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集体智能 (查看源代码)

2020年10月21日 (三) 12:25的版本

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{{Recommender systems}}
 
{{Recommender systems}}
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'''Collective intelligence''' ('''CI''') is shared or group intelligence that [[Emergence|emerges]] from the [[collaboration]], collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in [[consensus decision making]]. The term appears in [[sociobiology]], [[political science]] and in context of mass [[peer review]] and [[crowdsourcing]] applications. It may involve [[consensus]], [[social capital]] and formalisms such as [[voting systems]], [[social media]] and other means of quantifying mass activity.  Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to [[bacteria]]and animals.
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Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence that [[Emergence|emerges]] from the [[collaboration]], collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in [[consensus decision making]]. The term appears in [[sociobiology]], [[political science]] and in context of mass [[peer review]] and [[crowdsourcing]] applications. It may involve [[consensus]], [[social capital]] and formalisms such as [[voting systems]], [[social media]] and other means of quantifying mass activity.  Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to [[bacteria]]and animals.
    
Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity.  Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals.
 
Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity.  Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals.
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'''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智能 Collective intelligence</font>'''（简称CI,或称为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智力</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智慧</font>'''等）指的是共享的或群体的智慧，源于众多个体的协作，努力和竞争，最终在决策中达到共识。其术语经常出现在社会生物学，政治科学以及大规模同行评议和众包应用中。它可能牵涉到'''<font color="#ff8000"> 大众共识</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会资本</font>'''和形式主义，例如'''<font color="#ff8000"> 投票系统</font>'''，社交媒体和其他方式的群众活动。另一个概念是'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体智商 Collective IQ</font>'''，它是用来度量集体智能的，尽管它通常会与集体智能一词互换使用。集体智能也可以在细菌和动物群体中形成。
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<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智能 Collective intelligence</font>（简称CI,或称为<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智力</font>，<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智慧</font>等）指的是共享的或群体的智慧，源于众多个体的协作，努力和竞争，最终在决策中达到共识。其术语经常出现在社会生物学，政治科学以及大规模同行评议和众包应用中。它可能牵涉到<font color="#ff8000"> 大众共识</font>，<font color="#ff8000"> 社会资本</font>和形式主义，例如<font color="#ff8000"> 投票系统</font>，社交媒体和其他方式的群众活动。另一个概念是<font color="#ff8000"> 群体智商 Collective IQ</font>，它是用来度量集体智能的，尽管它通常会与集体智能一词互换使用。集体智能也可以在细菌和动物群体中形成。
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It can be understood as an emergent property from the synergies among: 1) data-information-knowledge; 2) software-hardware; and 3) experts (those with new insights as well as recognized authorities) that continually learns from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone; or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information. This notion of collective intelligence is referred to as "symbiotic intelligence" by Norman Lee Johnson. The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities." According to researchers Pierre Lévy and Derrick de Kerckhove, it refers to capacity of networked ICTs (Information communication technologies) to enhance the collective pool of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions.
 
It can be understood as an emergent property from the synergies among: 1) data-information-knowledge; 2) software-hardware; and 3) experts (those with new insights as well as recognized authorities) that continually learns from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone; or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information. This notion of collective intelligence is referred to as "symbiotic intelligence" by Norman Lee Johnson. The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities." According to researchers Pierre Lévy and Derrick de Kerckhove, it refers to capacity of networked ICTs (Information communication technologies) to enhance the collective pool of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions.
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以下三个要素在经过’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 协同</font>‘‘‘作用后，产生的增效现象被理解为一种'''<font color="#ff8000"> 涌现特性</font>'''：
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以下三个要素在经过<font color="#ff8000"> 协同</font>作用后，产生的增效现象被理解为一种<font color="#ff8000"> 涌现特性</font>：
 
1）数据信息知识；
 
1）数据信息知识；
 
2）软硬件；
 
2）软硬件；
 
3）专家（具有最新见解且公认权威的专家）
 
3）专家（具有最新见解且公认权威的专家）
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通过不断从反馈中学习并产生实时性知识，这三个要素的’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 协同</font>‘‘‘增效作用比它们单独采取行动来说，做出的决策会更好；或更狭义地讲，这是人与信息处理方式之间的一种'''<font color="#ff8000"> 涌现特性</font>'''。诺曼·李·约翰逊  Norman Lee Johnson将这种集体智能的概念称为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 共生智能 symbiotic intelligence</font>'''。该概念用于社会学，商业，计算机科学和大众传播学：当然，它也出现在科幻小说中。皮埃尔·列维 Pierre Lévy给出了集体智能另一个定义：“它是一种普遍的分布式智慧，通过不断增强和实时合作来有效地调动技能。我将在此定义中添加以下必不可少的特征：集体智能的基本原则和目标是丰富个体并实现相互认可，而不是对物质化或实体化社区的疯狂迷恋。”根据研究人员ierre Lévy和德里克·德·科克霍夫Derrick de Kerckhove的说法，它指的是网络’‘‘<FONT COLOR=“#FF8000”> ICTS</FONT>‘‘‘（信息通信技术Information communication technologies）通过扩大人类互动范围来增强社会知识群体的能力。
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通过不断从反馈中学习并产生实时性知识，这三个要素的<font color="#ff8000"> 协同</font>增效作用比它们单独采取行动来说，做出的决策会更好；或更狭义地讲，这是人与信息处理方式之间的一种<font color="#ff8000"> 涌现特性</font>。诺曼·李·约翰逊  Norman Lee Johnson将这种集体智能的概念称为<font color="#ff8000"> 共生智能 symbiotic intelligence</font>。该概念用于社会学，商业，计算机科学和大众传播学：当然，它也出现在科幻小说中。皮埃尔·列维 Pierre Lévy给出了集体智能另一个定义：“它是一种普遍的分布式智慧，通过不断增强和实时合作来有效地调动技能。我将在此定义中添加以下必不可少的特征：集体智能的基本原则和目标是丰富个体并实现相互认可，而不是对物质化或实体化社区的疯狂迷恋。”根据研究人员ierre Lévy和德里克·德·科克霍夫Derrick de Kerckhove的说法，它指的是网络<font color="#ff8000"> ICTs</font>（信息通信技术Information communication technologies）通过扩大人类互动范围来增强社会知识群体的能力。
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Similar to the [[G factor (psychometrics)|''g'' factor (''g'')]] for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor '''c factor''' for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from ''g''. Similarly as ''g'' is highly interrelated with the concept of [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]], this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for ''c'' and predictive validity are investigated as well.
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Similar to the [[G factor (psychometrics)|''g'' factor (''g'')]] for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from ''g''. Similarly as ''g'' is highly interrelated with the concept of [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]], this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for ''c'' and predictive validity are investigated as well.
    
