更改

复杂网络是一种理解现实世界复杂系统的抽象模型。它将复杂系统中的实体抽象成节点 ，将实体之间的关系抽象成连线。虽然数学中的图论也在研究网络， 但是现实中的网络会有更多的随机特性。因此，复杂网络 一般更加关注网络的统计特征。在网络理论的背景下，复杂网络是一个具有非平凡拓扑特征的图(网络)ーー这些特征不会出现在简单的网络中，如格或随机图，而是经常出现在代表实际系统的网络中。复杂网络的研究是一个年轻而活跃的科学研究领域<ref>{{cite journal| author = R. Albert and A.-L. Barabási|year = 2002| title = Statistical mechanics of complex networks| journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume = 74| issue = 1| pages = 47–49|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47| arxiv = cond-mat/0106096|bibcode = 2002RvMP...74...47A|s2cid = 60545}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Mark Newman| year = 2010| title = Networks: An Introduction | publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-920665-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author = Reuven Cohen and Shlomo Havlin| year = 2010| title = Complex Networks: Structure, Robustness and Function| journal = Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84156-6}}</ref>(自2000年以来) ，主要受到计算机网络、生物网络、技术网络、大脑网络、气候网络<ref name="Bassett 353–364">{{Cite journal|last1=Bassett|first1=Danielle S|last2=Sporns|first2=Olaf|date=2017-02-23|title=Network neuroscience|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=20|issue=3|pages=353–364|doi=10.1038/nn.4502|issn=1097-6256|pmc=5485642|pmid=28230844}}</ref><ref name="AlexF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pathlms.com/ohbm/courses/12238/sections/15846/video_presentations/137536|title=An Introduction to Network Neuroscience: How to build, model, and analyse connectomes - 0800-10:00 {{!}} OHBM|website=pathlms.com|language=en|author=Alex Fornito|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref><ref name="10.1038/s41598-021-81767-7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saberi M, Khosrowabadi R, Khatibi A, Misic B, Jafari G | title = Topological impact of negative links on the stability of resting-state brain network | journal = Scientific Reports | date = January 2021 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 2176 | pmid = 33500525 | pmc = 7838299 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-021-81767-7 | bibcode = 2021NatSR..11.2176S | url = }}</ref>和社会网络等现实世界网络的经验性发现的启发。

复杂网络是一种理解现实世界复杂系统的抽象模型。它将复杂系统中的实体抽象成节点 ，将实体之间的关系抽象成连线。虽然数学中的图论也在研究网络， 但是现实中的网络会有更多的随机特性。因此，复杂网络 一般更加关注网络的统计特征。在网络理论的背景下，复杂网络是一个具有非平凡拓扑特征的图(网络)ーー这些特征不会出现在简单的网络中，如格或随机图，而是经常出现在代表实际系统的网络中。复杂网络的研究是一个年轻而活跃的科学研究领域<ref>{{cite journal| author = R. Albert and A.-L. Barabási|year = 2002| title = Statistical mechanics of complex networks| journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume = 74| issue = 1| pages = 47–49|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.74.47| arxiv = cond-mat/0106096|bibcode = 2002RvMP...74...47A}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Mark Newman| year = 2010| title = Networks: An Introduction | publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-920665-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author = Reuven Cohen and Shlomo Havlin| year = 2010| title = Complex Networks: Structure, Robustness and Function| journal = Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84156-6}}</ref>(自2000年以来) ，主要受到计算机网络、生物网络、技术网络、大脑网络、气候网络<ref name="Bassett 353–364">{{Cite journal|last1=Bassett|first1=Danielle S|last2=Sporns|first2=Olaf|date=2017-02-23|title=Network neuroscience|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=20|issue=3|pages=353–364|doi=10.1038/nn.4502|issn=1097-6256|pmc=5485642|pmid=28230844}}</ref><ref name="AlexF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pathlms.com/ohbm/courses/12238/sections/15846/video_presentations/137536|title=An Introduction to Network Neuroscience: How to build, model, and analyse connectomes - 0800-10:00 {{!}} OHBM|website=pathlms.com|language=en|author=Alex Fornito|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref><ref name="10.1038/s41598-021-81767-7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saberi M, Khosrowabadi R, Khatibi A, Misic B, Jafari G | title = Topological impact of negative links on the stability of resting-state brain network | journal = Scientific Reports | date = January 2021 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 2176 | pmid = 33500525 | pmc = 7838299 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-021-81767-7 | bibcode = 2021NatSR..11.2176S | url = }}</ref>和社会网络等现实世界网络的经验性发现的启发。

