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Systems ecology is an interdisciplinary field of ecology, a subset of Earth system science, that takes a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems, especially ecosystems.  Systems ecology can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology.  Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a complex system exhibiting emergent properties.  Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions.  It uses and extends concepts from thermodynamics and develops other macroscopic descriptions of complex systems.

Systems ecology is an interdisciplinary field of ecology, a subset of Earth system science, that takes a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems, especially ecosystems.  Systems ecology can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology.  Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a complex system exhibiting emergent properties.  Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions.  It uses and extends concepts from thermodynamics and develops other macroscopic descriptions of complex systems.

'''<font color="#ff8000">系统生态学 Systems Ecology</font>'''是一个'''<font color="#ff8000">跨学科的 Interdisciplinary</font>''' '''<font color="#ff8000">生态学 Ecology</font>'''领域，是'''<font color="#ff8000">地球系统科学 Earth System Science</font>'''的一个子集，它采用整体的方法研究生态学中的系统，尤其是生态系统。系统生态学可以看作是'''<font color="#ff8000">一般系统理论 General System Theroy</font>'''在生态学中的应用。系统生态学方法的核心思想是，生态系统是一个具有'''<font color="#ff8000">突显特性 Emergent Properties</font>'''的复杂系统。系统生态学侧重于生物的系统和生态的系统内部，以及它们之间的相互作用和交换，尤其关注人类干预对生态系统功能的影响。它使用并扩展了'''<font color="#ff8000">热力学 Thermodynamics</font>'''的概念，同时开发了其他复杂系统的宏观描述。

'''<font color="#ff8000">系统生态学 Systems Ecology</font>'''是一个'''<font color="#ff8000">跨学科的 Interdisciplinary</font>''' '''<font color="#ff8000">生态学 Ecology</font>'''领域，是'''<font color="#ff8000">地球系统科学 Earth System Science</font>'''的一个子集，它采用整体的方法研究生态学中的系统，尤其是生态系统。系统生态学可以看作是'''<font color="#ff8000">一般系统理论 General System Theroy</font>'''在生态学中的应用。系统生态学方法的核心思想是，生态系统是一个具有'''<font color="#ff8000">突显特性 Emergent Properties</font>'''的复杂系统。系统生态学侧重于，生物的系统和生态的系统之间或内部的相互作用和交换，尤其关注人类干预对生态系统功能的影响。它使用并扩展了'''<font color="#ff8000">热力学 Thermodynamics</font>'''中的概念，同时开发了其他复杂系统的宏观描述。

Systems ecology seeks a holistic view of the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems. Systems ecologists realise that the function of any ecosystem can be influenced by human economics in fundamental ways.  They have therefore taken an additional transdisciplinary step by including economics in the consideration of ecological-economic systems. In the words of R.L. Kitching:

Systems ecology seeks a holistic view of the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems. Systems ecologists realise that the function of any ecosystem can be influenced by human economics in fundamental ways.  They have therefore taken an additional transdisciplinary step by including economics in the consideration of ecological-economic systems. In the words of R.L. Kitching:

系统生态学寻求生物的系统和生态的系统内部，以及它们之间的相互作用和交换的'''<font color="#ff8000">整体的 Holistic</font>'''观点。系统生态学家意识到，任何生态系统的功能都可以从根本上受到人类经济学的影响。用R.L.Kitching的话来说就是，他们因此采取了额外的跨学科步骤，将经济学纳入'''<font color="#ff8000">生态经济 Ecological-economic</font>'''系统的考虑。返回文章页面风筝:

依照R.L.Kitching所说，系统生态学寻求生物的系统和生态的系统内部，以及它们之间的相互作用和交换的'''<font color="#ff8000">整体的 Holistic</font>'''观点。系统生态学家意识到，任何生态系统的功能都可能从根本上受到人类经济学的影响。他们因此采取了额外的跨学科步骤，将经济学纳入'''<font color="#ff8000">生态经济 Ecological-economic</font>'''系统的考虑。返回文章页面风筝:

As a mode of scientific enquiry, a central feature of Systems Ecology is the general application of the principles of energetics to all systems at any scale. Perhaps the most notable proponent of this view was Howard T. Odum - sometimes considered the father of ecosystems ecology. In this approach the principles of energetics constitute ecosystem principles. Reasoning by formal analogy from one system to another enables the Systems Ecologist to see principles functioning in an analogous manner across system-scale boundaries. H.T. Odum commonly used the Energy Systems Language as a tool for making systems diagrams and flow charts.