Similar to the g factor (g) for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from g. Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ, this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well.
 
Similar to the g factor (g) for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from g. Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ, this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well.
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与测试个人智力的’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>‘‘‘相似，对群体智力的最新科学理解主要是提取群体的综合智力因子”c因子”，以表明一个群体执行各种任务的能力。其定义，操作方式和统计方法均同于’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>‘‘‘测试法。同样地，由于g与IQ的概念高度相关，因此这种群体智力的度量也可以解释为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体的智商（Group-IQ）</font>'''，即使该分数自身不是商。另外，还研究c值的成因和预测其有效性。
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与测试个人智力的<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>相似，对群体智力的最新科学理解主要是提取群体的综合智力因子”c因子”，以表明一个群体执行各种任务的能力。其定义，操作方式和统计方法均同于<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>测试法。同样地，由于g与IQ的概念高度相关，因此这种群体智力的度量也可以解释为<font color="#ff8000"> 群体的智商（Group-IQ）</font>，即使该分数自身不是商。另外，还研究c值的成因和预测其有效性。
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The concept (although not so named) originated in 1785 with the Marquis de Condorcet, whose "jury theorem" states that if each member of a voting group is more likely than not to make a correct decision, the probability that the highest vote of the group is the correct decision increases with the number of members of the group (see Condorcet's jury theorem).  Many theorists have interpreted Aristotle's statement in the Politics that "a feast to which many contribute is better than a dinner provided out of a single purse" to mean that just as many may bring different dishes to the table, so in a deliberation many may contribute different pieces of information to generate a better decision.  Recent scholarship, however, suggests that this was probably not what Aristotle meant but is a modern interpretation based on what we now know about team intelligence.
 
The concept (although not so named) originated in 1785 with the Marquis de Condorcet, whose "jury theorem" states that if each member of a voting group is more likely than not to make a correct decision, the probability that the highest vote of the group is the correct decision increases with the number of members of the group (see Condorcet's jury theorem).  Many theorists have interpreted Aristotle's statement in the Politics that "a feast to which many contribute is better than a dinner provided out of a single purse" to mean that just as many may bring different dishes to the table, so in a deliberation many may contribute different pieces of information to generate a better decision.  Recent scholarship, however, suggests that this was probably not what Aristotle meant but is a modern interpretation based on what we now know about team intelligence.
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这个概念（尽管没有如此命名）起源于1785年的侯爵·孔多塞Marquis de Condorcet，其“‘‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 陪审原理</font>‘‘‘指出，如果一个投票组的每个成员更有可能做出正确的决定，则该组中最高的票数是正确决定的概率会随着该组成员的数量增加而增加。（请参阅Condorcet’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 陪审原理</font>‘‘‘）。许多理论学家已经解释了亚里士多德 Aristotle在他的著作《政治》中的说法，即“集体盛宴相比较独自晚餐更加美味”，意思是每个人都可以带来各自的菜肴摆在餐桌上。引申为许多人可能会提供不同的信息片段以产生更好的决策。然而，最近的一项研究表明，这可能不是Aristotle的意思，而是根据目前我们对团队智能的了解做出的现代解释。
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这个概念（尽管没有如此命名）起源于1785年的侯爵·孔多塞Marquis de Condorcet，其<font color=“#ff8000”> 陪审原理</font>指出，如果一个投票组的每个成员更有可能做出正确的决定，则该组中最高的票数是正确决定的概率会随着该组成员的数量增加而增加。（请参阅Condorcet<font color=“#ff8000”> 陪审原理</font>）。许多理论学家已经解释了亚里士多德 Aristotle在他的著作《政治》中的说法，即“集体盛宴相比较独自晚餐更加美味”，意思是每个人都可以带来各自的菜肴摆在餐桌上。引申为许多人可能会提供不同的信息片段以产生更好的决策。然而，最近的一项研究表明，这可能不是Aristotle的意思，而是根据目前我们对团队智能的了解做出的现代解释。
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A precursor of the concept is found in entomologist William Morton Wheeler's observation that seemingly independent individuals can cooperate so closely as to become indistinguishable from a single organism (1910). Wheeler saw this collaborative process at work in ants that acted like the cells of a single beast he called a superorganism.
 
A precursor of the concept is found in entomologist William Morton Wheeler's observation that seemingly independent individuals can cooperate so closely as to become indistinguishable from a single organism (1910). Wheeler saw this collaborative process at work in ants that acted like the cells of a single beast he called a superorganism.
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一开始昆虫学家威廉·莫顿·惠勒William Morton Wheeler意识到了这一概念（1910），他观察到独立的个体之间可以紧密合作，以至于无法与某单个生物区分开。他在蚂蚁身上看到了这种协作过程，它们就像野兽的细胞一样，他称其为’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 超有机体</font>‘‘‘。
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一开始昆虫学家威廉·莫顿·惠勒William Morton Wheeler意识到了这一概念（1910），他观察到独立的个体之间可以紧密合作，以至于无法与某单个生物区分开。他在蚂蚁身上看到了这种协作过程，它们就像野兽的细胞一样，他称其为<font color=“#ff8000”> 超有机体</font>。
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In 1912 Émile Durkheim identified society as the sole source of human logical thought. He argued in "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life" that society constitutes a higher intelligence because it transcends the individual over space and time. Other antecedents are Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's concept of "noosphere" and H.G. Wells's concept of "world brain" (see also the term "global brain"). Peter Russell, Elisabet Sahtouris, and Barbara Marx Hubbard (originator of the term "conscious evolution") are inspired by the visions of a noosphere&nbsp;– a transcendent, rapidly evolving collective intelligence&nbsp;– an informational cortex of the planet. The notion has more recently been examined by the philosopher Pierre Lévy. In a 1962 research report, Douglas Engelbart linked collective intelligence to organizational effectiveness, and predicted that pro-actively 'augmenting human intellect' would yield a multiplier effect in group problem solving: "Three people working together in this augmented mode [would] seem to be more than three times as effective in solving a complex problem as is one augmented person working alone". In 1994, he coined the term 'collective IQ' as a measure of collective intelligence, to focus attention on the opportunity to significantly raise collective IQ in business and society.
 
