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工作记忆是一种能临时容纳有限信息的认知系统，对于推理、决策倾向和行为倾向起到至关作用。工作记忆常被用作短期记忆的同义词，但一些理论学者认为工作记忆可以处理所调用的既存信息，而短期记忆仅指短期存储的信息，故二者是不同的。工作记忆是认知心理学、神经心理学和神经科学的核心理论概念。

工作记忆是一种能临时容纳有限信息的认知系统，对于推理、决策倾向和行为倾向起到至关作用。工作记忆常被用作短期记忆的同义词，但一些理论学者认为工作记忆可以处理所调用的既存信息，而短期记忆仅指短期存储的信息，故二者是不同的。工作记忆是认知心理学、神经心理学和神经科学的核心理论概念。

== History ==

== 历史 History ==

The term "working memory" was coined by [[George Armitage Miller|Miller]], [[Eugene Galanter|Galanter]], and [[Karl H. Pribram|Pribram]],<ref name="isbn0-03-010075-5">{{cite book |author1=Pribram, Karl H. |author2=Miller, George A. |author3=Galanter, Eugene |title=Plans and the structure of behavior |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |location=New York |year=1960 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/plansstructureo00mill/page/65 65] |isbn=978-0-03-010075-8 |oclc=190675 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/plansstructureo00mill/page/65 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baddeley A |title=Working memory: looking back and looking forward |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=829–39 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14523382 |doi=10.1038/nrn1201}}</ref> and was used in the 1960s in the context of theories that likened the mind to a computer. In 1968, [[Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model|Atkinson and Shiffrin]]<ref name="Atkinson Shiffrin 1968">{{cite book | last1 = Atkinson    | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Shiffrin | first2 = R.M.  | title = Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes | volume = 2 |pages = 89–195| editor1 = Kenneth W Spence |editor2= Janet T Spence | work = The psychology of learning and motivation | publisher = Academic Press | year = 1968 | isbn = 978-0-12-543302-0 |oclc = 185468704 |doi = 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60422-3}}</ref> used the term to describe their "short-term store". What we now call working memory was formerly referred to variously as a "short-term store" or [[short-term memory]], primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory.<ref name="Fuster 1997">{{cite book |author=Fuster, Joaquin M. |title=The prefrontal cortex: anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe |publisher=Lippincott-Raven |location=Philadelphia |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-397-51849-4 |oclc=807338522 }}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Short-term memory is the ability to remember information over a brief period (in the order of seconds). Most theorists today use the concept of working memory to replace or include the older concept of short-term memory, marking a stronger emphasis on the notion of manipulating information rather than mere maintenance.

The term "working memory" was coined by [[George Armitage Miller|Miller]], [[Eugene Galanter|Galanter]], and [[Karl H. Pribram|Pribram]],<ref name="isbn0-03-010075-5">{{cite book |author1=Pribram, Karl H. |author2=Miller, George A. |author3=Galanter, Eugene |title=Plans and the structure of behavior |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |location=New York |year=1960 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/plansstructureo00mill/page/65 65] |isbn=978-0-03-010075-8 |oclc=190675 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/plansstructureo00mill/page/65 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baddeley A |title=Working memory: looking back and looking forward |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=829–39 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14523382 |doi=10.1038/nrn1201}}</ref> and was used in the 1960s in the context of theories that likened the mind to a computer. In 1968, [[Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model|Atkinson and Shiffrin]]<ref name="Atkinson Shiffrin 1968">{{cite book | last1 = Atkinson    | first1 = R.C. | last2 = Shiffrin | first2 = R.M.  | title = Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes | volume = 2 |pages = 89–195| editor1 = Kenneth W Spence |editor2= Janet T Spence | work = The psychology of learning and motivation | publisher = Academic Press | year = 1968 | isbn = 978-0-12-543302-0 |oclc = 185468704 |doi = 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60422-3}}</ref> used the term to describe their "short-term store". What we now call working memory was formerly referred to variously as a "short-term store" or [[short-term memory]], primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory.<ref name="Fuster 1997">{{cite book |author=Fuster, Joaquin M. |title=The prefrontal cortex: anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe |publisher=Lippincott-Raven |location=Philadelphia |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-397-51849-4 |oclc=807338522 }}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Short-term memory is the ability to remember information over a brief period (in the order of seconds). Most theorists today use the concept of working memory to replace or include the older concept of short-term memory, marking a stronger emphasis on the notion of manipulating information rather than mere maintenance.

最早提及工作记忆神经学基础的实验最早可追溯到100多年前，希齐格 Hitzig 和费里尔 Ferrier 用于描述前额叶皮质消融实验研究（PFC），当时得出结论认为额叶皮层对认知程序比对感官程序更重要。在1935年和1936年， 卡莱尔 · 雅各布森 Carlyle Jacobsen及其同事们首次揭示了前额叶切除对延时反映的不良影响。

最早提及工作记忆神经学基础的实验最早可追溯到100多年前，希齐格 Hitzig 和费里尔 Ferrier 用于描述前额叶皮质消融实验研究（PFC），当时得出结论认为额叶皮层对认知程序比对感官程序更重要。在1935年和1936年， 卡莱尔 · 雅各布森 Carlyle Jacobsen及其同事们首次揭示了前额叶切除对延时反映的不良影响。

== Theories ==

== Theories ==