As a mode of scientific enquiry, a central feature of Systems Ecology is the general application of the principles of energetics to all systems at any scale. Perhaps the most notable proponent of this view was Howard T. Odum - sometimes considered the father of ecosystems ecology. In this approach the principles of energetics constitute ecosystem principles. Reasoning by formal analogy from one system to another enables the Systems Ecologist to see principles functioning in an analogous manner across system-scale boundaries. H.T. Odum commonly used the Energy Systems Language as a tool for making systems diagrams and flow charts.

作为一种科学探究方式，系统生态学的一个核心特征就是'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of Energetics</font>'''在任何尺度的所有系统中的普遍应用。这个观点最著名的支持者是Howard T. Odum，他有时被认为是生态系统生态学之父。在这种方法中，能量学原理构成了'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统原理 Ecosystem Principles</font>'''。通过从一个系统到另一个系统的形式进行类比推理，系统生态学家可以看到生态系统原理以类似的方式，跨越系统的尺度边界而发挥作用。H.t.Odum 通常将'''<font color="#ff8000">能源系统语言 Energy Systems Language</font>'''作为制作系统图和流程图的工具。

作为一种科学探究方式，系统生态学的一个核心特征就是'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of Energetics</font>'''在任何尺度的所有系统中的普遍应用。这个观点最著名的支持者是Howard T. Odum，他有时被认为是生态系统生态学之父。在这种方法中，能量学原理构成了'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统原理 Ecosystem Principles</font>'''。通过从一个系统到另一个系统的形式进行类比推理，系统生态学家可以看到生态系统原理以类似的方式，跨越系统的尺度边界而发挥作用。H.t.Odum 通常将'''<font color="#ff8000">能源系统语言 Energy Systems Language</font>'''作为制作系统图和流程图的一个工具。

The fourth of these principles, the principle of maximum power efficiency, takes central place in the analysis and synthesis of ecological systems. The fourth principle suggests that the most evolutionarily advantageous system function occurs when the environmental load matches the internal resistance of the system. The further the environmental load is from matching the internal resistance, the further the system is away from its sustainable steady state. Therefore, the systems ecologist engages in a task of resistance and impedance matching in ecological engineering, just as the electronic engineer would do.

The fourth of these principles, the principle of maximum power efficiency, takes central place in the analysis and synthesis of ecological systems. The fourth principle suggests that the most evolutionarily advantageous system function occurs when the environmental load matches the internal resistance of the system. The further the environmental load is from matching the internal resistance, the further the system is away from its sustainable steady state. Therefore, the systems ecologist engages in a task of resistance and impedance matching in ecological engineering, just as the electronic engineer would do.

原理中的第四条，'''<font color="#ff8000">最大功率效率原则 Principle of Maximum Power Efficiency</font>'''，在生态系统的分析和综合体中占据中心地位。第四个原则认为，当环境负荷与系统内部阻力相匹配时，系统功能将发生于进化最有利的改变。环境负荷与内阻的匹配越小，系统离可持续稳定状态越远。因此，系统生态学家像'''<font color="#ff8000">电子工程师 Electronic Engineer</font>'''一样，在生态工程中从事匹配电阻和阻抗的任务。

原理中的第四条，'''<font color="#ff8000">最大功率效率原理 Principle of Maximum Power Efficiency</font>'''，在生态系统的分析和综合的过程中中占据中心地位。第四项原理认为，当环境负荷与系统内部阻力相匹配时，系统功能将发生于进化最有利的改变。环境负荷与内阻的匹配性越差，系统离可持续稳定状态越远。因此，系统生态学家像'''<font color="#ff8000">电子工程师 Electronic Engineer</font>'''一样，在生态工程中从事匹配电阻和阻抗的工作。

==Closely related fields==

==Closely related fields==

Deep ecology is an ideology whose metaphysical underpinnings are deeply concerned with the science of ecology. The term was coined by Arne Naess, a Norwegian philosopher, Gandhian scholar, and environmental activist. He argues that the prevailing approach to environmental management is anthropocentric, and that the natural environment is not only "more complex than we imagine, it is more complex than we can imagine." Naess formulated deep ecology in 1973 at an environmental conference in Budapest.