In 1912 Émile Durkheim identified society as the sole source of human logical thought. He argued in "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life" that society constitutes a higher intelligence because it transcends the individual over space and time. Other antecedents are Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's concept of "noosphere" and H.G. Wells's concept of "world brain" (see also the term "global brain"). Peter Russell, Elisabet Sahtouris, and Barbara Marx Hubbard (originator of the term "conscious evolution") are inspired by the visions of a noosphere&nbsp;– a transcendent, rapidly evolving collective intelligence&nbsp;– an informational cortex of the planet. The notion has more recently been examined by the philosopher Pierre Lévy. In a 1962 research report, Douglas Engelbart linked collective intelligence to organizational effectiveness, and predicted that pro-actively 'augmenting human intellect' would yield a multiplier effect in group problem solving: "Three people working together in this augmented mode [would] seem to be more than three times as effective in solving a complex problem as is one augmented person working alone". In 1994, he coined the term 'collective IQ' as a measure of collective intelligence, to focus attention on the opportunity to significantly raise collective IQ in business and society.
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1912年，埃米尔·涂尔干Émile Durkheim将社会定义为人类逻辑思维的唯一来源。他在《宗教生活的基本形式》一书中指出，社会构成了一种更高的智慧，因为它在时空上超越了个人。其他先例还有弗拉基米尔·韦尔纳斯基Vladimir Vernadsky和皮埃尔·泰尔哈德·德·夏尔丁Pierre Teilhard de Chardin的’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 智能圈</font>‘‘‘概念以及赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯H.G. Wells的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 世界脑World brain</font>'''”概念（另请参见“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 全球大脑Global brain</font>'''"”一词）。Peter Russell，伊丽莎白·萨赫图里斯Elisabet Sahtouris和芭芭拉·马克思·哈伯德Barbara Marx Hubbard（‘‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 意识演化</font>‘‘‘一词的发起者）受到了’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 智能圈</font>‘‘‘的启发，即超自然的，迅速发展的集体智能，相当于地球的大脑信息皮质层。哲学家Pierre Lévy最近对该概念进行了研究。在1962年的一份研究报告中，Douglas Engelbart将集体智能与组织有效性联系起来，并预测说，积极地“增强人类智慧”将在解决群体问题方面产生事半功倍的效果：“以这种增强模式工作的三个人在解决复杂问题上的效率似乎是一个单独工作的人（同等增强幅度）的三倍以上”。1994年，他创造了“‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 群体智商</font>‘‘‘一词来衡量集体智能，以集中精力在商业和社会中寻找显著提高群体智商的机会。
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1912年，埃米尔·涂尔干Émile Durkheim将社会定义为人类逻辑思维的唯一来源。他在《宗教生活的基本形式》一书中指出，社会构成了一种更高的智慧，因为它在时空上超越了个人。其他先例还有弗拉基米尔·韦尔纳斯基Vladimir Vernadsky和皮埃尔·泰尔哈德·德·夏尔丁Pierre Teilhard de Chardin的<font color=“#ff8000”> 智能圈</font>概念以及赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯H.G. Wells的“<font color="#ff8000"> 世界脑World brain</font>”概念（另请参见“<font color="#ff8000"> 全球大脑Global brain</font>"”一词）。Peter Russell，伊丽莎白·萨赫图里斯Elisabet Sahtouris和芭芭拉·马克思·哈伯德Barbara Marx Hubbard（<font color=“#ff8000”> 意识演化</font>一词的发起者）受到了<font color=“#ff8000”> 智能圈</font>的启发，即超自然的，迅速发展的集体智能，相当于地球的大脑信息皮质层。哲学家Pierre Lévy最近对该概念进行了研究。在1962年的一份研究报告中，Douglas Engelbart将集体智能与组织有效性联系起来，并预测说，积极地“增强人类智慧”将在解决群体问题方面产生事半功倍的效果：“以这种增强模式工作的三个人在解决复杂问题上的效率似乎是一个单独工作的人（同等增强幅度）的三倍以上”。1994年，他创造了<font color=“#ff8000”> 群体智商</font>一词来衡量集体智能，以集中精力在商业和社会中寻找显著提高群体智商的机会。
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The idea of collective intelligence also forms the framework for contemporary democratic theories often referred to as epistemic democracy. Epistemic democratic theories refer to the capacity of the populace, either through deliberation or aggregation of knowledge, to track the truth and relies on mechanisms to synthesize and apply collective intelligence.
 
The idea of collective intelligence also forms the framework for contemporary democratic theories often referred to as epistemic democracy. Epistemic democratic theories refer to the capacity of the populace, either through deliberation or aggregation of knowledge, to track the truth and relies on mechanisms to synthesize and apply collective intelligence.
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集体智能的概念也构成了当代民主理论的框架，这些理论通常被称为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 认知民主Epistemic democracy</font>'''。指的是民众的能力，即通过审议或汇总知识来追踪真相，并依靠这种机制来综合运用集体智能。
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集体智能的概念也构成了当代民主理论的框架，这些理论通常被称为<font color="#ff8000"> 认知民主Epistemic democracy</font>。指的是民众的能力，即通过审议或汇总知识来追踪真相，并依靠这种机制来综合运用集体智能。
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Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior – collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of apoptosis, parallel distributed processing, group selection, and the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. Later he showed how the collective intelligences of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated "complex adaptive systems" and the "genetic algorithms", concepts pioneered by John Holland.
 
Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior – collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of apoptosis, parallel distributed processing, group selection, and the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. Later he showed how the collective intelligences of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated "complex adaptive systems" and the "genetic algorithms", concepts pioneered by John Holland.
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Howard Bloom曾讨论过大众行为（从夸克到细菌，植物，动物和人类社会的群体行为）。他强调说，生物适应性使得地球上大多数生物已经变成了所谓的“学习机器”。1986年，Bloom将'''<font color="#ff8000"> 细胞凋亡Apoptosis</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 并行分布处理Parallel distributed processing</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体选择Group selection</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 超有机体Superorganism</font>'''的概念结合在一起，产生了关于集体智能如何运作的理论。后来，他展示了如何用计算机生成的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 复杂自适应系统Complex adaptive systems</font>'''”和“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 遗传算法Genetic algorithms</font>'''”（ 由约翰·霍兰德John Holland所开创的概念）来解释竞争性细菌群落和人类社会的集体智能。
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Howard Bloom曾讨论过大众行为（从夸克到细菌，植物，动物和人类社会的群体行为）。他强调说，生物适应性使得地球上大多数生物已经变成了所谓的“学习机器”。1986年，Bloom将<font color="#ff8000"> 细胞凋亡Apoptosis</font>，<font color="#ff8000"> 并行分布处理Parallel distributed processing</font>，<font color="#ff8000"> 群体选择Group selection</font>和<font color="#ff8000"> 超有机体Superorganism</font>的概念结合在一起，产生了关于集体智能如何运作的理论。后来，他展示了如何用计算机生成的<font color="#ff8000"> 复杂自适应系统Complex adaptive systems</font>和<font color="#ff8000"> 遗传算法Genetic algorithms</font>（ 由约翰·霍兰德John Holland所开创的概念）来解释竞争性细菌群落和人类社会的集体智能。
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David Skrbina cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of panpsychism (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" and Fechner's arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind. He cites Durkheim as the most notable advocate of a "collective consciousness" and Teilhard de Chardin as a thinker who has developed the philosophical implications of the group mind.
 
David Skrbina cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of panpsychism (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" and Fechner's arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind. He cites Durkheim as the most notable advocate of a "collective consciousness" and Teilhard de Chardin as a thinker who has developed the philosophical implications of the group mind.
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大卫·斯科宾纳David Skrbina引用了“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体意识（Group mind）</font>'''”的概念，该概念源自柏拉图的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 泛心论Panpsychism</font>'''（即思想或意识无所不在，并存在于所有事物中）。他进一步发展了托马斯·霍布斯Thomas Hobbes在’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 利维坦</font>‘‘‘中表达的“群体意识”的概念，以及费希纳关于人类集体意识的论点。他认为Durkheim是“集体意识”最著名的拥护者，并且认为Teilhard de Chardin作为思想家，曾提出了“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体意识（Group mind）</font>'''”的哲学含义。
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大卫·斯科宾纳David Skrbina引用了<font color="#ff8000"> 群体意识（Group mind）</font>的概念，该概念源自柏拉图的<font color="#ff8000"> 泛心论Panpsychism</font>（即思想或意识无所不在，并存在于所有事物中）。他进一步发展了托马斯·霍布斯Thomas Hobbes在<font color=“#ff8000”> 利维坦</font>中表达的“群体意识”的概念，以及费希纳关于人类集体意识的论点。他认为Durkheim是“集体意识”最著名的拥护者，并且认为Teilhard de Chardin作为思想家，曾提出了<font color="#ff8000"> 群体意识（Group mind）</font>的哲学含义。
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Tom Atlee focuses primarily on humans and on work to upgrade what Howard Bloom calls "the group IQ". Atlee feels that collective intelligence can be encouraged "to overcome 'groupthink' and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process – while achieving enhanced intellectual performance." George Pór defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration." Atlee and Pór state that "collective intelligence also involves achieving a single focus of attention and standard of metrics which provide an appropriate threshold of action". Their approach is rooted in scientific community metaphor.
 
Tom Atlee focuses primarily on humans and on work to upgrade what Howard Bloom calls "the group IQ". Atlee feels that collective intelligence can be encouraged "to overcome 'groupthink' and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process – while achieving enhanced intellectual performance." George Pór defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration." Atlee and Pór state that "collective intelligence also involves achieving a single focus of attention and standard of metrics which provide an appropriate threshold of action". Their approach is rooted in scientific community metaphor.
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Tom Atlee则主要关注人类，以及如何提升Howard Bloom所说的“‘‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 群体智商</font>‘‘‘”。Atlee认为，可以鼓励集体智能去“克服‘群体思维'和个人的认知偏见，以使集体在一个过程中进行合作，同时产生更高的智力表现。”乔治·珀尔George Pór将集体智能现象定义为一种能力，即“人类社区通过差异化，融合，竞争和协作等创新机制，向更高层次复杂性协调发展”。 Atlee和Pór指出“集体智能还涉及实现'''<font color="#32CD32">注意力集中</font>'''和度量标准的统一，从而提供适当的行动阈值”。 '''<font color="#32CD32">他们的方法植根于科学共同体的隐喻</font>'''。
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Tom Atlee则主要关注人类，以及如何提升Howard Bloom所说的<font color=“#ff8000”> 群体智商</font>。Atlee认为，可以鼓励集体智能去“克服‘群体思维'和个人的认知偏见，以使集体在一个过程中进行合作，同时产生更高的智力表现。”乔治·珀尔George Pór将集体智能现象定义为一种能力，即“人类社区通过差异化，融合，竞争和协作等创新机制，向更高层次复杂性协调发展”。 Atlee和Pór指出“集体智能还涉及实现<font color="#32CD32">注意力集中</font>和度量标准的统一，从而提供适当的行动阈值”。 <font color="#32CD32">他们的方法植根于科学共同体的隐喻</font>。
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The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Anita Woolley presents Collective intelligence as a measure of group intelligence and group creativity. The idea is that a measure of collective intelligence covers a broad range of features of the group, mainly group composition and group interaction. The features of composition that lead to increased levels of collective intelligence in groups include criteria such as higher numbers of women in the group as well as increased diversity of the group.
 
