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第2行： − − − In [[evolutionary biology]], the '''Baldwin effect''' describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, [[James Mark Baldwin]] and others suggested during the [[eclipse of Darwinism]] in the late 19th century that an organism's ''ability to learn'' new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through [[natural selection]]. Though this process appears similar to [[Lamarckism|Lamarckian evolution]], Lamarck proposed that living things ''inherited'' their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the [[Modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]].+ − In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, James Mark Baldwin and others suggested during the eclipse of Darwinism in the late 19th century that an organism's ability to learn new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckian evolution, Lamarck proposed that living things inherited their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern synthesis. − − 在演化生物学 Evolutionary Biology中，'''鲍德温效应 Baldwin Effect'''描述了习得行为对进化的影响。简而言之，在19世纪末达尔文主义 Darwinism的衰落期间，詹姆斯·马克·鲍德温 James Mark Baldwin及其他一些人提出，生物体学习新行为的能力（如为了适应新的压力源）会影响其繁殖，进而会通过[[自然选择 Natural Selection]]影响其物种的基因组成。尽管这个过程似乎与'''<font color="#ff8000">拉马克进化论 Lamarckian evolution </font>'''类似，但Lamarckian认为生物继承了其父母后天获得的特性。鲍德温效应已独立提出过多次，如今普遍认为其为'''现代进化综论 Modern Evolutionary Synthesis'''的一部分。
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[[File:Lamarck Compared to Darwin, Baldwin, Waddington.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|鲍德温效应与[[拉马克进化论 Lamarck's theory of evolution]]、[[达尔文进化 Darwinian evolution]]论和华丁顿 Waddingt的[[遗传同化论]]进行比较。所有的理论都解释了生物体是如何通过适应性遗传变化来应对环境变化的.]]
[[File:Lamarck Compared to Darwin, Baldwin, Waddington.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|鲍德温效应与[[拉马克进化论 Lamarck's theory of evolution]]、[[达尔文进化 Darwinian evolution]]论和华丁顿 Waddingt的[[遗传同化论]]进行比较。所有的理论都解释了生物体是如何通过适应性遗传变化来应对环境变化的.]]
在演化生物学 Evolutionary Biology中，'''鲍德温效应 Baldwin Effect'''描述了习得行为对进化的影响。简而言之，在19世纪末达尔文主义 Darwinism的衰落期间，詹姆斯·马克·鲍德温 James Mark Baldwin及其他一些人提出，生物体学习新行为的能力（如为了适应新的压力源）会影响其繁殖，进而会通过[[自然选择 Natural Selection]]影响其物种的基因组成。尽管这个过程似乎与'''<font color="#ff8000">拉马克进化论 Lamarckian evolution </font>'''类似，但Lamarckian认为生物继承了其父母后天获得的特性。鲍德温效应已独立提出过多次，如今普遍认为其为'''现代进化综论 Modern Evolutionary Synthesis'''的一部分。
==进化的新因素 A New Factor in Evolution==
==进化的新因素 A New Factor in Evolution==