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第5行： − {{short description|Effect of learned behavior on evolution}}+ − {{Distinguish|Baldwin's rules}} − − [[File:Lamarck Compared to Darwin, Baldwin, Waddington.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|The Baldwin effect compared to [[Lamarckism|Lamarck's theory of evolution]], [[Darwinian evolution]], and Waddington's [[genetic assimilation]]. All the theories offer explanations of how organisms respond to a changed environment with adaptive inherited change.]] − − Lamarck's theory of evolution, Darwinian evolution, and Waddington's genetic assimilation. All the theories offer explanations of how organisms respond to a changed environment with adaptive inherited change.]] − − 拉马克的进化论、达尔文进化论和华丁顿的遗传同化论。[参考译文]所有的理论都解释了有机体是如何通过适应性遗传变化来应对环境变化的 − --~英文wiki无此段 − —-[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“所有的理论都解释了有机体”一句中的“有机体”改为“生物体” 第21行：
第12行： − 在'''<font color="#ff8000">演化生物学 Evolutionary Biology</font>'''中，'''<font color="#ff8000">鲍德温效应 Baldwin Effect</font>'''描述了习得行为对进化的影响。简而言之，在19世纪末'''<font color="#ff8000">达尔文主义 Darwinism</font>'''的衰落期间，'''詹姆斯·马克·鲍德温 James Mark Baldwin'''及其他一些人提出，生物体学习新行为的能力（如为了适应新的压力）会影响其繁殖，进而会通过'''<font color="#ff8000">自然选择 Natural Selection</font>'''影响其物种的基因组成。这个过程似乎与'''<font color="#ff8000">拉马克主义 Lamarckism</font>'''中相似，但拉马克认为生物继承了其父母后天获得的特性。鲍德温效应已独立提出过多次，如今普遍认为其为'''<font color="#ff8000">现代进化综论 Modern Evolutionary Synthesis</font>'''的一部分。+ − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“如为了适应新的压力”一句中的“压力”改为“压力源” − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“这个过程似乎与'''<font color="#ff8000">拉马克主义 Lamarckism</font>'''中相似”一句改为“尽管这个过程似乎与'''<font color="#ff8000">拉马克进化论Lamarckian evolution </font>'''类似” − − − =="A New Factor in Evolution" “进化的新因素”== − The effect, then unnamed, was put forward in 1896 in a paper "A New Factor in Evolution" by [[United States|American]] [[psychology|psychologist]] [[James Mark Baldwin]]. The paper proposed a mechanism for specific selection for general learning ability. As [[Robert J. Richards|Robert Richards]] explains:<ref name=Richards1987>{{cite book | author=Richards, Robert J. | year=1987 | title=Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior| publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago | isbn=978-0-226-71199-7 | page=399| author-link=Robert J. Richards }}</ref>+ − The effect, then unnamed, was put forward in 1896 in a paper "A New Factor in Evolution" by American psychologist James Mark Baldwin. The paper proposed a mechanism for specific selection for general learning ability. As Robert Richards explains:+ − − 1896年，美国心理学家詹姆斯·马克·鲍德温在一篇名为《进化的新因素》的论文中提出了这一效应（1987年又发表了第二篇论文）。该文提出了一种针对一般学习能力的具体选择机制。正如'''罗伯特·理查兹 Robert Richards'''解释的那样: − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】删去“（1987年又发表了第二篇论文）” − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“提出了这一效应”一句后面加上“，该效应当时还未曾命名” − − − 块引号+ − + − If animals entered a new environment—or their old environment rapidly changed—those − − − − − − − − that could flexibly respond by learning new behaviors or by ontogenetically adapting would − − − − − − be naturally preserved. This saved remnant would, over several generations, have the − − − − − − opportunity to exhibit spontaneously congenital variations similar to their acquired traits and − − − − − − have these variations naturally selected. the acquired traits had sunk − − − − − − into the hereditary substance in a Lamarckian fashion, but the process would really be neo-Darwinian. − − 如果动物处于新环境或其原来所处的环境急剧变化，那些能够通过学习新行为或自身基因适应来灵活作出反应的动物会自然地留存下来。经过几代之后，这些幸存者有机会自发地表现出与他们获得的特征相似的先天变异，并让其经自然选择而留存。看上去获得性特征以拉马克的方式留在了遗传物质上，但这个过程实际上是'''<font color="#ff8000">新达尔文主义 Neo-Darwinism</font>'''的。 − − </blockquote> − / blockquote − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“有机会自发地表现出与他们获得的特征相似的先天变异”一句中的“获得的特征”改为“后天获得的性状”+ − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“看上去获得性特征以拉马克的方式留在了遗传物质上”一句改为“看上去好像获得性状以拉马克的方式固化到了遗传物质中” − --[[用户:Thingamabob|Thingamabob]]（[[用户讨论:Thingamabob|讨论]]） 【审校】 “那些能够通过学习新行为或自身基因适应来灵活作出反应的动物会自然地留存下来”改为“那些能学习新行为或自身基因适应从而灵活作出反应的动物会自然地留存下来” − Selected offspring would tend to have an increased capacity for learning new skills rather than being confined to genetically coded, relatively fixed abilities. In effect, it places emphasis on the fact that the sustained behavior of a species or group can shape the evolution of that species. The "Baldwin effect" is better understood in [[evolutionary developmental biology]] literature as a scenario in which a character or [[biological trait|trait]] change occurring in an [[organism]] as a result of its interaction with its environment [[genetic assimilation|becomes gradually assimilated]] into its developmental genetic or epigenetic repertoire (Simpson, 1953; Newman, 2002). In the words of [[Daniel Dennett]],<ref name=dennett03/> − − Selected offspring would tend to have an increased capacity for learning new skills rather than being confined to genetically coded, relatively fixed abilities. In effect, it places emphasis on the fact that the sustained behavior of a species or group can shape the evolution of that species. The "Baldwin effect" is better understood in evolutionary developmental biology literature as a scenario in which a character or trait change occurring in an organism as a result of its interaction with its environment becomes gradually assimilated into its developmental genetic or epigenetic repertoire (Simpson, 1953; Newman, 2002). In the words of Daniel Dennett, − − 被选择留存的后代往往具有更强的学习新技能的能力，而不仅局限于基因编码的相对固定的能力。实际上，它强调以下事实：一个物种或群体的持续行为可以影响其进化。在'''<font color="#ff8000">演化发育生物学 Evolutionary developmental biology</font>'''的文献中，“鲍德温效应”得到了更好的理解——生物体由于与其环境的相互作用而发生的的特征或性状变化逐渐被同化到其发育遗传或表观遗传库中。用'''丹尼尔·丹尼特 Daniel Dennett'''的话来说, − − − <blockquote>+ − 块引号+ − − Thanks to the Baldwin effect, species can be said to pretest the efficacy of particular different designs by phenotypic (individual) exploration of the space of nearby possibilities. If a particularly winning setting is thereby discovered, this discovery will ''create'' a new selection pressure: organisms that are closer in the adaptive landscape to that discovery will have a clear advantage over those more distant. − − Thanks to the Baldwin effect, species can be said to pretest the efficacy of particular different designs by phenotypic (individual) exploration of the space of nearby possibilities. If a particularly winning setting is thereby discovered, this discovery will create a new selection pressure: organisms that are closer in the adaptive landscape to that discovery will have a clear advantage over those more distant. − − 由于鲍德温效应，可以说物种通过表型（个体）探索附近可能性的空间，预先测试了特定不同设计的功效。