The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Anita Woolley presents Collective intelligence as a measure of group intelligence and group creativity. The idea is that a measure of collective intelligence covers a broad range of features of the group, mainly group composition and group interaction. The features of composition that lead to increased levels of collective intelligence in groups include criteria such as higher numbers of women in the group as well as increased diversity of the group.
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术语“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 团体智慧Collective intelligence</font>'''”有时可以与“集体智能”一词互换使用。安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley认为集体智能，可以衡量集体智慧和创造力。即集体智能的度量能涵盖群体的广泛特征，主要包括群体组成和群体互动。导致群体中集体智能水平提高的组成特征包括：群体中女性人数增加以及群体内多样性增加等。
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术语<font color="#ff8000"> 团体智慧Collective intelligence</font>有时可以与<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智能Collective intelligence</font>一词互换使用。安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley认为集体智能，可以衡量集体智慧和创造力。即集体智能的度量能涵盖群体的广泛特征，主要包括群体组成和群体互动。导致群体中集体智能水平提高的组成特征包括：群体中女性人数增加以及群体内多样性增加等。
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  Peering: Horizontal organization as with the 'opening up' of the Linux program where users are free to modify and develop it provided that they make it available for others. Peering succeeds because it encourages self-organization&nbsp;– a style of production that works more effectively than hierarchical management for certain tasks.
 
  Peering: Horizontal organization as with the 'opening up' of the Linux program where users are free to modify and develop it provided that they make it available for others. Peering succeeds because it encourages self-organization&nbsp;– a style of production that works more effectively than hierarchical management for certain tasks.
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‘‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>对等性</font>‘‘‘<br>
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<font color=“#32CD32”>对等性</font><br>
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‘‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 横向组织</font>‘‘‘具有和Linux程序一样的“开放性”，用户在被允许的情况下，可以自由修改和开发该程序。这种’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>对等性</font>‘‘‘的成功是因为它鼓励自组织形式，这种形式的生产方式比某些任务的分层管理更有效。
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<font color=“#ff8000”> 横向组织</font>具有和Linux程序一样的“开放性”，用户在被允许的情况下，可以自由修改和开发该程序。这种<font color=“#32CD32”>对等性</font>的成功是因为它鼓励自组织形式，这种形式的生产方式比某些任务的分层管理更有效。
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A new scientific understanding of collective intelligence defines it as a group's general ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are similar to the [[G factor (psychometrics)|psychometric approach of general individual intelligence]]. Hereby, an individual's performance on a given set of cognitive tasks is used to measure general cognitive ability indicated by the general intelligence [[G factor (psychometrics)|factor ''g'']] extracted via [[factor analysis]]. In the same vein as g serves to display between-individual performance differences on cognitive tasks, collective intelligence research aims to find a parallel intelligence factor for groups c factor') displaying between-group differences on task performance. The collective intelligence score then is used to predict how this same group will perform on any other similar task in the future. Yet tasks, hereby, refer to mental or intellectual tasks performed by small groups Since individuals' g factor scores are highly correlated with full-scale IQ scores, which are in turn regarded as good estimates of g, this measurement of collective intelligence can also be seen as an intelligence indicator or quotient respectively for a group (Group-IQ) parallel to an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se.
 
A new scientific understanding of collective intelligence defines it as a group's general ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are similar to the [[G factor (psychometrics)|psychometric approach of general individual intelligence]]. Hereby, an individual's performance on a given set of cognitive tasks is used to measure general cognitive ability indicated by the general intelligence [[G factor (psychometrics)|factor ''g'']] extracted via [[factor analysis]]. In the same vein as g serves to display between-individual performance differences on cognitive tasks, collective intelligence research aims to find a parallel intelligence factor for groups c factor') displaying between-group differences on task performance. The collective intelligence score then is used to predict how this same group will perform on any other similar task in the future. Yet tasks, hereby, refer to mental or intellectual tasks performed by small groups Since individuals' g factor scores are highly correlated with full-scale IQ scores, which are in turn regarded as good estimates of g, this measurement of collective intelligence can also be seen as an intelligence indicator or quotient respectively for a group (Group-IQ) parallel to an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se.
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对集体智能最新的科学理解，是将其定义为一个团队执行各种任务的综合能力。定义，可操作性和统计方法类似于’‘‘<FONT COLOR=“#32CD32”>G因素(心理测量学，常规个人智力的计量方法)</FONT>‘‘‘。因此，在给定的一组认知任务上的个人表现被用于计量综合认知能力，通过因子分析法算出其’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>智力因子g</font>‘‘‘。同理，g用于表达认知任务与个体之间的表现差异，集体智能研究的目的是为群体“c因子”（也称为“集体智力因子”（CI））找到一个类似的智力因子，以显示任务表现上群体间的差异。然后，将集体智力得分用于预测该组将来执行其他类似任务的表现。然而，目前任务的内容设置还局限在针对小团体的心智任务，尽管一开始的概念是希望能涉及的更广泛，比如说从家庭到公司甚至整个城市的任何团体或人群。由于个体的’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>‘‘‘得分与全方位IQ得分密切相关，并且后者还可以恰当的估计’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>‘‘‘，因此集体智能测量的结果同样可以被视为是一个群体的智力指标或商（Group-IQ），类似于个人智商（IQ），虽然该分数本身不是商。
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对集体智能最新的科学理解，是将其定义为一个团队执行各种任务的综合能力。定义，可操作性和统计方法类似于<FONT COLOR=“#32CD32”>G因素(心理测量学，常规个人智力的计量方法)</FONT>。因此，在给定的一组认知任务上的个人表现被用于计量综合认知能力，通过因子分析法算出其<font color=“#32CD32”>智力因子g</font>。同理，g用于表达认知任务与个体之间的表现差异，集体智能研究的目的是为群体“c因子”（也称为“集体智力因子”（CI））找到一个类似的智力因子，以显示任务表现上群体间的差异。然后，将集体智力得分用于预测该组将来执行其他类似任务的表现。然而，目前任务的内容设置还局限在针对小团体的心智任务，尽管一开始的概念是希望能涉及的更广泛，比如说从家庭到公司甚至整个城市的任何团体或人群。由于个体的<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>得分与全方位IQ得分密切相关，并且后者还可以恰当的估计<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>，因此集体智能测量的结果同样可以被视为是一个群体的智力指标或商（Group-IQ），类似于个人智商（IQ），虽然该分数本身不是商。
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从数学上讲，c和g都是变量，假设不同团队或个人在不同任务（但相似）中的表现具有可比性,这两个变量均描述了该团队或个人在不同任务之间的正相关性。’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>因此，c表示的是团队之间的差异，在给定相关人口设置的其他组相比，它仅被视为该组在c因子上的设置结果。g</font>‘‘‘‘‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>需要注意的是，该概念与竞争假设（包括其他可以解释群体智能的相关结构）形成对比，例如由个体人格研究中发现的一些同样重要但相互独立的因素组合。g</font>‘‘‘
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从数学上讲，c和g都是变量，假设不同团队或个人在不同任务（但相似）中的表现具有可比性,这两个变量均描述了该团队或个人在不同任务之间的正相关性。<font color=“#32CD32”>因此，c表示的是团队之间的差异，在给定相关人口设置的其他组相比，它仅被视为该组在c因子上的设置结果。g</font><font color=“#32CD32”>需要注意的是，该概念与竞争假设（包括其他可以解释群体智能的相关结构）形成对比，例如由个体人格研究中发现的一些同样重要但相互独立的因素组合。g</font>
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Group members' social sensitivity was measured via the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RME) and correlated .26 with c. or 'mind reading', which refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires or intents, to other people and in how far people understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions or perspectives different from their own ones. and constantly differentiates control groups from individuals with functional autism or Asperger Syndrome. ToM can be regarded as an associated subset of skills and abilities within the broader concept of emotional intelligence.
 