而[[无标度网络]]<ref name = "frst">{{cite journal|last=A. Barabasi|first=E. Bonabeau|title=Scale-Free Networks|journal=Scientific American|date= 2003|volume=288|issue=5|pages=50–59|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0503-60|pmid=12701331|bibcode=2003SciAm.288e..60B}}</ref>和[[小世界网络]]<ref name = "sec">{{cite journal|last=S. H. Strogatz|first=D. J. Watts|title=Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks|journal=Nature|year=1998|volume=393|pages=440–442|doi=10.1038/30918|pmid=9623998|issue=6684|bibcode = 1998Natur.393..440W |s2cid=4429113}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=H.E. Stanley|first=L.A.N. Amaral, A. Scala, M. Barthelemy|title=Classes of small-world networks|journal=PNAS|year=2000|volume=97|issue=21|pages=11149–52|doi= 10.1073/pnas.200327197 |arxiv = cond-mat/0001458 |bibcode = 2000PNAS...9711149A|pmid=11005838|pmc=17168|doi-access=free}}</ref>是复杂网络研究的热点，它们的发现和定义是该领域的典型案例。两者都拥有着各自独有的结构特征。即无标度网络的幂律度分布和小世界网络的短路径长度和高聚集性。然而，随着复杂网络研究的重要性和普及程度的不断提高，网络结构的许多其他方面也引起了人们的关注。

而[[无标度网络]]<ref name = "frst">{{cite journal|last=A. Barabasi|first=E. Bonabeau|title=Scale-Free Networks|journal=Scientific American|date= 2003|volume=288|issue=5|pages=50–59|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0503-60|pmid=12701331|bibcode=2003SciAm.288e..60B}}</ref>和[[小世界网络]]<ref name = "sec">{{cite journal|last=S. H. Strogatz|first=D. J. Watts|title=Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks|journal=Nature|year=1998|volume=393|pages=440–442|doi=10.1038/30918|pmid=9623998|issue=6684|bibcode = 1998Natur.393..440W}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=H.E. Stanley|first=L.A.N. Amaral, A. Scala, M. Barthelemy|title=Classes of small-world networks|journal=PNAS|year=2000|volume=97|issue=21|pages=11149–52|doi= 10.1073/pnas.200327197 |arxiv = cond-mat/0001458 |bibcode = 2000PNAS...9711149A|pmid=11005838|pmc=17168|doi-access=free}}</ref>是复杂网络研究的热点，它们的发现和定义是该领域的典型案例。两者都拥有着各自独有的结构特征。即无标度网络的幂律度分布和小世界网络的短路径长度和高聚集性。然而，随着复杂网络研究的重要性和普及程度的不断提高，网络结构的许多其他方面也引起了人们的关注。

近年来，复杂网络的研究已经扩展到多层网络。<ref name="BuldyrevParshani2010">{{cite journal|last1=Buldyrev|first1=Sergey V.|last2=Parshani|first2=Roni|last3=Paul|first3=Gerald|last4=Stanley|first4=H. Eugene|last5=Havlin|first5=Shlomo|title=Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks|journal=Nature|volume=464|issue=7291|year=2010|pages=1025–1028|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature08932|pmid=20393559|arxiv = 0907.1182 |bibcode = 2010Natur.464.1025B |s2cid=1836955}}</ref>如果这些网络是相互依存的，它们比单一网络更容易受到随机故障和有针对性的攻击，并出现级联故障和一级渗透过渡。<ref name="ParshaniBuldyrev2010">{{cite journal|last1=Parshani|first1=Roni|last2=Buldyrev|first2=Sergey V.|last3=Havlin|first3=Shlomo|title=Interdependent Networks: Reducing the Coupling Strength Leads to a Change from a First to Second Order Percolation Transition|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=105|issue=4|year=2010|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.048701|bibcode=2010PhRvL.105d8701P|arxiv = 1004.3989|pmid=20867893|pages=048701|s2cid=17558390}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Networks formed from interdependent networks | authors = J. Gao, S.V. Buldyrev, H.E. Stanley, S. Havlin | journal = Nature Physics | volume = 8 | pages = 40–48 | date = 2012| issue = 1 | doi = 10.1038/nphys2180 | bibcode = 2012NatPh...8...40G }}</ref>此外，还研究了节点失效和恢复情况下网络的集体行为。<ref name="MajdandzicPodobnik2013">{{cite journal|last1=Majdandzic|first1=Antonio|last2=Podobnik|first2=Boris|last3=Buldyrev|first3=Sergey V.|last4=Kenett|first4=Dror Y.|last5=Havlin|first5=Shlomo|last6=Eugene Stanley|first6=H.|title=Spontaneous recovery in dynamical networks|journal=Nature Physics|volume=10|issue=1|year=2013|pages=34–38|issn=1745-2473|doi=10.1038/nphys2819|bibcode=2014NatPh..10...34M|doi-access=free}}</ref>人们已经发现，这样的网络可能会出现自发的失败和自发的恢复。