Deep ecology is an ideology whose metaphysical underpinnings are deeply concerned with the science of ecology. The term was coined by Arne Naess, a Norwegian philosopher, Gandhian scholar, and environmental activist. He argues that the prevailing approach to environmental management is anthropocentric, and that the natural environment is not only "more complex than we imagine, it is more complex than we can imagine." Naess formulated deep ecology in 1973 at an environmental conference in Budapest.

深层生态学是一种与生态学密切相关的形而上学的基础意识形态。这个术语是由挪威哲学家、甘地学者和'''<font color="#ff8000">环境活动家 Environmental Activist</font>'''Arne Naess创造的。他认为，目前流行的'''<font color="#ff8000">环境管理 Environmental Management</font>'''方法是'''<font color="#ff8000">人本位的 Anthropocentric</font>'''，自然环境不仅是要“比我们想象的更复杂，而是比我们能想象到的更复杂”Naess 于1973年在布达佩斯的一次环境会议上提出了深层生态学的概念。

深层生态学是一种与生态学密切相关的形而上学的基础意识形态。这个术语是由一位挪威哲学家、甘地学者，同时也是'''<font color="#ff8000">环境活动家 Environmental Activist</font>'''——Arne Naess创造的。他认为，目前流行的'''<font color="#ff8000">环境管理 Environmental Management</font>'''方法是'''<font color="#ff8000">人本位的 Anthropocentric</font>'''，自然环境不仅“比我们想象的更复杂，而是比我们能想象到的更复杂”Naess 于1973年在布达佩斯的一次环境会议上提出了深层生态学的概念。

Joanna Macy, John Seed, and others developed Naess' thesis into a branch they called experiential deep ecology. Their efforts were motivated by a need they perceived for the development of an "ecological self", which views the human ego as an integrated part of a living system that encompasses the individual. They sought to transcend altruism with a deeper self-interest based on biospherical equality beyond human chauvinism.

Joanna Macy, John Seed, and others developed Naess' thesis into a branch they called experiential deep ecology. Their efforts were motivated by a need they perceived for the development of an "ecological self", which views the human ego as an integrated part of a living system that encompasses the individual. They sought to transcend altruism with a deeper self-interest based on biospherical equality beyond human chauvinism.

Joanna Macy、John Seed和其他人将Naess的论点发展成他们称为经验性深层生态学的一个分支。他们之所以作出这些努力，是因为他们认为需要发展”生态自我” ，将人的自我视为包括个人在内的生命系统的一个组成部分。他们试图超越'''<font color="#ff8000">利他主义 Altruism</font>'''，以超越人类沙文主义的'''<font color="#ff8000">生物学的平等 Biospherical Equality</font>'''为基础，实现更深层次的自我利益。

Joanna Macy、John Seed和其他人将Naess的论点发展成他们称为经验性深层生态学的一个分支。他们之所以作出这些努力，是因为他们认为需要发展“生态自我” ，将人的自我视为包括个人在内的生命系统的一个组成部分。他们试图超越'''<font color="#ff8000">利他主义 Altruism</font>'''，以超越人类沙文主义的'''<font color="#ff8000">生物学的平等 Biospherical Equality</font>'''为基础，实现更深层次的自我利益。

===Earth systems engineering and management===

===Earth systems engineering and management===

Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that addresses the dynamic and spatial interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems. Ecological economics brings together and connects different disciplines, within the natural and social sciences but especially between these broad areas. As the name suggests, the field is made up of researchers with a background in economics and ecology. An important motivation for the emergence of ecological economics has been criticism on the assumptions and approaches of traditional (mainstream) environmental and resource economics.

Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that addresses the dynamic and spatial interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems. Ecological economics brings together and connects different disciplines, within the natural and social sciences but especially between these broad areas. As the name suggests, the field is made up of researchers with a background in economics and ecology. An important motivation for the emergence of ecological economics has been criticism on the assumptions and approaches of traditional (mainstream) environmental and resource economics.