Group members' social sensitivity was measured via the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RME) and correlated .26 with c. or 'mind reading', which refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires or intents, to other people and in how far people understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions or perspectives different from their own ones. and constantly differentiates control groups from individuals with functional autism or Asperger Syndrome. ToM can be regarded as an associated subset of skills and abilities within the broader concept of emotional intelligence.
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'''<font color="#32CD32">小组成员的社交敏感度通过“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 眼神阅读测试Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test</font>'''”（RME）并与c关联（0.26）或’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 读心术</font>‘‘‘进行测量。这里要求参与者检测图片中呈现的其他人眼中表达的思维或感觉，并以选择题形式进行评估。该测试旨在衡量人们的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 心智理论Theory of mind（ToM）</font>'''，也称为“心理化”或“思想阅读”，指的是感受他人心理状态的能力（例如信念，欲望或意图），当他们的信念，欲望，意图或观点与自己有所不同时，能在多大程度上理解他人。RME是针对成人的ToM测试，显示出足够的重测信度，并不断将对照组与患有功能性自闭症或阿斯伯格综合症的个体区分开来。它是成人ToM最广泛接受和验证良好的测试之一。在更宽泛的情商概念中，ToM可被视为技能的相关子集。</font>'''
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<font color="#32CD32">小组成员的社交敏感度通过“<font color="#ff8000"> 眼神阅读测试Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test</font>”（RME）并与c关联（0.26）或<font color=“#ff8000”> 读心术</font>进行测量。这里要求参与者检测图片中呈现的其他人眼中表达的思维或感觉，并以选择题形式进行评估。该测试旨在衡量人们的<font color="#ff8000"> 心智理论Theory of mind（ToM）</font>，也称为“心理化”或“思想阅读”，指的是感受他人心理状态的能力（例如信念，欲望或意图），当他们的信念，欲望，意图或观点与自己有所不同时，能在多大程度上理解他人。RME是针对成人的ToM测试，显示出足够的重测信度，并不断将对照组与患有功能性自闭症或阿斯伯格综合症的个体区分开来。它是成人ToM最广泛接受和验证良好的测试之一。在更宽泛的情商概念中，ToM可被视为技能的相关子集。</font>
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The proportion of females as a predictor of ''c'' was '''largely mediated by social sensitivity ([[Sobel test|Sobel]] z = 1.93, P= 0.03)''' which is in vein with previous research showing that women score higher on social sensitivity tests. While a [[Mediation (statistics)|mediation]], statistically speaking, clarifies the mechanism underlying the relationship between a dependent and an independent variable,Wolley agreed in an interview with the Harvard Business Review that these findings are saying that groups of women are smarter than groups of men.[46] However, she relativizes this stating that the actual important thing is the high social sensitivity of group members.[46]
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The proportion of females as a predictor of ''c'' was largely mediated by social sensitivity ([[Sobel test|Sobel]] z = 1.93, P= 0.03) which is in vein with previous research showing that women score higher on social sensitivity tests. While a [[Mediation (statistics)|mediation]], statistically speaking, clarifies the mechanism underlying the relationship between a dependent and an independent variable,Wolley agreed in an interview with the Harvard Business Review that these findings are saying that groups of women are smarter than groups of men.[46] However, she relativizes this stating that the actual important thing is the high social sensitivity of group members.[46]
    
The proportion of females as a predictor of c was largely mediated by social sensitivity (Sobel z = 1.93, P= 0.03) Wolley agreed in an interview with the Harvard Business Review that these findings are saying that groups of women are smarter than groups of men. However, she relativizes this stating that the actual important thing is the high social sensitivity of group members.
 
The proportion of females as a predictor of c was largely mediated by social sensitivity (Sobel z = 1.93, P= 0.03) Wolley agreed in an interview with the Harvard Business Review that these findings are saying that groups of women are smarter than groups of men. However, she relativizes this stating that the actual important thing is the high social sensitivity of group members.
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女性占比作为因子c的预测因素主要是通过社会敏感性’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>介导</font>‘‘‘（Sobel z = 1.93，P = 0.03），这与之前的研究结果相符，即女性在社会敏感性测试中得分更高。从统计学上讲，’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>介导</font>‘‘‘，从统计学上讲，澄清了因变量和自变量之间关系的基本机制。伍利在接受《哈佛商业评论》采访时曾表示这个发现说明了女性群体比男性群体更聪明。但是，她也就这个结论’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>做了相对化的陈述</font>‘‘‘，实际上重要的是团体成员的高度社会敏感性。
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女性占比作为因子c的预测因素主要是通过社会敏感性<font color=“#32CD32”>介导</font>（Sobel z = 1.93，P = 0.03），这与之前的研究结果相符，即女性在社会敏感性测试中得分更高。从统计学上讲，<font color=“#32CD32”>介导</font>，从统计学上讲，澄清了因变量和自变量之间关系的基本机制。伍利在接受《哈佛商业评论》采访时曾表示这个发现说明了女性群体比男性群体更聪明。但是，她也就这个结论<font color=“#32CD32”>做了相对化的陈述</font>，实际上重要的是团体成员的高度社会敏感性。
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It is theorized that the collective intelligence factor c is an emergent property resulting from bottom-up as well as top-down processes. Hereby, bottom-up processes cover aggregated group-member characteristics. Top-down processes cover group structures and norms that influence a group's way of collaborating and coordinating.
 