近年来，复杂网络的研究已经扩展到多层网络。<ref name="BuldyrevParshani2010">{{cite journal|last1=Buldyrev|first1=Sergey V.|last2=Parshani|first2=Roni|last3=Paul|first3=Gerald|last4=Stanley|first4=H. Eugene|last5=Havlin|first5=Shlomo|title=Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks|journal=Nature|volume=464|issue=7291|year=2010|pages=1025–1028|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature08932|pmid=20393559|arxiv = 0907.1182 |bibcode = 2010Natur.464.1025B}}</ref>如果这些网络是相互依存的，它们比单一网络更容易受到随机故障和有针对性的攻击，并出现级联故障和一级渗透过渡。<ref name="ParshaniBuldyrev2010">{{cite journal|last1=Parshani|first1=Roni|last2=Buldyrev|first2=Sergey V.|last3=Havlin|first3=Shlomo|title=Interdependent Networks: Reducing the Coupling Strength Leads to a Change from a First to Second Order Percolation Transition|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=105|issue=4|year=2010|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.048701|bibcode=2010PhRvL.105d8701P|arxiv = 1004.3989|pmid=20867893|pages=048701}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Networks formed from interdependent networks | authors = J. Gao, S.V. Buldyrev, H.E. Stanley, S. Havlin | journal = Nature Physics | volume = 8 | pages = 40–48 | date = 2012| issue = 1 | doi = 10.1038/nphys2180 | bibcode = 2012NatPh...8...40G }}</ref>此外，还研究了节点失效和恢复情况下网络的集体行为。<ref name="MajdandzicPodobnik2013">{{cite journal|last1=Majdandzic|first1=Antonio|last2=Podobnik|first2=Boris|last3=Buldyrev|first3=Sergey V.|last4=Kenett|first4=Dror Y.|last5=Havlin|first5=Shlomo|last6=Eugene Stanley|first6=H.|title=Spontaneous recovery in dynamical networks|journal=Nature Physics|volume=10|issue=1|year=2013|pages=34–38|issn=1745-2473|doi=10.1038/nphys2819|bibcode=2014NatPh..10...34M|doi-access=free}}</ref>人们已经发现，这样的网络可能会出现自发的失败和自发的恢复。

这个领域继续以快速的步伐发展，并且汇集了来自数学、物理学、电力系统、<ref name="Saleh 1381">{{Cite journal|last1=Saleh|first1=Mahmoud|last2=Esa|first2=Yusef|last3=Mohamed|first3=Ahmed|date=2018-05-29|title=Applications of Complex Network Analysis in Electric Power Systems|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1381|doi=10.3390/en11061381|doi-access=free}}</ref>生物学、<ref>{{cite journal |author=A. Bashan, R.P. Bartsch, J.W. Kantelhardt, S. Havlin, P.C. Ivanov |year=2012 |title=Network physiology reveals relations between network topology and physiological function |journal=Nature Communications|volume=3 |pages=72|doi=10.1038/ncomms1705 |pmid=22426223 |pmc=3518900 |arxiv=1203.0242 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..702B |doi-access=free }}</ref>气候学、<ref>{{cite journal |author=J. Fan, J. Meng, X. Chen, Y. Ashkenazy, S. Havlin |year=2017 |title= Network approaches to climate science |journal=Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy|volume=60 |issue=1|page=10531 |doi=10.1007/s11433-016-0362-2 |bibcode=2017SCPMA..60a0531F |doi-access=free }}</ref>计算机科学、社会学、流行病学<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lucas D Valdez, Lidia A Braunstein, Shlomo Havlin |year=2020 |title= Epidemic spreading on modular networks: The fear to declare a pandemic |journal=Physical Review E|volume=101 |issue=3|pages=032309|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.101.032309 |pmid=32289896 |arxiv=1909.09695|bibcode=2020PhRvE.101c2309V |s2cid=202719412 }}</ref>等许多领域的研究人员。<ref>{{cite journal|last=A.E. Motter|first=R. Albert|title=Networks in Motion|journal=Physics Today|year=2012|volume=65|issue=4|pages=43–48|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i4/p43_s1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906061904/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i4/p43_s1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-06|doi=10.1063/pt.3.1518|arxiv=1206.2369|bibcode=2012PhT....65d..43M|s2cid=12823922}}</ref>来自网络科学和工程学的思想和工具已经应用于代谢和遗传调控网络的分析; 生态系统稳定性和稳健性的研究; <ref name="johnson2014">{{cite journal |author=Johnson S, Domı́nguez-Garcı́a V, Donetti L, Muñoz MA |year=2014 |title=Trophic coherence determines food-web stability |journal=[[Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]] |volume=111 |issue=50 |pages=17923–17928 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1409077111|pmid=25468963 |pmc=4273378 |arxiv=1404.7728 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11117923J |doi-access=free }}</ref>临床科学; <ref>{{cite journal|last=S.G.Hofmann|first=J.E.Curtiss|title=A complex network approach to clinical science|journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation|year=2018|volume=48|issue=8|pages=e12986|doi=10.1111/eci.12986|pmid=29931701|doi-access=free}}</ref>可扩展通信网络的建模和设计，<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Mouhamed Abdulla|date=2012-09-22|title=On the Fundamentals of Stochastic Spatial Modeling and Analysis of Wireless Networks and its Impact to Channel Losses|url=http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/974847|journal=Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. Of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia Univ., Montréal, Québec, Canada, Sep. 2012.