生态经济学是学术研究中，研究人类经济和自然'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统 Ecosystem</font>'''之间动态和空间相互依存关系的一个跨学科领域。生态经济学把不同学科联系在一起，尤其是在自然科学和社会科学这些广泛的领域之间。顾名思义，这个领域会由具有'''<font color="#ff8000">经济学 Economics</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">生态学 Ecology</font>'''相关背景的研究人员组成。生态经济学产生的一个重要动因是对传统(主流)'''<font color="#ff8000">环境资源经济学 Environmental and Resource Economics</font>'''的假设和方法的批判。

生态经济学是学术研究中，研究人类经济和自然'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统 Ecosystem</font>'''之间动态和空间相互依存关系的一个跨学科领域。生态经济学把自然科学和社会科学的不同学科联系在一起，尤其是在广泛的领域之间。顾名思义，这个领域会由具有'''<font color="#ff8000">经济学 Economics</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">生态学 Ecology</font>'''相关背景的研究人员组成。生态经济学产生的一个重要动因是对传统(主流)'''<font color="#ff8000">环境资源经济学 Environmental and Resource Economics</font>'''的假设和方法的批判。

Ecological humanities aims to bridge the divides between the sciences and the humanities, and between Western, Eastern and Indigenous ways of knowing nature. Like ecocentric political theory, the ecological humanities are characterised by a connectivity ontology and a commitment to two fundamental axioms relating to the need to submit to ecological laws and to see humanity as part of a larger living system.

Ecological humanities aims to bridge the divides between the sciences and the humanities, and between Western, Eastern and Indigenous ways of knowing nature. Like ecocentric political theory, the ecological humanities are characterised by a connectivity ontology and a commitment to two fundamental axioms relating to the need to submit to ecological laws and to see humanity as part of a larger living system.

生态人文旨在弥合科学与人文之间的鸿沟，弥合西方、东方和'''<font color="#ff8000">本土 Indigenous</font>'''对自然的认识方式。就像生态中心的政治理论一样，生态人文学科的特点是连接本体论和对两个基本公理的承诺，即必须服从生态法则，并将人类视为更大的生命系统的一部分。

生态人文旨在弥合科学与人文之间的沟壑，弥合西方、东方和'''<font color="#ff8000">本土 Indigenous</font>'''对自然的认识方式。就像生态中心的政治理论一样，生态人文学科的特点是将本体论和对两个基本公理，即必须服从生态法则，并将人类视为更大的生命系统的一部分，的承诺连接起来。

The relationship between systems ecology and ecosystem ecology is complex.  Much of systems ecology can be considered a subset of ecosystem ecology.  Ecosystem ecology also utilizes methods that have little to do with the holistic approach of systems ecology.  However, systems ecology more actively considers external influences such as economics that usually fall outside the bounds of ecosystem ecology.  Whereas ecosystem ecology can be defined as the scientific study of ecosystems, systems ecology is more of a particular approach to the study of ecological systems and phenomena that interact with these systems.

The relationship between systems ecology and ecosystem ecology is complex.  Much of systems ecology can be considered a subset of ecosystem ecology.  Ecosystem ecology also utilizes methods that have little to do with the holistic approach of systems ecology.  However, systems ecology more actively considers external influences such as economics that usually fall outside the bounds of ecosystem ecology.  Whereas ecosystem ecology can be defined as the scientific study of ecosystems, systems ecology is more of a particular approach to the study of ecological systems and phenomena that interact with these systems.

Industrial ecology is the study of industrial processes as linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new processes.

Industrial ecology is the study of industrial processes as linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new processes.

工业生态学是研究'''<font color="#ff8000">工业过程 Industrial Process</font>'''作为线性(开放式循环)系统，其中资源和资本投资的流动通过该系统变成废料，进入一个封闭式循环系统，废料便成为新一次过程的投入。

工业生态学研究作为线性(开放式循环)系统的'''<font color="#ff8000">工业过程 Industrial Process</font>'''，其中资源和资本投资的流动通过该系统变成废料，接着进入一个封闭式循环系统，废料便成为新一次过程的投入。