It is theorized that the collective intelligence factor c is an emergent property resulting from bottom-up as well as top-down processes. Hereby, bottom-up processes cover aggregated group-member characteristics. Top-down processes cover group structures and norms that influence a group's way of collaborating and coordinating.
   −
从理论上讲，集体智力因子c是由自下而上和自上而下共同产生的’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 涌现特性</font>‘‘‘。因此，自下而上的过程涉及聚合组成员的特征，自上而下的过程涉及团队结构，以及协作协调方式对团队风格的影响。
+
从理论上讲，集体智力因子c是由自下而上和自上而下共同产生的<font color=“#ff8000”> 涌现特性</font>。因此，自下而上的过程涉及聚合组成员的特征，自上而下的过程涉及团队结构，以及协作协调方式对团队风格的影响。
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To address the problems of serialized aggregation of input among large-scale groups, recent advancements collective intelligence have worked to replace serialized votes, polls, and markets, with parallel systems such as "human swarms" modeled after synchronous swarms in nature.  Based on natural process of Swarm Intelligence, these artificial swarms of networked humans enable participants to work together in parallel to answer questions and make predictions as an emergent collective intelligence.  In one high-profile example, a human swarm challenge by CBS Interactive to predict the Kentucky Derby.  The swarm correctly predicted the first four horses, in order, defying 542–1 odds and turning a $20 bet into $10,800.
 
To address the problems of serialized aggregation of input among large-scale groups, recent advancements collective intelligence have worked to replace serialized votes, polls, and markets, with parallel systems such as "human swarms" modeled after synchronous swarms in nature.  Based on natural process of Swarm Intelligence, these artificial swarms of networked humans enable participants to work together in parallel to answer questions and make predictions as an emergent collective intelligence.  In one high-profile example, a human swarm challenge by CBS Interactive to predict the Kentucky Derby.  The swarm correctly predicted the first four horses, in order, defying 542–1 odds and turning a $20 bet into $10,800.
   −
为了解决大规模群体之间因为输入序列化汇总的问题，目前的进展是，集体智能已经淘汰了序列化的选票，民意测验和市场，进而采用了以自然群体为蓝本的并行系统，例如“人类集群Human swarms”。基于'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体智能Swarm Intelligence</font>'''（注意区分Collective intelligence）的自然执行过程，这些由人类联网组成的人工集群使参与者可以并行工作来解决问题，并为涌现集体智能做出预测。在一个引人注目的示例中，CBS Interactive（美国著名媒体公司）进行了人类集群的挑战以预测肯塔基德比（美国著名跑马赛）。这群人正确地预测了前四匹马，顺次击败了542-1的赔率，将20美元的赌注变成了10,800美元。
+
为了解决大规模群体之间因为输入序列化汇总的问题，目前的进展是，集体智能已经淘汰了序列化的选票，民意测验和市场，进而采用了以自然群体为蓝本的并行系统，例如“人类集群Human swarms”。基于<font color="#ff8000"> 群体智能Swarm Intelligence</font>（注意区分Collective intelligence）的自然执行过程，这些由人类联网组成的人工集群使参与者可以并行工作来解决问题，并为涌现集体智能做出预测。在一个引人注目的示例中，CBS Interactive（美国著名媒体公司）进行了人类集群的挑战以预测肯塔基德比（美国著名跑马赛）。这群人正确地预测了前四匹马，顺次击败了542-1的赔率，将20美元的赌注变成了10,800美元。
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Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi, & Malone (2010), a well-established taxonomy of group tasks. Tasks were chosen from all four quadrants of the circumplex and included visual puzzles, brainstorming, making collective moral judgments, and negotiating over limited resources. The results in these tasks were taken to conduct a factor analysis. Both studies showed support for a general collective intelligence factor c underlying differences in group performance with an initial eigenvalue accounting for 43% (44% in study 2) of the variance, whereas the next factor accounted for only 18% (20%). That fits the range normally found in research regarding a general individual intelligence factor g typically accounting for 40% to 50% percent of between-individual performance differences on cognitive tests.
 
Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi, & Malone (2010), a well-established taxonomy of group tasks. Tasks were chosen from all four quadrants of the circumplex and included visual puzzles, brainstorming, making collective moral judgments, and negotiating over limited resources. The results in these tasks were taken to conduct a factor analysis. Both studies showed support for a general collective intelligence factor c underlying differences in group performance with an initial eigenvalue accounting for 43% (44% in study 2) of the variance, whereas the next factor accounted for only 18% (20%). That fits the range normally found in research regarding a general individual intelligence factor g typically accounting for 40% to 50% percent of between-individual performance differences on cognitive tests.
   −
伍利，察布里斯，彭特兰，哈什米（2010）是集体智能这一科学概念的创始人，他们在192个群体的研究中发现了集体智能的单一统计因子，这192个群体的成员均是从公众中随机招募的。研究中，每个组群都是基于'''<font color="#ff8000"> 麦格拉思任务环McGrath Task Circumplex</font>'''（一种完善的小组任务分类法）进行合作。这些任务是从四个象限中选择的，包括视觉难题，头脑风暴，集体道德判断以及就有限的资源进行谈判。将这些任务中的结果用于因子分析。两项研究均显示出了综合集群智力因子c的特征，并且根据群体的不同表现出了一定的差异，其初始特征值约占这些差异的43％（研究2中为44％），而另一个因子仅占18％（20％）。该数据与综合个体智力因子g的范围相符，通常在认知测验中占个体间性能差异的40％至50％。
+
伍利，察布里斯，彭特兰，哈什米（2010）是集体智能这一科学概念的创始人，他们在192个群体的研究中发现了集体智能的单一统计因子，这192个群体的成员均是从公众中随机招募的。研究中，每个组群都是基于<font color="#ff8000"> 麦格拉思任务环McGrath Task Circumplex</font>（一种完善的小组任务分类法）进行合作。这些任务是从四个象限中选择的，包括视觉难题，头脑风暴，集体道德判断以及就有限的资源进行谈判。将这些任务中的结果用于因子分析。两项研究均显示出了综合集群智力因子c的特征，并且根据群体的不同表现出了一定的差异，其初始特征值约占这些差异的43％（研究2中为44％），而另一个因子仅占18％（20％）。该数据与综合个体智力因子g的范围相符，通常在认知测验中占个体间性能差异的40％至50％。
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One measure sometimes applied, especially by more artificial intelligence focused theorists, is a "collective intelligence quotient" (or "cooperation quotient") – which can be normalized from the "individual" intelligence quotient (IQ) – thus making it possible to determine the marginal intelligence added by each new individual participating in the collective action, thus using metrics to avoid the hazards of group think and stupidity
 
