第1行: |
第1行: |
− | 此词条由Jie翻译。
| + | 本中文词条由[[用户:Bnustv|Bnustv]]整理和审校中 |
| | | |
− | {{short description|Branch of thermodynamics}}
| |
| | | |
− | {{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2018}}{{thermodynamics|cTopic=Branches}}
| + | '''<font color="#ff8000"> 非平衡热力学Non-equilibrium thermodynamics</font>'''是热力学'''<font color="#ff8000">thermodynamics</font>'''的一个分支,它处理的是并不处于'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学平衡状态Thermodynamic equilibrium </font>'''但可以用变量('''<font color="#ff8000">非平衡态non-equilibrium state</font>'''变量)来描述的物理系统。这些变量是用来说明系统处于热力学平衡时的外推变量。这类非平衡热力学也被称为不可逆过程热力学。经典热力学是以“可逆过程”和平衡态的概念为基础的,但在实际的物理、化学变化中绝大多数是不可逆过程,系统处在非平衡态。而用新的热力学理论来解决这些实际过程,即为不可逆过程热力学。一切不可逆过程都是系统某一性质在物系内部的输运过程,其原因是系统的相应的另一性质的不均匀性,如温差引起热传导、浓差引起扩散等现象。不可逆过程热力学的基本概念是熵产生率(系统内相邻单位时间产生的熵)。非平衡热力学状态与系统内部的运输过程和化学反应速率有关,也就是说它仍然或多或少地取决于热力学平衡。 |
| | | |
− | '''Non-equilibrium thermodynamics''' is a branch of [[thermodynamics]] that deals with physical systems that are not in [[thermodynamic equilibrium]] but can be described in terms of variables (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with [[transport phenomena|transport process]]es and with the rates of [[chemical reactions]]. It relies on what may be thought of as more or less nearness to thermodynamic equilibrium.
| + | 现代科学的另一个重要方面的发展是朝着系统的多样化、复杂化的方向发展,在这方面涉及到各种不同的空间和时间尺度的运动形式。其中以研究具有大量粒子和大量自由度的复杂系统为对象的热力学和统计物理学,得到了巨大的成功,特别在非线性区的热力学和统计物理学的研究方面,近20年来取得了新的突破。比利时自由大学的普利高津的布鲁塞尔学派,德国斯图加特大学的哈肯学派,日本的东京大学的久保学派等为非平衡热力学一统计物理学理论的发展作出了杰出的贡献。普利高津为此获得了诺贝尔化学奖。在非平衡热力学理论中,首先要区分孤立系统与开放系统之间的性质。热力学是以大量粒子(如分子、原子、电子等)组成的宏观系统怍为自己的研究对象。 |
| | | |
− | Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of variables (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with transport processes and with the rates of chemical reactions. It relies on what may be thought of as more or less nearness to thermodynamic equilibrium.
| + | 这大量粒子的集合,被称为“热力学系统”,或简称“系统”。系统与环境是密切相关的,在研究一个热力学系统的运动规律时。我们不仅注意系统内部影响运动的各种因素,而且也要注意外部环境对系统的作用。对于一个系统来说,周围的环境可称为系统的外界(影响)。世界上的事物是无穷无尽的,在每个具体问题中,我们不可能把受外界影响的所有事物都作为自己的对象进行认识。将客观存在分成系统和外界是为了集中研究我们最关心的一部分客体(系统)的运动。同时,对于外界来说,我们只关心那些对系统的运动产生重要影响的因素,而不考虑与系统无关或关系不大的外界的各种复杂的现象,从而大大地简化了我们所要讨论的问题。 |
− | | |
− | '''<font color="#ff8000"> 非平衡热力学Non-equilibrium thermodynamics</font>'''是热力学的一个分支,它处理的物理系统并不处于'''<font color="#ff8000"> 热力学平衡状态Thermodynamic equilibrium </font>''',不过可以通过变量(非平衡状态变量)来进行描述,相对于对处于热力学平衡状态下的指定系统进行变量外推。非平衡热力学与系统某一性质在物系内部的运输过程和化学反应速率有关。它仍然或多或少地取决于热力学平衡。
| |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | Almost all systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, for they are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems and to chemical reactions. Some systems and processes are, however, in a useful sense, near enough to thermodynamic equilibrium to allow description with useful accuracy by currently known non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Nevertheless, many natural systems and processes will always remain far beyond the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamic methods due to the existence of non variational dynamics, where the concept of free energy is lost.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bodenschatz |first1=Eberhard |last2=Cannell |first2=David S. |last3=de Bruyn |first3=John R. |last4=Ecke |first4=Robert |last5=Hu |first5=Yu-Chou |last6=Lerman |first6=Kristina |last7=Ahlers |first7=Guenter |title=Experiments on three systems with non-variational aspects |journal=Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena |date=December 1992 |volume=61 |issue=1–4 |pages=77–93 |doi=10.1016/0167-2789(92)90150-L}}</ref>
| |
− | | |
− | Almost all systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, for they are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems and to chemical reactions. Some systems and processes are, however, in a useful sense, near enough to thermodynamic equilibrium to allow description with useful accuracy by currently known non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Nevertheless, many natural systems and processes will always remain far beyond the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamic methods due to the existence of non variational dynamics, where the concept of free energy is lost.