若由此发现一个特别适宜的环境，该发现将导致新的选择压力: 在适应环境中，更接近此发现的生物体将较其他生物体有明显的优势。 − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“由于鲍德温效应，可以说物种通过表型（个体）探索附近可能性的空间，预先测试了特定不同设计的功效”一句改为“由于鲍德温效应的影响，可以说物种通过对附近可能性空间的表型（个体）探索来预先测试特定不同设计的功效” − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“在适应环境中，更接近此发现的生物体将较其他生物体有明显的优势”一句改为“在已经适应了的旧环境中，更接近发现的新环境的生物体将较其他生物体有明显的优势。” − − </blockquote> − / blockquote − − − − An update to the Baldwin effect was developed by [[Jean Piaget]], [[Paul Alfred Weiss|Paul Weiss]], and [[Conrad Waddington]] in the 1960s–1970s. This new version included an explicit role for the social in shaping subsequent natural change in humans (both evolutionary and developmental), with reference to alterations of selection pressures.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Burman J. T. | year = 2013 | title = Updating the Baldwin Effect: The biological levels behind Piaget's new theory | url = | journal = New Ideas in Psychology | volume = 31 | issue = 3| pages = 363–373 | doi = 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2012.07.003 }}</ref> − − An update to the Baldwin effect was developed by Jean Piaget, Paul Weiss, and Conrad Waddington in the 1960s–1970s. This new version included an explicit role for the social in shaping subsequent natural change in humans (both evolutionary and developmental), with reference to alterations of selection pressures. − − 1960-1970年代，'''让·皮亚杰 Jean Piaget'''、'''保罗·维斯 Paul Weiss'''和'''康拉德·华丁顿 Conrad Waddington'''修正了鲍德温效应。该新版本明确了社会在塑造人类随后的自然变化（包括进化和发展）中的作用，并提到了选择压力的改变。 − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“该新版本明确了社会在塑造人类随后的自然变化（包括进化和发展）中的作用，并提到了选择压力的改变”一句中的“该新版本”改为“新版本” − − As is to be expected from [[Stigler's law]], subsequent research shows that Baldwin was not the first to identify the process; [[Douglas Spalding]] mentioned it in 1873.<ref>Noble, R.; [[Denis Noble|Noble, D.]] (2017) Was the Watchmaker Blind? Or Was She One-Eyed? ''Biology'' 2017, 6(4), 47; doi:10.3390/biology6040047, quoting Bateson, P. The adaptability driver: Links between behaviour and evolution. Biol. Theory 2006, 1, 342–345.</ref> − − As is to be expected from Stigler's law, subsequent research shows that Baldwin was not the first to identify the process; Douglas Spalding mentioned it in 1873. − − 正如'''<font color="#ff8000">斯蒂格勒定律 Stigler's Law</font>'''所指，随后的研究表明，鲍德温并不是第一个发现这个过程的人; '''道格拉斯·斯波尔丁 Douglas Spalding'''在1873年提到过这个过程。 − − − − ==Examples 举例== − Suppose a species is threatened by a new [[predator]] and there is a behavior that makes it more difficult for the predator to kill individuals of the species. Individuals who learn the behavior more quickly will obviously be at an advantage. As time goes on, the ability to learn the behavior will improve (by genetic selection), and at some point it will seem to be an [[instinct]]. Baldwin gives the following case involving cooperation: "Animals may be kept alive let us say in a given environment by social cooperation only; these transmit this social type of variation to posterity; thus social adaptation sets the direction of physical phylogeny and physical heredity is determined in part by this factor" (Baldwin, 1896, p. 553).+ − Suppose a species is threatened by a new predator and there is a behavior that makes it more difficult for the predator to kill individuals of the species. Individuals who learn the behavior more quickly will obviously be at an advantage. As time goes on, the ability to learn the behavior will improve (by genetic selection), and at some point it will seem to be an instinct. Baldwin gives the following case involving cooperation: "Animals may be kept alive let us say in a given environment by social cooperation only; these transmit this social type of variation to posterity; thus social adaptation sets the direction of physical phylogeny and physical heredity is determined in part by this factor" (Baldwin, 1896, p. 553). − 假设一个物种受到一个新的捕食者的威胁，并且有一种行为使得捕食者更加难以杀死该物种的个体。更快学会这种行为的个体显然会处于有利地位。随着时间的推移，学习行为的能力将得到提高(通过基因选择) ，在某种程度上，这似乎是一种本能。鲍德温给出了以下涉及合作的案例: “动物可以保持活着，让我们说，在一个特定的环境中，只有通过社会合作; 这些传递这种社会类型的变异给子孙后代; 因此，社会适应确定了物理系统发育和物理遗传的方向，部分由这个因素决定”(鲍德温，1896年，第553页)。+ − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“学习行为的能力将得到提高”一句中的“行为”改成“该种行为” − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“动物可以保持活着，让我们说，在一个特定的环境中，只有通过社会合作; 这些传递这种社会类型的变异给子孙后代; 因此，社会适应确定了物理系统发育和物理遗传的方向，部分由这个因素决定”一句改为“我们说，只有通过社会合作，动物或许才能在一个特定的环境中存活；这些存活下来的动物把这种社会类型的变化传递给了子孙后代；因此社会性适应决定了生理表型的演化方向，而生理遗传亦受到该因素的部分影响”+ − The appearance of lactose tolerance (i.e., [[lactase persistence]]) in human populations with a long tradition of raising domesticated animals for milk production has been suggested as another example.<ref>[https://epdf.pub/evolution-and-learning-the-baldwin-effect-reconsidered.html Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered]</ref> This argument holds that a feedback loop operates whereby a dairy culture increases the selective advantage from this genetic trait, while the average population genotype increases the collective rewards of a dairy culture.+ − The appearance of lactose tolerance (i.e., lactase persistence) in human populations with a long tradition of raising domesticated animals for milk production has been suggested as another example. This argument holds that a feedback loop operates whereby a dairy culture increases the selective advantage from this genetic trait, while the average population genotype increases the collective rewards of a dairy culture. − + − + − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“争议和接受”中的“接受”改为“认同” − − Initially Baldwin's ideas were not incompatible with the prevailing, but uncertain, ideas about the mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and at least two other biologists put forward very similar ideas in 1896.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=C. L. |authorlink=C. Lloyd Morgan |year=1896 |title=On modification and variation |journal=Science|volume=4|issue=99 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1126/science.4.99.733|pmid=17735249 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448227 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=H. F. |authorlink=Henry Fairfield Osborne |year=1896 |title=Ontogenic and phylogenic variation |journal=Science |volume=4|issue=100 |pages=786–789 |doi=10.1126/science.4.100.786|pmid=17734840 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448151 }}</ref> In 1901, [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] referred to behavioural adaptations to prevailing climates in different species of bees as ‘what had merely been an idea, therefore, and opposed to instinct, has thus by slow degrees become an instinctive habit’.