，而是比我们能想象到的更复杂”Naess 于1973年在布达佩斯的一次环境会议上提出了深层生态学的概念。
深层生态学是一种与生态学密切相关的形而上学的基础意识形态。这个术语是由挪威哲学家、甘地学者和'''<font color="#ff8000">环境活动家 Environmental Activist</font>'''Arne Naess创造的。他认为，目前流行的'''<font color="#ff8000">环境管理 Environmental Management</font>'''方法是'''<font color="#ff8000">人本位的 Anthropocentric</font>'''，自然环境不仅是要“比我们想象的更复杂，而是比我们能想象到的更复杂”Naess 于1973年在布达佩斯的一次环境会议上提出了深层生态学的概念。
Joanna Macy, John Seed, and others developed Naess' thesis into a branch they called experiential deep ecology. Their efforts were motivated by a need they perceived for the development of an "ecological self", which views the human ego as an integrated part of a living system that encompasses the individual. They sought to transcend altruism with a deeper self-interest based on biospherical equality beyond human chauvinism.
Joanna Macy, John Seed, and others developed Naess' thesis into a branch they called experiential deep ecology. Their efforts were motivated by a need they perceived for the development of an "ecological self", which views the human ego as an integrated part of a living system that encompasses the individual. They sought to transcend altruism with a deeper self-interest based on biospherical equality beyond human chauvinism.
Joanna Macy、John Seed和其他人将Naess的论点发展成他们称为经验性深层生态学的一个分支。他们之所以作出这些努力，是因为他们认为需要发展”生态自我” ，将人的自我视为包括个人在内的生命系统的一个组成部分。他们试图超越'''<font color="#ff8000">利他主义 Altruism</font>'''，以超越人类沙文主义的'''<font color="#ff8000">生物学的平等 Biospherical equality</font>'''为基础，实现更深层次的自我利益。
Joanna Macy、John Seed和其他人将Naess的论点发展成他们称为经验性深层生态学的一个分支。他们之所以作出这些努力，是因为他们认为需要发展”生态自我” ，将人的自我视为包括个人在内的生命系统的一个组成部分。他们试图超越'''<font color="#ff8000">利他主义 Altruism</font>'''，以超越人类沙文主义的'''<font color="#ff8000">生物学的平等 Biospherical Equality</font>'''为基础，实现更深层次的自我利益。
===Earth systems engineering and management===
===Earth systems engineering and management===
Earth systems engineering and management (ESEM) is a discipline used to analyze, design, engineer and manage complex environmental systems. It entails a wide range of subject areas including anthropology, engineering, environmental science, ethics and philosophy. At its core, ESEM looks to "rationally design and manage coupled human-natural systems in a highly integrated and ethical fashion"
Earth systems engineering and management (ESEM) is a discipline used to analyze, design, engineer and manage complex environmental systems. It entails a wide range of subject areas including anthropology, engineering, environmental science, ethics and philosophy. At its core, ESEM looks to "rationally design and manage coupled human-natural systems in a highly integrated and ethical fashion"
地球系统工程与管理(ESEM)是一门用于分析、设计、工程和管理'''<font color="#ff8000">复杂环境系统 Complex environmental systems</font>'''的学科。它广泛涉及多个学科领域，包括人类学、工程学、'''<font color="#ff8000">环境科学 Environmental science</font>'''、伦理学和哲学。ESEM 的核心是“以具有高度整合性并且道德的方式，合理地设计并管理人与自然的耦合系统”
地球系统工程与管理(ESEM)是一门用于分析、设计、工程和管理'''<font color="#ff8000">复杂环境系统 Complex Environmental Systems</font>'''的学科。它广泛涉及多个学科领域，包括人类学、工程学、'''<font color="#ff8000">环境科学 Environmental Science</font>'''、伦理学和哲学。ESEM 的核心是“以具有高度整合性并且道德的方式，合理地设计并管理人与自然的耦合系统”
Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that addresses the dynamic and spatial interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems. Ecological economics brings together and connects different disciplines, within the natural and social sciences but especially between these broad areas. As the name suggests, the field is made up of researchers with a background in economics and ecology. An important motivation for the emergence of ecological economics has been criticism on the assumptions and approaches of traditional (mainstream) environmental and resource economics.
Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that addresses the dynamic and spatial interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems. Ecological economics brings together and connects different disciplines, within the natural and social sciences but especially between these broad areas. As the name suggests, the field is made up of researchers with a background in economics and ecology. An important motivation for the emergence of ecological economics has been criticism on the assumptions and approaches of traditional (mainstream) environmental and resource economics.