|pages=(Ch.4 develops algorithms for complex network generation and visualization)|publisher=Concordia University|type=phd}}</ref>如复杂无线网络的生成和可视化; 疫苗接种战略的发展以控制疾病;<ref>{{cite journal | title =  Efficient immunization strategies for computer networks and populations | authors = R. Cohen, S. Havlin, D. Ben-Avraham | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume =  91 | pages = 247901 | date = 2003| issue = 24 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.247901 | pmid = 14683159 | arxiv = cond-mat/0207387 | bibcode = 2003PhRvL..91x7901C | s2cid = 919625 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Y |last2=Paul |first2=G |last3=Havlin |first3=S |last4=Liljeros |first4=F |last5=Stanley |first5=H. E |title=Finding a Better Immunization Strategy |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=101 |page=058701 |date=2008|issue=5 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.058701 |pmid=18764435 |bibcode=2008PhRvL.101e8701C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yangyang Liu, Hillel Sanhedrai, GaoGao Dong, Louis M Shekhtman, Fan Wang, Sergey V Buldyrev, Shlomo Havlin |title=Efficient network immunization under limited knowledge |journal=National Science Review |date=2021 |volume=8 |issue=1|doi=10.1093/nsr/nwaa229 |arxiv=2004.00825 }}</ref> 以及广泛的其他实际问题。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jingfang Fan, Jun Meng, Josef Ludescher, Xiaosong Chen, Yosef Ashkenazy, Jürgen Kurths, Shlomo Havlin, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber |title=Statistical physics approaches to the complex Earth system |journal=Physics Reports |year=2021 |volume=896 |pages=1–84 |doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2020.09.005 |pmid=33041465 |pmc=7532523 |arxiv=2009.04918 |bibcode=2021PhR...896....1F }}</ref>同时，网络理论最近被发现可以用来识别城市交通中的瓶颈。<ref name="LiFu2015">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Daqing|last2=Fu|first2=Bowen|last3=Wang|first3=Yunpeng|last4=Lu|first4=Guangquan|last5=Berezin|first5=Yehiel|last6=Stanley|first6=H. Eugene|last7=Havlin|first7=Shlomo|title=Percolation transition in dynamical traffic network with evolving critical bottlenecks|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=3|year=2015|pages=669–672|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.1419185112|pmid=25552558|pmc=4311803|bibcode=2015PNAS..112..669L|doi-access=free}}</ref>网络科学是各个领域许多会议的主题，也是众多外行人和专家著作的主题。

这个领域继续以快速的步伐发展，并且汇集了来自数学、物理学、电力系统、<ref name="Saleh 1381">{{Cite journal|last1=Saleh|first1=Mahmoud|last2=Esa|first2=Yusef|last3=Mohamed|first3=Ahmed|date=2018-05-29|title=Applications of Complex Network Analysis in Electric Power Systems|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=11|issue=6|pages=1381|doi=10.3390/en11061381|doi-access=free}}</ref>生物学、<ref>{{cite journal |author=A. Bashan, R.P. Bartsch, J.W. Kantelhardt, S. Havlin, P.C. Ivanov |year=2012 |title=Network physiology reveals relations between network topology and physiological function |journal=Nature Communications|volume=3 |pages=72|doi=10.1038/ncomms1705 |pmid=22426223 |pmc=3518900 |arxiv=1203.0242 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3..702B |doi-access=free }}</ref>气候学、<ref>{{cite journal |author=J. Fan, J. Meng, X. Chen, Y. Ashkenazy, S. Havlin |year=2017 |title= Network approaches to climate science |journal=Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy|volume=60 |issue=1|page=10531 |doi=10.1007/s11433-016-0362-2 |bibcode=2017SCPMA..60a0531F |doi-access=free }}</ref>计算机科学、社会学、流行病学<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lucas D Valdez, Lidia A Braunstein, Shlomo Havlin |year=2020 |title= Epidemic spreading on modular networks: The fear to declare a pandemic |journal=Physical Review E|volume=101 |issue=3|pages=032309|doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.101.032309 |pmid=32289896 |arxiv=1909.09695|bibcode=2020PhRvE.101c2309V }}</ref>等许多领域的研究人员。