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小第1行：
第1行： − + + 第60行：
第61行： − + + 第98行：
第100行： − + + 第253行：
第256行： − 功是向系统传递能量或从系统传递能量的过程，其方式可以用作用在系统外部及其周围环境之间的宏观机械力来描述。例如，外部驱动的轴在系统内搅动搅拌器，或外部施加的电场使系统材料极化，或活塞压缩系统。除非另有说明，习惯上把功看作是发生而没有其消散到环境中。实际上，在一切自然过程中，有些功是由内摩擦耗散的功是向系统传递能量或从系统传递能量的过程，其方式可以用系统外部环境因素所施加的宏观机械力来描述。例如，外部驱动的轴在系统内搅动搅拌器，或外部施加的电场使系统材料极化，或活塞压缩系统。除非另有说明，习惯上把工作看作是发生而没有其消散到环境中。实际上，在一切自然过程中，有些功是由内摩擦耗散的+ 第260行：
第263行： − + 第276行：
第279行： − 或者一般来说，以功的形式加到系统中的能量可以分为动能、势能或内能:+ 第302行：
第305行： − 其中表示被转移物质单位质量的内部能量，在周围环境中测量; 并表示被转移物质的数量。+ − + + 第310行：
第314行： − 加热是一个自然的过程，除了通过功或物质的转移，能量进出一个系统。热量的直接通过只是从一个较热的系统到一个较冷的系统。+ 第318行：
第322行： − 如果系统具有不透物质的刚性壁，因此能量不能作为功传入或传出系统，而且没有外部的长程力场影响系统以改变其内部能量，那么内部能量只能通过作为热的能量传递来改变:+ 第334行：
第338行： − 其中表示作为热量传递到系统中的能量。+ 第342行：
第346行： − 将这些原理结合在一起，就产生了能量守恒定律的一个传统陈述: 不可能建造一台机器，在没有相同能量输入的情况下，它将永久地输出工作。或者更简单地说，第一种永动机是不可能的。+ − + +
无编辑摘要
本词条由Solitude初步翻译
本词条由Solitude初步翻译
{{Thermodynamics|cTopic=Laws}}
{{Thermodynamics|cTopic=Laws}}<br>
热力学
The '''laws of thermodynamics''' define physical quantities, such as [[temperature]], [[energy]], and [[entropy]], that characterize [[thermodynamic system]]s at [[thermodynamic equilibrium]]. The laws describe the relationships between these quantities, and form a basis of precluding the possibility of certain phenomena, such as [[perpetual motion]]. In addition to their use in [[thermodynamics]], they are important fundamental [[Physical law|laws]] of [[physics]] in general, and are applicable in other natural [[sciences]].
The '''laws of thermodynamics''' define physical quantities, such as [[temperature]], [[energy]], and [[entropy]], that characterize [[thermodynamic system]]s at [[thermodynamic equilibrium]]. The laws describe the relationships between these quantities, and form a basis of precluding the possibility of certain phenomena, such as [[perpetual motion]]. In addition to their use in [[thermodynamics]], they are important fundamental [[Physical law|laws]] of [[physics]] in general, and are applicable in other natural [[sciences]].
==Zeroth law==
==Zeroth law==<br>
热力学零定律
The [[zeroth law of thermodynamics]] may be stated in the following form:
The [[zeroth law of thermodynamics]] may be stated in the following form:
==First law==
==First law==<br>
第一定律
The '''first law of thermodynamics''' is a version of the law of [[conservation of energy]], adapted for [[thermodynamic system]]s.
The '''first law of thermodynamics''' is a version of the law of [[conservation of energy]], adapted for [[thermodynamic system]]s.
* [[Work (physics)|Work]] is a process of transferring energy to or from a system in ways that can be described by macroscopic mechanical forces exerted by factors in the surroundings, outside the system. Examples are an externally driven shaft agitating a stirrer within the system, or an externally imposed electric field that polarizes the material of the system, or a piston that compresses the system. Unless otherwise stated, it is customary to treat work as occurring without its [[dissipation]] to the surroundings. Practically speaking, in all natural process, some of the work is dissipated by internal friction or viscosity. The work done by the system can come from its overall kinetic energy, from its overall potential energy, or from its internal energy.
* [[Work (physics)|Work]] is a process of transferring energy to or from a system in ways that can be described by macroscopic mechanical forces exerted by factors in the surroundings, outside the system. Examples are an externally driven shaft agitating a stirrer within the system, or an externally imposed electric field that polarizes the material of the system, or a piston that compresses the system. Unless otherwise stated, it is customary to treat work as occurring without its [[dissipation]] to the surroundings. Practically speaking, in all natural process, some of the work is dissipated by internal friction or viscosity. The work done by the system can come from its overall kinetic energy, from its overall potential energy, or from its internal energy.