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Life of the Bee|last=Materlinck |first=Maurice |authorlink=Maurice Maeterlinck |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co. |year=1901 |location=New York |pages=Chapter VII section 102}}</ref> The Baldwin effect theory subsequently became more controversial, with scholars being split between "Baldwin boosters" and "Baldwin skeptics".<ref name="depew03">Depew, David J. (2003), "Baldwin Boosters, Baldwin Skeptics" in: {{cite book |title=Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered |last=Weber |first=Bruce H. |first2=David J. |last2=Depew |year=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-23229-6 |pages=3–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBtRzBilw1MC&pg=PR9&dq=baldwin+effect#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> The theory was first called the "Baldwin effect" by [[George Gaylord Simpson]] in 1953.<ref name="depew03" /> Simpson "admitted that the idea was theoretically consistent, that is, not inconsistent with the [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]]",<ref name="depew03" /> but he doubted that the phenomenon occurred very often, or if so, could be proven to occur. In his discussion of the reception of the Baldwin-effect theory Simpson points out that the theory appears to provide a reconciliation between a neo-Darwinian and a [[Lamarckism|neo-Lamarckian]] approach and that "Mendelism and later genetic theory so conclusively ruled out the extreme neo-Lamarckian position that reconciliation came to seem unnecessary".<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Baldwin effect |authorlink=George Gaylord Simpson |author=Simpson, George Gaylord |year=1953 |journal=Evolution |volume=7 | issue=2 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}</ref> In 1942, the evolutionary biologist [[Julian Huxley]] promoted the Baldwin effect as part of the modern synthesis, saying the concept had been unduly neglected by evolutionists.<ref name=Julian1942>{{cite book | authorlink=Julian Huxley |author=Huxley, Julian |year=1942 |location=London |title=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd|title-link=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis }}</ref> − − Initially Baldwin's ideas were not incompatible with the prevailing, but uncertain, ideas about the mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and at least two other biologists put forward very similar ideas in 1896. In 1901, Maurice Maeterlinck referred to behavioral adaptations to prevailing climates in different species of bees as ‘what had merely been an idea, therefore, and opposed to instinct, has thus by slow degrees become an instinctive habit’. The Baldwin effect theory subsequently became more controversial, with scholars being split between "Baldwin boosters" and "Baldwin skeptics". The theory was first called the "Baldwin effect" by George Gaylord Simpson in 1953. In 1942, the evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley promoted the Baldwin effect as part of the modern synthesis, saying the concept had been unduly neglected by evolutionists. − − 最初，鲍德温的观点与广泛流传但未加验证的关于遗传信息传递机制的观点并不矛盾，且在1896年至少有两位生物学家提出了非常相似的观点。1901年，'''莫里斯·梅特林克 Maurice Maeterlinck'''提到不同种类的蜜蜂对当时气候的行为适应性，称其之前仅仅是一种想法，因此，与本能相反，慢慢地变成了一种本能的习惯。鲍德温效应理论随后变得更具争议性，学者们分为“鲍德温支持者”和“鲍德温怀疑论者”。1953年'''乔治·盖洛德·辛普森 George Gaylord Simpson'''首次命名该理论为“鲍德温效应”。1942年，进化生物学家'''朱利安·赫胥黎 Julian Huxley'''将鲍德温效应作为现代进化综论的一部分加以推广，称进化论者过度忽视了这一概念。 − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“1901年，'''莫里斯·梅特林克 Maurice Maeterlinck'''提到不同种类的蜜蜂对当时气候的行为适应性，称其之前仅仅是一种想法，因此，与本能相反，慢慢地变成了一种本能的习惯”改为“1901年，'''莫里斯·梅特林克 Maurice Maeterlinck'''提到不同种类的蜜蜂对当时气候的行为适应，称这种适应“因此，过去仅仅是一种昆虫的聪明才智，与本能相对立的东西，慢慢地变成了一种本能的习惯”” − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“学者们分为“鲍德温支持者”和“鲍德温怀疑论者””一句中的“分为”改成“分化为” − − In the 1960s, the evolutionary biologist [[Ernst Mayr]] contended that the Baldwin effect theory was untenable because − − In the 1960s, the evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr contended that the Baldwin effect theory was untenable because − − 在20世纪60年代，进化生物学家'''恩斯特·迈尔'''称鲍德温效应理论是站不住脚的，因为 − − # the argument is stated in terms of the individual genotype, whereas what is really exposed to the selection pressure is a phenotypically and genetically variable population; − − the argument is stated in terms of the individual genotype, whereas what is really exposed to the selection pressure is a phenotypically and genetically variable population; − − 这个论点是从个体基因型的角度来阐述的，而真正暴露在选择压力下的是表型和遗传可变的种群; − − # it is not sufficiently emphasized that the degree of modification of the phenotype is in itself genetically controlled; − − it is not sufficiently emphasized that the degree of modification of the phenotype is in itself genetically controlled; − − 没有充分强调表型的改变程度本身是受遗传控制的; − − # it is assumed that phenotypic rigidity is selectively superior to phenotypic flexibility.<ref name=Mayr1963>{{cite book| authorlink=Ernst Mayr |author=Mayr, Ernst |year=1963 |location=Cambridge, MA |title=Animal Species and Evolution| url=https://archive.org/details/animalspeciesevo00mayr | url-access=registration |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03750-2}}</ref> − − it is assumed that phenotypic rigidity is selectively superior to phenotypic flexibility. − − 假定表型刚性有选择性优于表型柔性。 − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“假定表型刚性有选择性优于表型柔性”一句中的“有选择性”改为“有选择地” − − In 1987 [[Geoffrey Hinton]] and Steven Nowlan demonstrated by computer simulation that learning can accelerate evolution, and they associated this with the Baldwin effect.<ref>{{cite journal |title=How learning can guide evolution |last=Hinton |first=Geoffrey E. |author-link=Geoffrey Hinton |last2=Nowlan |first2=Steven J. |year=1987 |journal=Complex Systems |volume=1 |pages=495–502}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=When learning guides evolution|authorlink=John Maynard Smith |author=Maynard Smith, John |year=1987 |journal=Nature |volume=329 |issue=6142 |pages=761–762 |doi=10.1038/329761a0|pmid=3670381 }}</ref><ref name=Puentedura2003>{{cite book| author=Puentedura, Ruben R. |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA |chapter=The Baldwin effect in the age of computation |title=Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered |editor-last=Weber |editor-first=Bruce H. |editor-last2=Depew |editor-first2=David J.|publisher=MIT press |pages=219–234}}</ref> − − In 1987 Geoffrey Hinton and Steven Nowlan demonstrated by computer simulation that learning can accelerate evolution, and they associated this with the Baldwin effect. − − 1987年，'''杰弗里·辛顿 Geoffrey Hinton''' 和 '''史蒂芬·诺兰 Steven Nowlan''' 通过计算机模拟证明了学习可以加速进化，他们将此与鲍德温效应联系起来。 − − − − Paul Griffiths<ref name=Griffiths2003>{{cite book| author=Griffiths, Paul E. |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA|chapter=Beyond the Baldwin effect: James Mark Baldwin’s ‘social heredity,’ epigenetic inheritance, and niche construction|title=Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered|publisher=MIT press|pages=193–215|editor-last=Weber |editor-first=Bruce H. |editor-last2=Depew |editor-first2=David J.}}</ref> suggests two reasons for the continuing interest in the Baldwin effect. The first is the role ''mind'' is understood to play in the effect. The second is the connection between ''development'' and evolution in the effect. Baldwin’s account of how neurophysiological and conscious mental factors may contribute to the effect<ref>{{cite journal |title=Heredity and instinct|last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark |author-link=James Mark Baldwin|year=1896 |journal=Science |volume=3 |issue=64|pages=438–441, 558–561|doi=10.1126/science.3.64.438 |pmid=17780356|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448082 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Consciousness and evolution |last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark |author-link=James Mark Baldwin|year=1896 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=3 |issue=3|pages=300–309 |doi=10.1037/h0063996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A new factor in evolution |last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark |author-link=James Mark Baldwin|year=1896 |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=30 |issue=354|pages=441–451, 536–553 |doi=10.1086/276408|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0c1386d88cb54eb17c6a2745cd4bf15dbb3f2b09 }}</ref> brings into focus the question of the possible survival value of consciousness.<ref name=Lindahl2001>{{cite book| author=Lindahl, B. I. B. |year=2001 |location=Amsterdam |chapter=Consciousness, behavioural patterns and the direction of biological evolution: implications for the mind–brain problem |title=Dimensions of Conscious Experience |publisher=John Benjamins |pages=73–99 |editor-last=Pylkkänen |editor-first=Paavo |editor-last2=Vadén |editor-first2=Tere |isbn=978-90-272-5157-2}}</ref> − − Paul Griffiths suggests two reasons for the continuing interest in the Baldwin effect. The first is the role mind is understood to play in the effect. The second is the connection between development and evolution in the effect. Baldwin’s account of how neurophysiological and conscious mental factors may contribute to the effect brings into focus the question of the possible survival value of consciousness. − − '''保罗·格里菲斯 Paul Griffiths'''指出了人们对鲍德温效应持续兴趣的两个原因。首先，我们可以理解心智在这种效果中所扮演的角色。二是其中发展与演变的关系。鲍德温关于神经生理学和意识心理因素如何促成这种效应的解释，使人们更加关注意识可能的存在价值问题。 − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“指出了人们对鲍德温效应持续兴趣的两个原因”一句中的“持续兴趣”改为“怀有持久兴趣” − − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“我们可以理解心智在这种效果中所扮演的角色”一句中的“效果”改为“效应” − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“鲍德温关于神经生理学和意识心理因素如何促成这种效应的解释”一句中的“神经生理学”改为“神经生理”+ − [[File:Carpodacus mexicanus -Madison, Wisconsin, USA-8.jpg|thumb|The [[house finch]]'s colonisation of North America has provided empirical evidence of the Baldwin effect.<ref name=Badyaev/>]] − The [[house finch's colonisation of North America has provided empirical evidence of the Baldwin effect.]]+ − [图一：家朱雀在北美的定殖提供了鲍德温效应的经验证明。]+ + + − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“家朱雀在北美的定殖提供了鲍德温效应的经验证明”一句改为“家朱雀在北美洲的定殖为鲍德温效应提供了实证证据” − Still, observes David Depew, "it is striking that a rather diverse lot of contemporary evolutionary theorists, most of whom regard themselves as supporters of the Modern Synthesis, have of late become 'Baldwin boosters{{'"}}<ref name="depew03" /> These Baldwin boosters+ − Still, observes David Depew, "it is striking that a rather diverse lot of contemporary evolutionary theorists, most of whom regard themselves as supporters of the Modern Synthesis, have of late become 'Baldwin boosters These Baldwin boosters + − + − 块引号 − − are typically [[evolutionary psychologist]]s who are searching for scenarios in which a population can get itself by behavioral trial and error onto a "hard to find" part of the fitness landscape in which human brain, language, and mind can rapidly coevolve. They are searching for what [[Daniel Dennett]], himself a Baldwin booster, calls an "evolutionary crane," an instrument to do some heavy lifting fast.<ref name="depew03" /> − − are typically evolutionary psychologists who are searching for scenarios in which a population can get itself by behavioral trial and error onto a "hard to find" part of the fitness landscape in which human brain, language, and mind can rapidly coevolve. They are searching for what Daniel Dennett, himself a Baldwin booster, calls an "evolutionary crane," an instrument to do some heavy lifting fast. − + − </blockquote> − + − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“令人惊讶的是，很多当代进化论理论家（其中大多数人自认为是现代进化综论的支持者）”一句中的“很多”改为“许多各派的”+ − + − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“这些人是典型的致力于寻找“很难找到的”，群体可以通过行为试错达到人脑、语言和思维快速共同进化的适应性图景之场景的'''<font color="#ff8000">进化心理学 Evolutionary Psychology</font>'''家。他们正在寻找被丹尼尔·丹尼特（鲍德温的支持者）所称的“进化起重机”（快速升高重物的工具）”一句改为“这些鲍德温支持者是典型的进化心理学家，他们正在寻找这样的场景，在这样的场景中，一个群体能够通过行为的反复试验使其进入到一个“难以发现”的适应环境中，在这个环境中，人类的大脑、语言和思维都能快速地共同进化。他们正在寻找被丹尼尔·丹尼特——一位鲍德温支持者，称为“进化起重机”的一种工具，这种工具能够迅速地抬起重物。” − According to [[Daniel Dennett]], recent work has rendered the Baldwin effect "no longer a controversial wrinkle in orthodox Darwinism".<ref name="dennett03">[[Daniel Dennett|Dennett, Daniel]] (2003), "The Baldwin Effect: a Crane, not a Skyhook" in: {{cite book |title=Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered |last=Weber |first=Bruce H. |first2=David J. |last2=Depew |year=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-23229-6 |pages=69–106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBtRzBilw1MC&pg=PR9&dq=baldwin+effect#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> Potential genetic mechanisms underlying the Baldwin effect have been proposed for the evolution of natural (genetically-determinant) antibodies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Russell|date=1996|title=How the adaptive antibodies facilitate the evolution of natural antibodies|url=|journal=Immunology and Cell Biology|volume=74 | issue = 2 |pages=286–291|doi=10.1038/icb.1996.50|pmid=8799730}}</ref> In 2009, empirical evidence for the Baldwin effect was provided from the colonisation of North America by the [[house finch]].