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Cybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop—originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship—that is, where action by the system generates some change in its environment and that change is reflected in the system in some manner ([[feedback]]) that triggers a system change. Cybernetics is relevant to, for example, mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and [[social systems]]. The essential goal of the broad field of cybernetics is to understand and define the functions and processes of systems that have goals and that participate in circular, [[causality|causal chains]] that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal, and again to action. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |last = Kelly |first = Kevin |title = Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher = Addison-Wesley |location = Boston |year = 1994 |pages =  |isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 |oclc = 221860672 |url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }}</ref> Cybernetics includes the study of [[feedback]], [[black box]]es and derived concepts such as [[communication]] and [[control theory|control]] in [[life|living organisms]], [[machine]]s and [[organization]]s including [[self-organization]].

Cybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop—originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship—that is, where action by the system generates some change in its environment and that change is reflected in the system in some manner ([[feedback]]) that triggers a system change. Cybernetics is relevant to, for example, mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and [[social systems]]. The essential goal of the broad field of cybernetics is to understand and define the functions and processes of systems that have goals and that participate in circular, [[causality|causal chains]] that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal, and again to action. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |last = Kelly |first = Kevin |title = Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher = Addison-Wesley |location = Boston |year = 1994 |pages =  |isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 |oclc = 221860672 |url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }}</ref> Cybernetics includes the study of [[feedback]], [[black box]]es and derived concepts such as [[communication]] and [[control theory|control]] in [[life|living organisms]], [[machine]]s and [[organization]]s including [[self-organization]].

当所分析的系统包含一个封闭的信号回路（起初称之为“循环因果”关系）时，即当系统的行为（action）在其环境（environment）中发生某些变化，并且该变化会以某种方式（'''反馈 feedback'''）体现在系统中，即触发系统发生改变。控制论与机械、物理、生物、认知和社会系统等都有关。广义上，控制论领域的基本目标是理解和定义具有目标并参与循环因果链的系统，这些系统参与了循环因果链，从行为到感知，然后和预期的目标进行比较，由再次回到行为（可见控制系统反馈原理图）。控制论主要关注的是事物（可以是数字的、机械的或者生物的事物）如何处理信息，对信息作出反应，以及如何改变或者被改变来更好的完成感知和控制任务<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |last = Kelly |first = Kevin |title = Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher = Addison-Wesley |location = Boston |year = 1994 |pages =  |isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 |oclc = 221860672 |url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }}</ref> 。控制论的研究范围包括反馈、黑匣子和其衍生概念，比如有机生命体、机器和自组织内部通信与控制。

当所分析的系统包含一个封闭的信号回路（起初称之为“循环因果”关系）时，即当系统的行为（action）在其环境（environment）中发生某些变化，并且该变化会以某种方式（'''反馈 feedback'''）体现在系统中，即触发系统发生改变。控制论与机械、物理、生物、认知和社会系统等都有关。广义上，控制论领域的基本目标是理解和定义具有目标并参与循环因果链的系统，这些系统参与了循环因果链，从行为到感知，然后和预期的目标进行比较，又再次回到行为（可见控制系统反馈原理图）。控制论主要关注的是事物（可以是数字的、机械的或者生物的事物）如何处理信息，对信息作出反应，以及如何改变或者被改变来更好的完成感知和控制任务<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |last = Kelly |first = Kevin |title = Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher = Addison-Wesley |location = Boston |year = 1994 |pages =  |isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 |oclc = 221860672 |url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }}</ref> 。控制论的研究范围包括反馈、黑匣子和其衍生概念，比如有机生命体、机器和自组织内部通信与控制。

 

Concepts studied by [[cyberneticist]]s include, but are not limited to: [[learning]], [[cognition]], [[adaptation]], [[social control]], [[emergence]], [[Technological convergence|convergence]], [[communication]], [[Efficient energy use|efficiency]], [[efficacy]], and [[Interconnectivity|connectivity]]. In cybernetics these concepts (otherwise already objects of study in other disciplines such as [[biology]] and [[engineering]]) are abstracted from the context of the specific [[organism]] or [[machine|device]].