生态经济学是学术研究中，研究人类经济和自然'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统 Ecosystem</font>'''之间动态和空间相互依存关系的一个跨学科领域。生态经济学把不同学科联系在一起，尤其是在自然科学和社会科学这些广泛的领域之间。顾名思义，这个领域会由具有'''<font color="#ff8000">经济学 Economics</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">生态学 Ecology</font>'''相关背景的研究人员组成。生态经济学产生的一个重要动因是对传统(主流)'''<font color="#ff8000">环境资源经济学 Environmental and resource economics</font>'''的假设和方法的批判。
生态经济学是学术研究中，研究人类经济和自然'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统 Ecosystem</font>'''之间动态和空间相互依存关系的一个跨学科领域。生态经济学把不同学科联系在一起，尤其是在自然科学和社会科学这些广泛的领域之间。顾名思义，这个领域会由具有'''<font color="#ff8000">经济学 Economics</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">生态学 Ecology</font>'''相关背景的研究人员组成。生态经济学产生的一个重要动因是对传统(主流)'''<font color="#ff8000">环境资源经济学 Environmental and Resource Economics</font>'''的假设和方法的批判。
Ecological energetics is the quantitative study of the flow of energy through ecological systems. It aims to uncover the principles which describe the propensity of such energy flows through the trophic, or 'energy availing' levels of ecological networks. In systems ecology the principles of ecosystem energy flows or "ecosystem laws" (i.e. principles of ecological energetics) are considered formally analogous to the principles of energetics.
Ecological energetics is the quantitative study of the flow of energy through ecological systems. It aims to uncover the principles which describe the propensity of such energy flows through the trophic, or 'energy availing' levels of ecological networks. In systems ecology the principles of ecosystem energy flows or "ecosystem laws" (i.e. principles of ecological energetics) are considered formally analogous to the principles of energetics.
生态能量学是对生态系统中能量流动的定量研究。它旨在揭示描述这种能量流通过营养或生态网络时的能量利用水平的倾向的'''<font color="#ff8000">原理 Principles</font>'''。在系统生态学中，生态系统能量流动原理或“生态系统规律”(即:生态能量学原理)被认为在形式上类似于'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of energetics</font>'''。
生态能量学是对生态系统中能量流动的定量研究。它旨在揭示描述这种能量流通过营养或生态网络时的能量利用水平的倾向的'''<font color="#ff8000">原理 Principles</font>'''。在系统生态学中，生态系统能量流动原理或“生态系统规律”(即:生态能量学原理)被认为在形式上类似于'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of Energetics</font>'''。
Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals. Ecosystem ecology examines physical and biological structure and examines how these ecosystem characteristics interact.
Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals. Ecosystem ecology examines physical and biological structure and examines how these ecosystem characteristics interact.
生态系统生态学是生态系统的'''<font color="#ff8000">生物 Biotic</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">非生物 abiotic</font>'''组成部分及其在生态系统框架内的相互作用的综合研究。它主要研究生态系统是如何工作的，并将其与'''<font color="#ff8000">化学物质 Chemical</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">基岩 Bedrock</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">土壤 Soil</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">植物 Plant</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">动物 Animal</font>'''等组成部分联系起来。生态系统生态学研究物理和生物结构以及这些生态系统特征是如何相互作用的。
生态系统生态学是生态系统的'''<font color="#ff8000">生物 Biotic</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">非生物 Abiotic</font>'''组成部分及其在生态系统框架内的相互作用的综合研究。它主要研究生态系统是如何工作的，并将其与'''<font color="#ff8000">化学物质 Chemical</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">基岩 Bedrock</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">土壤 Soil</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">植物 Plant</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">动物 Animal</font>'''等组成部分联系起来。生态系统生态学研究物理和生物结构以及这些生态系统特征是如何相互作用的。
Industrial ecology is the study of industrial processes as linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new processes.
Industrial ecology is the study of industrial processes as linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new processes.
工业生态学是研究'''<font color="#ff8000">工业过程 Industrial process</font>'''作为线性(开放式循环)系统，其中资源和资本投资的流动通过该系统变成废料，进入一个封闭式循环系统，废料便成为新一次过程的投入。
工业生态学是研究'''<font color="#ff8000">工业过程 Industrial Process</font>'''作为线性(开放式循环)系统，其中资源和资本投资的流动通过该系统变成废料，进入一个封闭式循环系统，废料便成为新一次过程的投入。