<ref name=Badyaev>{{cite journal |last1=Badyaev |first1=Alexander V. |title=Evolutionary significance of phenotypic accommodation in novel environments: an empirical test of the Baldwin effect |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B |date=March 2009 |volume=364 |issue=1520 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0285 |pmid=19324617 |pages=1125–1141|pmc=2666683 }}</ref>+ − According to Daniel Dennett, recent work has rendered the Baldwin effect "no longer a controversial wrinkle in orthodox Darwinism". Potential genetic mechanisms underlying the Baldwin effect have been proposed for the evolution of natural (genetically-determinant) antibodies. In 2009, empirical evidence for the Baldwin effect was provided from the colonisation of North America by the house finch. − 丹尼尔•丹尼特表示，最近的研究工作已使鲍德温效应“在正统达尔文主义中不再是争议性问题”。科学家已提出鲍德温效应背后潜在的遗传机制用于自然（基因决定）抗体的进化。2009年，'''家朱雀 House Finch'''在北美的定殖为鲍德温效应提供了经验证明。 − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“在北美的定殖为鲍德温效应提供了经验证明”一句中的“经验证明”改为“实证证据”+ − ==Comparison with genetic assimilation 与遗传同化的区别==+ − {{further|Genetic assimilation}}+ + + − The Baldwin effect has been confused with, and sometimes conflated with, a different evolutionary theory also based on [[phenotypic plasticity]], [[C. H. Waddington]]'s [[genetic assimilation]]. The Baldwin effect includes genetic accommodation, of which one type is genetic assimilation.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Crispo | first1=Erika | year=2007 | title=The Baldwin effect and genetic assimilation: revisiting two mechanisms of evolutionary change mediated by phenotypic plasticity | journal=Evolution | volume=61 | issue=11 | pages=2469–2479 | doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00203.x| pmid=17714500 }}</ref><!--more needed-->+ − The Baldwin effect has been confused with, and sometimes conflated with, a different evolutionary theory also based on phenotypic plasticity, C. H. Waddington's genetic assimilation. The Baldwin effect includes genetic accommodation, of which one type is genetic assimilation.<!--more needed-->+ − 鲍德温效应与另一种同样基于'''<font color="#ff8000">表型可塑性 Henotypic Plasticity</font>'''的进化理论——C.H.华丁顿的'''<font color="#ff8000">遗传同化 Genetic Assimilation</font>'''相混淆，有时甚至混为一谈。实际上，鲍德温效应包括遗传调节，其中一种类型是遗传同化。 − --[[用户:不思议|不思议]]（[[用户讨论:不思议|讨论]]） 【审校】“鲍德温效应包括遗传调节”一句中的“遗传调节”改为“遗传顺化”+ − + − − − * {{annotated link|Evolvability}} − − * {{annotated link|Lamarckism}} − − * {{annotated link|Maternal effect}} − − * {{annotated link|Meme}} − − * {{annotated link|Pangenesis}} − − * {{annotated link|Weismann barrier}} − − − − ==Notes 注释== − − {{reflist|30em}} − − − − == References 参考资料== − + − + 第313行：
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第139行： − + − + − Category:Evolutionary biology − − 分类: 进化生物学 − − − − Category:Selection − − 类别: 选择 − − <noinclude> − − <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Baldwin effect]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[鲍德温效应/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> − − [[Category:待整理页面]]
无编辑摘要
[[File:Lamarck Compared to Darwin, Baldwin, Waddington.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|鲍德温效应与[[拉马克进化论 Lamarck's theory of evolution]]、[[达尔文进化 Darwinian evolution]]论和华丁顿 Waddingt的[[遗传同化论]]进行比较。所有的理论都解释了生物体是如何通过适应性遗传变化来应对环境变化的.]]
In [[evolutionary biology]], the '''Baldwin effect''' describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, [[James Mark Baldwin]] and others suggested during the [[eclipse of Darwinism]] in the late 19th century that an organism's ''ability to learn'' new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through [[natural selection]]. Though this process appears similar to [[Lamarckism|Lamarckian evolution]], Lamarck proposed that living things ''inherited'' their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]].
In [[evolutionary biology]], the '''Baldwin effect''' describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, [[James Mark Baldwin]] and others suggested during the [[eclipse of Darwinism]] in the late 19th century that an organism's ''ability to learn'' new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through [[natural selection]]. Though this process appears similar to [[Lamarckism|Lamarckian evolution]], Lamarck proposed that living things ''inherited'' their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]].
In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, James Mark Baldwin and others suggested during the eclipse of Darwinism in the late 19th century that an organism's ability to learn new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckian evolution, Lamarck proposed that living things inherited their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern synthesis.
In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, James Mark Baldwin and others suggested during the eclipse of Darwinism in the late 19th century that an organism's ability to learn new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckian evolution, Lamarck proposed that living things inherited their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern synthesis.
在演化生物学 Evolutionary Biology中，'''鲍德温效应 Baldwin Effect'''描述了习得行为对进化的影响。简而言之，在19世纪末达尔文主义 Darwinism的衰落期间，詹姆斯·马克·鲍德温 James Mark Baldwin及其他一些人提出，生物体学习新行为的能力（如为了适应新的压力源）会影响其繁殖，进而会通过[[自然选择 Natural Selection]]影响其物种的基因组成。尽管这个过程似乎与'''<font color="#ff8000">拉马克进化论 Lamarckian evolution </font>'''类似，但Lamarckian认为生物继承了其父母后天获得的特性。鲍德温效应已独立提出过多次，如今普遍认为其为'''现代进化综论 Modern Evolutionary Synthesis'''的一部分。
==进化的新因素 A New Factor in Evolution==
1896年，美国心理学家'''詹姆斯·马克·鲍德温 James Mark Baldwin'''在一篇名为《进化的新因素 A New Factor in Evolution》的论文中提出了这一效应，该效应当时还未曾命名。该文提出了一种针对一般学习能力的具体选择机制。正如'''罗伯特·理查兹 Robert Richards'''解释的那样:<ref name=Richards1987>{{cite book | author=Richards, Robert J. | year=1987 | title=Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior| publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago | isbn=978-0-226-71199-7 | page=399| author-link=Robert J. Richards }}</ref>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
:''If animals entered a new environment—or their old environment rapidly changed—those that could flexibly respond by learning new behaviors or by ontogenetically adapting would be naturally preserved. This saved remnant would, over several generations, have the opportunity to exhibit spontaneously congenital variations similar to their acquired traits and have these variations naturally selected. It would look as though the acquired traits had sunk into the hereditary substance in a Lamarckian fashion, but the process would really be neo-Darwinian''.