Concepts studied by [[cyberneticist]]s include, but are not limited to: [[learning]], [[cognition]], [[adaptation]], [[social control]], [[emergence]], [[Technological convergence|convergence]], [[communication]], [[Efficient energy use|efficiency]], [[efficacy]], and [[Interconnectivity|connectivity]]. In cybernetics these concepts (otherwise already objects of study in other disciplines such as [[biology]] and [[engineering]]) are abstracted from the context of the specific [[organism]] or [[machine|device]].

控制论作为一门学科，是由维纳、麦卡洛克、罗森布鲁斯等人建立的。创建者还包括数学家'''阿兰•图灵 Alan Turing'''和 '''W•格雷•沃尔特 w. Grey Walter'''。沃尔特是最早建造自主机器人的人之一。1947年春天，维纳应邀参加了在法国Nancy举行的傅里叶分析大会(法国是早期控制论的中心，美国和英国也是) ，这次大会是由法国科学协会'''Bourbaki'''和数学家'''Szolem Mandelbrojt'''组织的，后者是世界著名数学家'''beno î t Mandelbrot'''的叔叔。在法国逗留期间，维纳收到了一份关于应用数学这一部分的统一性质的手稿，这一部分是在布朗运动和通信工程的研究中发现的。第二年夏天，维纳回到美国，决定将新词控制论引入他的科学理论中，这个理论是为了表示对“目的论机制”的研究而创造的: 它通过他的'''《控制论: 或动物和机器中的控制和交流》'''一书而流行起来<ref name="W1948" /> 。

控制论作为一门学科，是由维纳、麦卡洛克、罗森布鲁斯等人建立的。创建者还包括数学家'''阿兰•图灵 Alan Turing'''和 '''W•格雷•沃尔特 w. Grey Walter'''。沃尔特是最早建造自主机器人的人之一。1947年春天，维纳应邀参加了在法国Nancy举行的傅里叶分析大会(法国是早期控制论的中心，美国和英国也是) ，这次大会是由法国科学协会'''Bourbaki'''和数学家'''Szolem Mandelbrojt'''组织的，后者是世界著名数学家'''beno î t Mandelbrot'''的叔叔。在法国逗留期间，维纳收到了一份关于应用数学这一部分的统一性质的手稿，这一部分是在布朗运动和通信工程的研究中发现的。第二年夏天，维纳回到美国，决定将新词控制论引入他的科学理论中，这个理论是为了表示对“目的论机制”的研究而创造的: 它通过他的'''《控制论: 或动物和机器中的控制和交流》'''一书而流行起来<ref name="W1948" /> 。

 

[[File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif|thumb|upright|[[冯诺伊曼]]]]

[[File:JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.gif|thumb|upright|[[冯诺伊曼]]]]

20世纪40年代早期，'''约翰·冯·诺伊曼 John von Neumann'''对控制论领域做出了独特的贡献: 冯·诺伊曼细胞自动机及冯·诺伊曼机。这些看似简单的实验的结果就是自我复制的概念，控制论将其作为核心概念。遗传复制的相同属性适用于社会模因，活细胞，甚至计算机病毒，进一步证明了控制论研究有点令人惊讶的普适性。

20世纪40年代早期，'''约翰·冯·诺伊曼 John von Neumann'''对控制论领域做出了独特的贡献:元胞自动机及冯·诺伊曼机。这些看似简单的实验的结果就是自我复制的概念，控制论将其作为核心概念。遗传复制的相同属性适用于社会模因，活细胞，甚至计算机病毒，进一步证明了控制论研究有点令人惊讶的普适性。

In 1950, Wiener popularized the social implications of cybernetics, drawing analogies between automatic systems (such as a regulated steam engine) and human institutions in his best-selling ''[[The Human Use of Human Beings]]: Cybernetics and Society'' (Houghton-Mifflin).

In 1950, Wiener popularized the social implications of cybernetics, drawing analogies between automatic systems (such as a regulated steam engine) and human institutions in his best-selling ''[[The Human Use of Human Beings]]: Cybernetics and Society'' (Houghton-Mifflin).