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Numerous models have been proposed for how working memory functions, both anatomically and cognitively. Of those, the two that have been most influential are summarized below.

Numerous models have been proposed for how working memory functions, both anatomically and cognitively. Of those, the two that have been most influential are summarized below.

In 1974, Baddeley and Hitch introduced the multicomponent model of working memory. The theory proposed a model containing three components: the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad with the central executive functioning as a control center of sorts, directing info between the phonological and visuospatial components. The central executive is responsible for, among other things, directing attention to relevant information, suppressing irrelevant information and inappropriate actions, and coordinating cognitive processes when more than one task is simultaneously performed. A "central executive" is responsible for supervising the integration of information and for coordinating subordinate systems responsible for the short-term maintenance of information. One subordinate system, the phonological loop (PL), stores phonological information (that is, the sound of language) and prevents its decay by continuously refreshing it in a rehearsal loop. It can, for example, maintain a seven-digit telephone number for as long as one repeats the number to oneself again and again. The other subordinate system, the visuospatial sketchpad, stores visual and spatial information. It can be used, for example, for constructing and manipulating visual images and for representing mental maps. The sketchpad can be further broken down into a visual subsystem (dealing with such phenomena as shape, colour, and texture), and a spatial subsystem (dealing with location).

In 1974, Baddeley and Hitch introduced the multicomponent model of working memory. The theory proposed a model containing three components: the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad with the central executive functioning as a control center of sorts, directing info between the phonological and visuospatial components. The central executive is responsible for, among other things, directing attention to relevant information, suppressing irrelevant information and inappropriate actions, and coordinating cognitive processes when more than one task is simultaneously performed. A "central executive" is responsible for supervising the integration of information and for coordinating subordinate systems responsible for the short-term maintenance of information. One subordinate system, the phonological loop (PL), stores phonological information (that is, the sound of language) and prevents its decay by continuously refreshing it in a rehearsal loop. It can, for example, maintain a seven-digit telephone number for as long as one repeats the number to oneself again and again. The other subordinate system, the visuospatial sketchpad, stores visual and spatial information. It can be used, for example, for constructing and manipulating visual images and for representing mental maps. The sketchpad can be further broken down into a visual subsystem (dealing with such phenomena as shape, colour, and texture), and a spatial subsystem (dealing with location).

1974年，Baddeley 和 Hitch 提出了工作记忆的多元模型。该理论提出了一个包含三个成分的模型: 中央执行器、语音环路和视空间模板，中央执行器作为各种类型的控制中心，在语音和视空间成分之间传递信息。除其他外，中央执行者还负责将注意力引向相关信息，抑制无关信息和不适当的行为，以及在同时执行多个任务时协调认知过程。”中央执行官”负责监督信息的整合，并协调负责短期维护信息的下属系统。一个从属系统，即语音回路(PL) ，存储语音信息(即语音) ，并通过不断刷新它在排练回路中防止其衰退。例如，它可以保持一个七位数的电话号码，只要你一遍又一遍地重复这个号码。另一个辅助系统，视空间画板，存储视觉和空间信息。例如，它可以用于构建和操纵视觉图像，以及用于表示心理地图。画板可以进一步分解为一个视觉子系统(处理形状、颜色和纹理等现象)和一个空间子系统(处理位置)。

1974年，Baddeley 和 Hitch 提出了工作记忆的多元模型。该理论提出了一个包含三个成分的模型: 中央执行器、语音环路和视空间模板，中央执行器作为各种类型的控制中心，在语音和视空间成分之间传递信息。除其他外，中央执行者还负责将注意力引向相关信息，抑制无关信息和不适当的行为，以及在同时执行多个任务时协调认知过程。”中央执行官”负责监督信息的整合，并协调负责短期维护信息的下属系统。一个从属系统，即语音回路(PL) ，存储语音信息(即语音) ，并通过不断刷新它在排练回路中防止其衰退。例如，它可以保持一个七位数的电话号码，只要你一遍又一遍地重复这个号码。另一个辅助系统，视空间画板，存储视觉和空间信息。例如，它可以用于构建和操纵视觉图像，以及用于表示心理地图。画板可以进一步分解为一个视觉子系统(处理形状、颜色和纹理等现象)和一个空间子系统(处理位置)。

In 2000, Baddeley extended the model by adding a fourth component, the episodic buffer, which holds representations that integrate phonological, visual, and spatial information, and possibly information not covered by the subordinate systems (e.g., semantic information, musical information). The episodic buffer is also the link between working memory and long-term memory. The component is episodic because it is assumed to bind information into a unitary episodic representation. The episodic buffer resembles Tulving's concept of episodic memory, but it differs in that the episodic buffer is a temporary store.

In 2000, Baddeley extended the model by adding a fourth component, the episodic buffer, which holds representations that integrate phonological, visual, and spatial information, and possibly information not covered by the subordinate systems (e.g., semantic information, musical information). The episodic buffer is also the link between working memory and long-term memory. The component is episodic because it is assumed to bind information into a unitary episodic representation. The episodic buffer resembles Tulving's concept of episodic memory, but it differs in that the episodic buffer is a temporary store.

通过添加第三个组件扩展了 Cowan 的模型，第三个组件是一个更窄的注意焦点，一次只能容纳一个块。一元素焦点嵌入在四元素焦点中，用于选择要处理的单个块。例如，在考恩的“注意力焦点”中，四个数字可以同时出现在脑海中。当个人希望对每个数字进行处理时ーー例如，将数字2加到每个数字ーー需要对每个数字进行单独处理，因为大多数个人不能同时进行几个数学处理。奥伯奥尔的注意力部分选择其中一个数字进行处理，然后将注意力的焦点转移到下一个数字，一直持续到所有数字都被处理完毕。

通过添加第三个组件扩展了 Cowan 的模型，第三个组件是一个更窄的注意焦点，一次只能容纳一个块。一元素焦点嵌入在四元素焦点中，用于选择要处理的单个块。例如，在考恩的“注意力焦点”中，四个数字可以同时出现在脑海中。当个人希望对每个数字进行处理时ーー例如，将数字2加到每个数字ーー需要对每个数字进行单独处理，因为大多数个人不能同时进行几个数学处理。奥伯奥尔的注意力部分选择其中一个数字进行处理，然后将注意力的焦点转移到下一个数字，一直持续到所有数字都被处理完毕。

== Capacity ==

== Capacity ==