One measure sometimes applied, especially by more artificial intelligence focused theorists, is a "collective intelligence quotient" (or "cooperation quotient") – which can be normalized from the "individual" intelligence quotient (IQ) – thus making it possible to determine the marginal intelligence added by each new individual participating in the collective action, thus using metrics to avoid the hazards of group think and stupidity
   −
有时候我们会采用另一种度量方式表达，称为“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智商Collective intelligence quotient</font>'''” （或“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 合作商Cooperation quotient</font>'''”），它特别受到以人工智能为研究重点的理论家的青睐。它可以由“个体”智商归一化处理后得到。因此可以进一步确定参加集体行动的新增组员所带来的额外边际智商，还可以使用度量标准来避免由群体愚蠢思维带来的危险。
+
有时候我们会采用另一种度量方式表达，称为“<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智商Collective intelligence quotient</font>” （或“<font color="#ff8000"> 合作商Cooperation quotient</font>”），它特别受到以人工智能为研究重点的理论家的青睐。它可以由“个体”智商归一化处理后得到。因此可以进一步确定参加集体行动的新增组员所带来的额外边际智商，还可以使用度量标准来避免由群体愚蠢思维带来的危险。
      第557行： 第557行：  
In 2012, the Global Futures Collective Intelligence System (GFIS) was created by The Millennium Project, which epitomizes collective intelligence as the synergistic intersection among data/information/knowledge, software/hardware, and expertise/insights that has a recursive learning process for better decision-making than the individual players alone.
 
In 2012, the Global Futures Collective Intelligence System (GFIS) was created by The Millennium Project, which epitomizes collective intelligence as the synergistic intersection among data/information/knowledge, software/hardware, and expertise/insights that has a recursive learning process for better decision-making than the individual players alone.
   −
2012年，千年计划创建了'''<font color="#ff8000"> 全球集体智能系统Global Futures Collective Intelligence System（GFIS）</font>'''，因为它将数据/信息/知识，软件/硬件以及技术/见解进行了协同处理，使其成为了集体智能最贴切的代表。与单独的各项参与模块相比，它具有递归学习的处理能力，可以更好地进行决策。
+
2012年，千年计划创建了<font color="#ff8000"> 全球集体智能系统Global Futures Collective Intelligence System（GFIS）</font>，因为它将数据/信息/知识，软件/硬件以及技术/见解进行了协同处理，使其成为了集体智能最贴切的代表。与单独的各项参与模块相比，它具有递归学习的处理能力，可以更好地进行决策。
      第920行： 第920行：  
* [[Wiki]]
 
* [[Wiki]]
   −
* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 全民科学</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 全民科学</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 公民智力</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 公民智力</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 协同过滤</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 协同过滤</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 合作创新网络</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 合作创新网络</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体决策</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 群体决策</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体欢腾</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 集体欢腾</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体泡腾</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 集体泡腾</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体记忆</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 集体记忆</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 解决集体问题</font>'''
+
* <font color="#ff8000"> 解决集体问题</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 群众心理学</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 群众心理学</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 全球意识项目</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 全球意识项目</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体行为</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 群体行为</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体思维（科幻小说）</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 集体思维（科幻小说）</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 知识生态系统</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 知识生态系统</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 心里演化-智力的涌现与发展</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 心里演化-智力的涌现与发展</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 开源智力</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 开源智力</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 推荐系统</font>'''
+
* <font color="#ff8000"> 推荐系统</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 聪明行动族</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 聪明行动族</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会商务</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 社会商务</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会信息处理</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 社会信息处理</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 共识主动性</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 共识主动性</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体个性</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 群体个性</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 群众智慧</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 群众智慧</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 智囊团</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 智囊团</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 维基百科</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 维基百科</font>
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* [[Preference elicitation]]
 
* [[Preference elicitation]]
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 蜂群算法</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 蜂群算法</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 元胞自动机</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 元胞自动机</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 协同人力翻译</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 协同人力翻译</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 协同软件</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 协同软件</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 连通性（图论）</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 连通性（图论）</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 企业书签</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 企业书签</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 基于人员的计算</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 基于人员的计算</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 开源软件</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 开源软件</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 有机计算</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 有机计算</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 偏好诱导</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 偏好诱导</font>
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* [[Open-space meeting]]
 
* [[Open-space meeting]]
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 客户参与</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 客户参与</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 分散性知识</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 分散性知识</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 分布式认知</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 分布式认知</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 便利（商业）</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 便利（商业）</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 促进者</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 促进者</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 第一百只猴子效应</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 第一百只猴子效应</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 跟上琼斯</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 跟上琼斯</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 图书馆</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 图书馆</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 亚历山大图书馆</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 亚历山大图书馆</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 模因（模仿传递行为）</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 模因（模仿传递行为）</font>
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* '''<font color="#ff8000"> 开放空间会议</font>'''
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* <font color="#ff8000"> 开放空间会议</font>
     
Vicky
99

个编辑

取自“https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php/特殊:移动版差异/16013”

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