| |
− | | |
− | 自然界中,几乎所有系统都不处于热力学平衡状态。因为它们时刻在变化,或者因某些外界因素触发而产生变化。它们会断断续续地受到其他系统的物质和能量通量的影响,反之亦然。同时它们还会不间断的进行化学反应。但是部分系统及其热力学反应过程在某种有效的意义上,是接近于热力学平衡的。因此,允许就目前所知的非平衡热力学理论对系统进行准确性描述。然而,仍然有许多自然系统和其热力学反应过程远远超出了非平衡热力学方法的描述能力范围,由于非变分动力学的存在,自由能的概念并未被考虑。
| |
− | | |
− | | |
− | | |
− | The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by [[equilibrium thermodynamics]]. One fundamental difference between equilibrium thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics lies in the behaviour of inhomogeneous systems, which require for their study knowledge of rates of reaction which are not considered in equilibrium thermodynamics of homogeneous systems. This is discussed below. Another fundamental and very important difference is the difficulty or impossibility, in general, in defining [[entropy]] at an instant of time in macroscopic terms for systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium; it can be done, to useful approximation, only in carefully chosen special cases, namely those that are throughout in local thermodynamic equilibrium.<ref name="Grandy 2008">Grandy, W.T., Jr (2008).</ref><ref name="Lebon Jou Casas-Vázquez 2008">Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). ''Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers'', Springer-Verlag, Berlin, e-{{ISBN|978-3-540-74252-4}}.</ref>
| |
− | | |
− | The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. One fundamental difference between equilibrium thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics lies in the behaviour of inhomogeneous systems, which require for their study knowledge of rates of reaction which are not considered in equilibrium thermodynamics of homogeneous systems. This is discussed below. Another fundamental and very important difference is the difficulty or impossibility, in general, in defining entropy at an instant of time in macroscopic terms for systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium; it can be done, to useful approximation, only in carefully chosen special cases, namely those that are throughout in local thermodynamic equilibrium.
| |
− | | |
− | 非平衡系统的热力学研究比平衡热力学需要懂更多的专业概念知识。非平衡热力学与平衡热力学之间的一个根本区别在于其非均相系统的性质,这就要求研究者们对关于反应速率的相关知识有一定的掌握,而均相系统的平衡热力学中并未考虑这一点。这将在下面章节进行讨论。另一个根本且非常重要的区别是,对于不是处于热力学平衡状态的系统,想在宏观上来定义'''<font color="#ff8000"> 熵Entropy</font>'''的瞬间非常困难,或者说几乎是不可能的。只有在精心挑选的特殊情况下,即局部处于热力学平衡状态的情况下,才能做到有效地近似。
| |
| | | |
| + | 自然界中,几乎所有系统都不处于热力学平衡状态。因为它们时刻在变化,或者因某些外界因素触发而产生变化。它们会断断续续地受到其他系统的物质和能量通量的影响,反之亦然。同时它们还会不间断的进行化学反应。但是部分系统及其热力学反应过程在某种有效的意义上,是接近于热力学平衡的。因此,允许就目前所知的非平衡热力学理论对系统进行准确性描述。在物理化学系统中,'''<font color="#ff8000">自由能free energy</font>'''是指在某一个热力学过程中,系统减少的内能中可以转化为对外做功的部分,它衡量的是:在一个特定的热力学过程中,系统可对外输出的“有用能量”。然而,由于'''<font color="#ff8000">非变分动力学non variational dynamics</font>'''的存在,仍然有许多自然系统和其热力学反应过程远远超出了非平衡热力学方法的描述能力范围,自由能的概念并未被纳入考虑范围<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bodenschatz |first1=Eberhard |last2=Cannell |first2=David S. |last3=de Bruyn |first3=John R. |last4=Ecke |first4=Robert |last5=Hu |first5=Yu-Chou |last6=Lerman |first6=Kristina |last7=Ahlers |first7=Guenter |title=Experiments on three systems with non-variational aspects |journal=Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena |date=December 1992 |volume=61 |issue=1–4 |pages=77–93 |doi=10.1016/0167-2789(92)90150-L}}</ref>。 |
| | | |
| + | 非平衡系统的热力学研究需要比平衡热力学更一般和广义的概念知识。非平衡热力学与平衡热力学之间的一个根本区别在于其'''<font color="#ff8000">非均相系统inhomogeneous systems</font>'''的性质,这就要求研究者们对关于反应速率的相关知识有一定的掌握,而'''<font color="#ff8000">均相系统homogeneous systems</font>'''的平衡热力学中并未考虑这一点。这里提到的均相系统,又名单相系统,可以用这个例子来理解:物质的存在形态,有气相、液相和固相三种,均相系统的意思就是,独立的一个相,比如全部是气体,不掺杂固体和液体,非均相系统以此类推。这将在下面章节进行讨论。另一个根本且非常重要的区别是,对于不是处于热力学平衡状态的系统,想在宏观上来定义'''<font color="#ff8000"> 熵Entropy</font>'''的瞬时状态非常困难,或者说几乎是不可能的。只有在精心挑选的特殊情况下,即哪些完全处于局部热力学平衡状态的情况下,才能做到有效地近似<ref name="Grandy 2008">Grandy, W.T., Jr (2008).</ref><ref name="Lebon Jou Casas-Vázquez 2008">Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). ''Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers'', Springer-Verlag, Berlin, e-{{ISBN|978-3-540-74252-4}}.</ref>。 |
| | | |
| | | |
第34行: |
第17行: |
| === Difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics 平衡与非平衡热力学之间的差异 === | | === Difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics 平衡与非平衡热力学之间的差异 === |
| | | |
− | A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.
| |
| | | |
− | A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail.
| + | 平衡热力学和非平衡热力学有很大的区别。平衡热力学忽略物理过程的时间过程。相反,非平衡态热力学则试图连续而详细地描述它们的时间过程。平衡热力学和非平衡热力学有很大的区别。 |
| | | |
− | 巨大的差异将平衡与非平衡热力学区分开来。平衡热力学忽略了物理过程的时程分析。相反,非平衡热力学则试图通过连续的细节描述来进行时程分析。
| |
| | | |
| | | |