功是一种以某种方式向系统传递能量或从系统传递能量的过程，其方式可以用作用在系统外部及其周围环境之间的宏观机械力来描述。'''<font color="#32CD32">例如，外部驱动的轴在系统内搅动，或外部施加的电场使系统材料极化，或活塞压缩系统。</font>'''除非另有说明，习惯上把功看作是在不影响周围环境的情况下发生的。实际上，在一切自然过程中，有些功是因内摩擦或粘黏而消失的。系统所做的功，可以来自于它的总动能，总势能或者它的内能。
For example, when a machine (not a part of the system) lifts a system upwards, some energy is transferred from the machine to the system. The system's energy increases as work is done on the system and in this particular case, the energy increase of the system is manifested as an increase in the system's gravitational potential energy. Work added to the system increases the Potential Energy of the system:
For example, when a machine (not a part of the system) lifts a system upwards, some energy is transferred from the machine to the system. The system's energy increases as work is done on the system and in this particular case, the energy increase of the system is manifested as an increase in the system's gravitational potential energy. Work added to the system increases the Potential Energy of the system:
例如，当一台机器(不是系统的一部分)将一个系统向上提升时，一些能量就会从机器转移到系统。系统的能量随着系统所做功的增加而增加，在这种特殊的情况下，系统的能量增加表现为系统的重力位能量的增加。加入系统的功增加了系统的势能:
例如，当一台机器(不是系统的一部分)将系统向上提升时，一些能量就会从机器转移到系统。系统的能量随着系统所做功的增加而增加，在这种特殊的情况下，系统的能量增加表现为系统的重力势能的增加。对系统做的增加了系统的势能:
Or in general, the energy added to the system in the form of work can be partitioned to kinetic, potential or internal energy forms:
Or in general, the energy added to the system in the form of work can be partitioned to kinetic, potential or internal energy forms:
或者一般来说，以功的形式加入系统的能量可以分为动能、势能或内能:
where denotes the internal energy per unit mass of the transferred matter, as measured while in the surroundings; and denotes the amount of transferred mass.
where denotes the internal energy per unit mass of the transferred matter, as measured while in the surroundings; and denotes the amount of transferred mass.
其中{{math|''u''}}表示在周围环境中测量的转移物质的单位质量的内能; {{math|Δ''M''}}表示被转移物质的数量。
* The flow of [[heat]] is a form of energy transfer.
* The flow of [[heat]] is a form of energy transfer.<br>
热的流动是能量传递的一种形式。
::Heating is a natural process of moving energy to or from a system other than by work or the transfer of matter. Direct passage of heat is only from a hotter to a colder system.
::Heating is a natural process of moving energy to or from a system other than by work or the transfer of matter. Direct passage of heat is only from a hotter to a colder system.
Heating is a natural process of moving energy to or from a system other than by work or the transfer of matter. Direct passage of heat is only from a hotter to a colder system.
Heating is a natural process of moving energy to or from a system other than by work or the transfer of matter. Direct passage of heat is only from a hotter to a colder system.
加热是一个将能量转移到系统中或从系统中转移出的自然过程，而不是通过做功或物质的转移。热量只能从较热的系统直接传递到较冷的系统。
If the system has rigid walls that are impermeable to matter, and consequently energy cannot be transferred as work into or out from the system, and no external long-range force field affects it that could change its internal energy, then the internal energy can only be changed by the transfer of energy as heat:
If the system has rigid walls that are impermeable to matter, and consequently energy cannot be transferred as work into or out from the system, and no external long-range force field affects it that could change its internal energy, then the internal energy can only be changed by the transfer of energy as heat:
如果系统具有不渗透物质的刚性壁，那么能量不能通过做功传入或传出系统，而且没有外部的远程力场影响系统以改变其内能，那么内能只能通过以热的形式进行传递来改变:
where denotes the amount of energy transferred into the system as heat.
where denotes the amount of energy transferred into the system as heat.
其中 {{math|''Q''}}表示以热量形式传递到系统中的能量。
Combining these principles leads to one traditional statement of the first law of thermodynamics: it is not possible to construct a machine which will perpetually output work without an equal amount of energy input to that machine. Or more briefly, a perpetual motion machine of the first kind is impossible.
Combining these principles leads to one traditional statement of the first law of thermodynamics: it is not possible to construct a machine which will perpetually output work without an equal amount of energy input to that machine. Or more briefly, a perpetual motion machine of the first kind is impossible.
结合这些原理，就可以得出传统的热力学第一定律的表述: 不可能制造一台在没有等量能量输入的情况下不断做功的机器。或者更简单地说，第一类永动机是不可能造成的。
==Second law==
==Second law==<br>
第二定律
The [[second law of thermodynamics]] indicates the irreversibility of natural processes and, in many cases, the tendency of natural processes to lead towards spatial homogeneity of matter and energy, and especially of temperature. It can be formulated in a variety of interesting and important ways.
The [[second law of thermodynamics]] indicates the irreversibility of natural processes and, in many cases, the tendency of natural processes to lead towards spatial homogeneity of matter and energy, and especially of temperature. It can be formulated in a variety of interesting and important ways.