<ref>{{cite journal|last=A.E. Motter|first=R. Albert|title=Networks in Motion|journal=Physics Today|year=2012|volume=65|issue=4|pages=43–48|url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i4/p43_s1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906061904/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i4/p43_s1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-06|doi=10.1063/pt.3.1518|arxiv=1206.2369|bibcode=2012PhT....65d..43M}}</ref>来自网络科学和工程学的思想和工具已经应用于代谢和遗传调控网络的分析; 生态系统稳定性和稳健性的研究; <ref name="johnson2014">{{cite journal |author=Johnson S, Domı́nguez-Garcı́a V, Donetti L, Muñoz MA |year=2014 |title=Trophic coherence determines food-web stability |journal=[[Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]] |volume=111 |issue=50 |pages=17923–17928 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1409077111|pmid=25468963 |pmc=4273378 |arxiv=1404.7728 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11117923J |doi-access=free }}</ref>临床科学; <ref>{{cite journal|last=S.G.Hofmann|first=J.E.Curtiss|title=A complex network approach to clinical science|journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation|year=2018|volume=48|issue=8|pages=e12986|doi=10.1111/eci.12986|pmid=29931701|doi-access=free}}</ref>可扩展通信网络的建模和设计，<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Mouhamed Abdulla|date=2012-09-22|title=On the Fundamentals of Stochastic Spatial Modeling and Analysis of Wireless Networks and its Impact to Channel Losses|url=http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/974847|journal=Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. Of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia Univ., Montréal, Québec, Canada, Sep. 2012.|pages=(Ch.4 develops algorithms for complex network generation and visualization)|publisher=Concordia University|type=phd}}</ref>如复杂无线网络的生成和可视化; 疫苗接种战略的发展以控制疾病;<ref>{{cite journal | title =  Efficient immunization strategies for computer networks and populations | authors = R. Cohen, S. Havlin, D. Ben-Avraham | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume =  91 | pages = 247901 | date = 2003| issue = 24 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.247901 | arxiv = cond-mat/0207387 | bibcode = 2003PhRvL..91x7901C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Y |last2=Paul |first2=G |last3=Havlin |first3=S |last4=Liljeros |first4=F |last5=Stanley |first5=H. E |title=Finding a Better Immunization Strategy |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |volume=101 |page=058701 |date=2008|issue=5 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.058701 |pmid=18764435 |bibcode=2008PhRvL.101e8701C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yangyang Liu, Hillel Sanhedrai, GaoGao Dong, Louis M Shekhtman, Fan Wang, Sergey V Buldyrev, Shlomo Havlin |title=Efficient network immunization under limited knowledge |journal=National Science Review |date=2021 |volume=8 |issue=1|doi=10.1093/nsr/nwaa229 |arxiv=2004.00825 }}</ref> 以及广泛的其他实际问题。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jingfang Fan, Jun Meng, Josef Ludescher, Xiaosong Chen, Yosef Ashkenazy, Jürgen Kurths, Shlomo Havlin, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber |title=Statistical physics approaches to the complex Earth system |journal=Physics Reports |year=2021 |volume=896 |pages=1–84 |doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2020.09.005 |pmid=33041465 |pmc=7532523 |arxiv=2009.04918 |bibcode=2021PhR...896....1F }}</ref>同时，网络理论最近被发现可以用来识别城市交通中的瓶颈。<ref name="LiFu2015">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Daqing|last2=Fu|first2=Bowen|last3=Wang|first3=Yunpeng|last4=Lu|first4=Guangquan|last5=Berezin|first5=Yehiel|last6=Stanley|first6=H. Eugene|last7=Havlin|first7=Shlomo|title=Percolation transition in dynamical traffic network with evolving critical bottlenecks|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=3|year=2015|pages=669–672|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.1419185112|pmid=25552558|pmc=4311803|bibcode=2015PNAS..112..669L|doi-access=free}}</ref>网络科学是各个领域许多会议的主题，也是众多外行人和专家著作的主题。