:如果动物处于新环境或其原来所处的环境急剧变化，那些能学习新行为或自身基因适应从而灵活作出反应的动物会自然地留存下来。经过几代之后，这些幸存者有机会自发地表现出与他们后天获得的性状相似的先天变异，并让其经自然选择而留存。看上去好像获得性状以拉马克的方式固化到了遗传物质中，但这个过程实际上是'''新达尔文主义 Neo-Darwinism'''的。
If animals entered a new environment—or their old environment rapidly changed—those
that could flexibly respond by learning new behaviors or by ontogenetically adapting would
be naturally preserved. This saved remnant would, over several generations, have the
opportunity to exhibit spontaneously congenital variations similar to their acquired traits and
have these variations naturally selected. It would look as though the acquired traits had sunk
into the hereditary substance in a Lamarckian fashion, but the process would really be [[Neo-Darwinism|neo-Darwinian]].
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
被选择留存的后代往往具有更强的学习新技能的能力，而不仅局限于基因编码的相对固定的能力。实际上，它强调以下事实：一个物种或群体的持续行为可以影响其进化。在'''<font color="#ff8000">演化发育生物学 Evolutionary developmental biology</font>'''的文献中，“鲍德温效应”得到了更好的理解——生物体由于与其环境的相互作用而发生的的特征或性状变化逐渐被同化到其发育遗传或表观遗传库中。用'''丹尼尔·丹尼特 Daniel Dennett'''的话来说,<ref name=dennett03/>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
:Thanks to the Baldwin effect, species can be said to pretest the efficacy of particular different designs by phenotypic (individual) exploration of the space of nearby possibilities. If a particularly winning setting is thereby discovered, this discovery will ''create'' a new selection pressure: organisms that are closer in the adaptive landscape to that discovery will have a clear advantage over those more distant.
由于鲍德温效应的影响，可以说物种通过对附近可能性空间的表型（个体）探索来预先测试特定不同设计的功效。若由此发现一个特别适宜的环境，该发现将导致新的选择压力:在已经适应了的旧环境中，更接近发现的新环境的生物体将较其他生物体有明显的优势。
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
1960-1970年代，'''让·皮亚杰 Jean Piaget'''、'''保罗·维斯 Paul Weiss'''和'''康拉德·华丁顿 Conrad Waddington'''修正了鲍德温效应。新版本明确了社会在塑造人类随后的自然变化（包括进化和发展）中的作用，并提到了选择压力的改变。<ref>{{cite journal | author = Burman J. T. | year = 2013 | title = Updating the Baldwin Effect: The biological levels behind Piaget's new theory | url = | journal = New Ideas in Psychology | volume = 31 | issue = 3| pages = 363–373 | doi = 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2012.07.003 }}</ref>
正如'''<font color="#ff8000">斯蒂格勒定律 Stigler's Law</font>'''所指，随后的研究表明，鲍德温并不是第一个发现这个过程的人; '''道格拉斯·斯波尔丁 Douglas Spalding'''在1873年提到过这个过程。<ref>Noble, R.; [[Denis Noble|Noble, D.]] (2017) Was the Watchmaker Blind? Or Was She One-Eyed? ''Biology'' 2017, 6(4), 47; doi:10.3390/biology6040047, quoting Bateson, P. The adaptability driver: Links between behaviour and evolution. Biol. Theory 2006, 1, 342–345.</ref>
==举例==
假设一个物种受到一个新的捕食者的威胁，并且有一种行为使得捕食者更加难以杀死该物种的个体。更快学会这种行为的个体显然会处于有利地位。随着时间的推移，该种行为的能力将得到提高(通过基因选择) ，在某种程度上，这似乎是一种本能。鲍德温给出了以下涉及合作的案例: “动物可以保持活着，我们说，只有通过社会合作，动物或许才能在一个特定的环境中存活；这些存活下来的动物把这种社会类型的变化传递给了子孙后代；因此社会性适应决定了生理表型的演化方向，而生理遗传亦受到该因素的部分影响”(鲍德温，1896年，第553页)。
另一个例子是，在人类中出现了乳糖耐受性(即乳糖分解酶持续性) ，而人类在饲养家畜产奶方面有着悠久的传统。这种观点认为，乳制品文化通过一个反馈循环增加了这种遗传特性的选择优势，而普通群体的基因型增加了乳制品文化的集体回报。
另一个例子是，在人类中出现了乳糖耐受性(即乳糖分解酶持续性) ，而人类在饲养家畜产奶方面有着悠久的传统。<ref>[https://epdf.pub/evolution-and-learning-the-baldwin-effect-reconsidered.html Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered]</ref> 这种观点认为，乳制品文化通过一个反馈循环增加了这种遗传特性的选择优势，而普通群体的基因型增加了乳制品文化的集体回报。
==Controversy and acceptance 争议和接受==
==争议和认同 Controversy and acceptance ==
最初，鲍德温的观点与广泛流传但未加验证的关于遗传信息传递机制的观点并不矛盾，且在1896年至少有两位生物学家提出了非常相似的观点。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=C. L. |authorlink=C. Lloyd Morgan |year=1896 |title=On modification and variation |journal=Science|volume=4|issue=99 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1126/science.4.99.733|pmid=17735249 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448227 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=H. F. |authorlink=Henry Fairfield Osborne |year=1896 |title=Ontogenic and phylogenic variation |journal=Science |volume=4|issue=100 |pages=786–789 |doi=10.1126/science.4.100.786|pmid=17734840 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448151 }}</ref> 1901年，'''莫里斯·梅特林克 Maurice Maeterlinck'''提到不同种类的蜜蜂对当时气候的行为适应，称这种适应“因此，过去仅仅是一种昆虫的聪明才智，与本能相对立的东西，慢慢地变成了一种本能的习惯。<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Life of the Bee|last=Materlinck |first=Maurice |authorlink=Maurice Maeterlinck |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co. |year=1901 |location=New York |pages=Chapter VII section 102}}</ref>鲍德温效应理论随后变得更具争议性，学者们分化为“鲍德温支持者”和“鲍德温怀疑论者”。<ref name="depew03">Depew, David J. (2003), "Baldwin Boosters, Baldwin Skeptics" in: {{cite book |title=Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered |last=Weber |first=Bruce H. |first2=David J. |last2=Depew |year=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-23229-6 |pages=3–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBtRzBilw1MC&pg=PR9&dq=baldwin+effect#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> 1953年'''乔治·盖洛德·辛普森 George Gaylord Simpson'''首次命名该理论为“鲍德温效应”。<ref name="depew03" /> Simpson "admitted that the idea was theoretically consistent, that is, not inconsistent with the [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]]",<ref name="depew03" />1942年，进化生物学家'''朱利安·赫胥黎 Julian Huxley'''将鲍德温效应作为现代进化综论的一部分加以推广，称进化论者过度忽视了这一概念。<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Baldwin effect |authorlink=George Gaylord Simpson |author=Simpson, George Gaylord |year=1953 |journal=Evolution |volume=7 | issue=2 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}</ref> In 1942, the evolutionary biologist [[Julian Huxley]] promoted the Baldwin effect as part of the modern synthesis, saying the concept had been unduly neglected by evolutionists.<ref name=Julian1942>{{cite book | authorlink=Julian Huxley |author=Huxley, Julian |year=1942 |location=London |title=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd|title-link=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis }}</ref>
在20世纪60年代，进化生物学家'''恩斯特·迈尔 Ernst Mayr'''称鲍德温效应理论是站不住脚的，因为：
# 这个论点是从个体基因型的角度来阐述的，而真正暴露在选择压力下的是表型和遗传可变的种群；
# 没有充分强调表型的改变程度本身是受遗传控制的；
# 假定表型刚性选择地优于表型柔性。<ref name=Mayr1963>{{cite book| authorlink=Ernst Mayr |author=Mayr, Ernst |year=1963 |location=Cambridge, MA |title=Animal Species and Evolution| url=https://archive.org/details/animalspeciesevo00mayr | url-access=registration |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03750-2}}</ref>
1987年，'''杰弗里·辛顿 Geoffrey Hinton''' 和 '''史蒂芬·诺兰 Steven Nowlan''' 通过计算机模拟证明了学习可以加速进化，他们将此与鲍德温效应联系起来。<ref>{{cite journal |title=How learning can guide evolution |last=Hinton |first=Geoffrey E. |author-link=Geoffrey Hinton |last2=Nowlan |first2=Steven J. |year=1987 |journal=Complex Systems |volume=1 |pages=495–502}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=When learning guides evolution|authorlink=John Maynard Smith |author=Maynard Smith, John |year=1987 |journal=Nature |volume=329 |issue=6142 |pages=761–762 |doi=10.1038/329761a0|pmid=3670381 }}</ref><ref name=Puentedura2003>{{cite book| author=Puentedura, Ruben R. |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA |chapter=The Baldwin effect in the age of computation |title=Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered |editor-last=Weber |editor-first=Bruce H. |editor-last2=Depew |editor-first2=David J.|publisher=MIT press |pages=219–234}}</ref>
'''保罗·格里菲斯 Paul Griffiths'''<ref name=Griffiths2003>{{cite book| author=Griffiths, Paul E. |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA|chapter=Beyond the Baldwin effect: James Mark Baldwin’s ‘social heredity,’ epigenetic inheritance, and niche construction|title=Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered|publisher=MIT press|pages=193–215|editor-last=Weber |editor-first=Bruce H. |editor-last2=Depew |editor-first2=David J.}}</ref>指出了人们对鲍德温效应怀有持久兴趣的两个原因。首先，我们可以理解心智在这种效应中所扮演的角色。二是其中发展与演变的关系。鲍德温关于神经生理和意识心理因素如何促成这种效应的解释，<ref>{{cite journal |title=Heredity and instinct|last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark |author-link=James Mark Baldwin|year=1896 |journal=Science |volume=3 |issue=64|pages=438–441, 558–561|doi=10.1126/science.3.64.438 |pmid=17780356|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448082 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Consciousness and evolution |last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark |author-link=James Mark Baldwin|year=1896 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=3 |issue=3|pages=300–309 |doi=10.1037/h0063996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A new factor in evolution |last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark |author-link=James Mark Baldwin|year=1896 |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=30 |issue=354|pages=441–451, 536–553 |doi=10.1086/276408|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0c1386d88cb54eb17c6a2745cd4bf15dbb3f2b09 }}</ref>使人们更加关注意识可能的存在价值问题。<ref name=Lindahl2001>{{cite book| author=Lindahl, B. I. B. |year=2001 |location=Amsterdam |chapter=Consciousness, behavioural patterns and the direction of biological evolution: implications for the mind–brain problem |title=Dimensions of Conscious Experience |publisher=John Benjamins |pages=73–99 |editor-last=Pylkkänen |editor-first=Paavo |editor-last2=Vadén |editor-first2=Tere |isbn=978-90-272-5157-2}}</ref>
<blockquote>
[[File:Carpodacus mexicanus -Madison, Wisconsin, USA-8.jpg|thumb|家朱雀在北美的定殖提供了鲍德温效应的经验证明。<ref name=Badyaev/>]]
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
不过，'''戴维•迪皮尤 David Depew'''评论道: “令人惊讶的是，很多当代进化论理论家（其中大多数人自认为是现代进化综论的支持者），最近都成为了‘鲍德温支持者’，这些人是典型的致力于寻找“很难找到的”，群体可以通过行为试错达到人脑、语言和思维快速共同进化的适应性图景之场景的'''<font color="#ff8000">进化心理学 Evolutionary Psychology</font>'''家。他们正在寻找被丹尼尔·丹尼特（鲍德温的支持者）所称的“进化起重机”（快速升高重物的工具）。
:不过，'''戴维·迪皮尤 David Depew'''评论道: “令人惊讶的是，许多各派的当代进化论理论家（其中大多数人自认为是现代进化综论的支持者），最近都成为了‘鲍德温支持者’。这些鲍德温支持者是典型的进化心理学家，他们正在寻找这样的场景，在这样的场景中，一个群体能够通过行为的反复试验使其进入到一个“难以发现”的适应环境中，在这个环境中，人类的大脑、语言和思维都能快速地共同进化。他们正在寻找被丹尼尔·丹尼特——一位鲍德温支持者，称为“进化起重机”的一种工具，这种工具能够迅速地抬起重物。。<ref name="depew03" />
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
/ blockquote
:丹尼尔·丹尼特表示，最近的研究工作已使鲍德温效应“在正统达尔文主义中不再是争议性问题”<ref name="dennett03">[[Daniel Dennett|Dennett, Daniel]] (2003), "The Baldwin Effect: a Crane, not a Skyhook" in: {{cite book |title=Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered |last=Weber |first=Bruce H. |first2=David J. |last2=Depew |year=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-23229-6 |pages=69–106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBtRzBilw1MC&pg=PR9&dq=baldwin+effect#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref>。科学家已提出鲍德温效应背后潜在的遗传机制用于自然（基因决定）抗体的进化。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Russell|date=1996|title=How the adaptive antibodies facilitate the evolution of natural antibodies|url=|journal=Immunology and Cell Biology|volume=74 | issue = 2 |pages=286–291|doi=10.1038/icb.1996.50|pmid=8799730}}</ref>2009年，'''家朱雀 House Finch'''在北美的定殖为鲍德温效应提供了实证证据。<ref name=Badyaev>{{cite journal |last1=Badyaev |first1=Alexander V. |title=Evolutionary significance of phenotypic accommodation in novel environments: an empirical test of the Baldwin effect |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B |date=March 2009 |volume=364 |issue=1520 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0285 |pmid=19324617 |pages=1125–1141|pmc=2666683 }}</ref>
==与遗传同化的区别 Comparison with genetic assimilation ==
鲍德温效应与另一种同样基于'''<font color="#ff8000">表型可塑性 Henotypic Plasticity</font>'''的进化理论——C.H.华丁顿的'''<font color="#ff8000">遗传同化 Genetic Assimilation</font>'''相混淆，有时甚至混为一谈。实际上，鲍德温效应包括遗传顺化，其中一种类型是遗传同化。<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Crispo | first1=Erika | year=2007 | title=The Baldwin effect and genetic assimilation: revisiting two mechanisms of evolutionary change mediated by phenotypic plasticity | journal=Evolution | volume=61 | issue=11 | pages=2469–2479 | doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00203.x| pmid=17714500 }}</ref>
==另见==
* [[Evolvability]]
* [[Lamarckism]]
* [[Maternal effect]]
* [[Meme]]
* [[Pangenesis]]
* [[Weismann barrier]]
== 参考文献==
<references/>
==See also 参见==
* {{cite journal | last = Bateson |first=Patrick | year = 2004 | title = The Active Role of Behaviour in Evolution | url = | journal = Biology and Philosophy | volume = 19 | issue = 2| pages = 283–298 | doi=10.1023/b:biph.0000024468.12161.83}}
* {{cite journal | last = Bateson |first=Patrick | year = 2004 | title = The Active Role of Behaviour in Evolution | url = | journal = Biology and Philosophy | volume = 19 | issue = 2| pages = 283–298 | doi=10.1023/b:biph.0000024468.12161.83}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Baldwin | first1 = J. Mark | authorlink = James Mark Baldwin | year = 1896 | title = A New Factor in Evolution | url = http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Baldwin/Baldwin_1896_h.html | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 30 | issue = 354| pages = 441–451 | doi=10.1086/276408}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Baldwin | first1 = J. Mark | year = 1896 | title = A New Factor in Evolution | url = http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Baldwin/Baldwin_1896_h.html | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 30 | issue = 354| pages = 441–451 | doi=10.1086/276408}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Baldwin | first1 = J. Mark | authorlink = James Mark Baldwin | year = 1897 | title = Organic Selection | journal = Science | volume = 5 | issue = 121| pages = 634–636 | doi=10.1126/science.5.121.634| pmid = 17781159 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1448253 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Baldwin | first1 = J. Mark | year = 1897 | title = Organic Selection | journal = Science | volume = 5 | issue = 121| pages = 634–636 | doi=10.1126/science.5.121.634| pmid = 17781159 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1448253 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Cochran |first1=Gregory |last2=Harpending |first2=Henry |date=2009 |title=The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-00221-4|title-link=The 10,000 Year Explosion }}
* {{cite book |last1=Cochran |first1=Gregory |last2=Harpending |first2=Henry |date=2009 |title=The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-00221-4|title-link=The 10,000 Year Explosion }}
* {{cite journal|author=Newman, Stuart A |year=2002 |title=Putting Genes in their place |url=http://www.nymc.edu/sanewman/PDFs/Putting%20Genes%20in%20their%20Place.pdf |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume=27 |issue= 2|pages=97–104 |doi=10.1007/bf02703765 |pmid=11937679 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217013308/http://www.nymc.edu/sanewman/PDFs/Putting%20Genes%20in%20their%20Place.pdf |archivedate=2008-12-17 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Newman, Stuart A |year=2002 |title=Putting Genes in their place |url=http://www.nymc.edu/sanewman/PDFs/Putting%20Genes%20in%20their%20Place.pdf |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume=27 |issue= 2|pages=97–104 |doi=10.1007/bf02703765 |pmid=11937679 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217013308/http://www.nymc.edu/sanewman/PDFs/Putting%20Genes%20in%20their%20Place.pdf |archivedate=2008-12-17 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Osborn | first1 = Henry F. | authorlink = Henry Fairfield Osborn | year = 1896 | title = Ontogenic and Phylogenic Variation| journal = Science | volume = 4 | issue = 100| pages = 786–789 | doi=10.1126/science.4.100.786| pmid = 17734840 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1448151 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Osborn | first1 = Henry F. | year = 1896 | title = Ontogenic and Phylogenic Variation| journal = Science | volume = 4 | issue = 100| pages = 786–789 | doi=10.1126/science.4.100.786| pmid = 17734840 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1448151 }}
* [[Robert J. Richards|Richards, Robert J.]]; ''Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior'', Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987.
* Robert J. Richards|Richards, Robert J.; ''Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior'', Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987.
* {{cite journal | last = Simpson |first=G. Gaylord |authorlink=George Gaylord Simpson | year = 1953 | title = The Baldwin effect | url = | journal = Evolution | volume = 7 | issue = 2| pages = 110–117 | doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Simpson |first=G. Gaylord | year = 1953 | title = The Baldwin effect | url = | journal = Evolution | volume = 7 | issue = 2| pages = 110–117 | doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sznajder |first1=B. |last2=Sabelis |first2=M. W. |last3=Egas |first3=M. |title=How Adaptive Learning Affects Evolution: Reviewing Theory on the Baldwin Effect |journal=Evolutionary Biology |date=September 2012|volume=39|issue=3 |pages=301–310 |doi=10.1007/s11692-011-9155-2 |pmid=22923852 |pmc=3423563}}<!--a review paper, a recent secondary source-->
* {{cite journal |last1=Sznajder |first1=B. |last2=Sabelis |first2=M. W. |last3=Egas |first3=M. |title=How Adaptive Learning Affects Evolution: Reviewing Theory on the Baldwin Effect |journal=Evolutionary Biology |date=September 2012|volume=39|issue=3 |pages=301–310 |doi=10.1007/s11692-011-9155-2 |pmid=22923852 |pmc=3423563}}<!--a review paper, a recent secondary source-->
==External links 外部链接==
==外部链接==
* [http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Hypermail/Cognition.Sociobiology.98/0101.html Baldwinian evolution]
* [http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Hypermail/Cognition.Sociobiology.98/0101.html Baldwinian evolution]
[[Category:Evolutionary biology]]
[[Category:进化生物学]]
[[Category:选择]]
[[Category:Selection]]