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第4行： − − {{Infobox scientist − − {信息盒科学家 − − − | image = Boltzmann2.jpg − − 2.jpg − − | image_size = 225px − − − 225px − − − | caption = Ludwig Boltzmann − − 图片来源: 路德维希·玻尔兹曼 − − | birth_name = Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann − − − 出生名字 = 路德维希·玻尔兹曼 − − − | birth_date = − − 出生日期 − − − | birth_place= Vienna, Austrian Empire − − 出生地: 奥地利帝国维也纳 − − − | death_date = − − 死亡日期 − − − | death_place= Tybein, Triest, Austria-Hungary − − 死亡地点: Tybein，Triest，Austria-Hungary − − − | death_cause = Suicide by hanging − − 死因 = 上吊自杀 − − − | nationality = Austrian − − | 国籍: 奥地利 − − − | alma_mater = University of Vienna − − 维也纳大学 − − − | doctoral_advisor = Josef Stefan − − 博士导师约瑟夫 · 斯蒂芬 − − − | academic_advisors = {{plainlist| − − 学术顾问 = { plainlist | − − − − − − | doctoral_students = {{Plainlist| − − − 博士生 = { Plainlist | − − − − − − − | notable_students = {{Plainlist| − − − 2012年10月12日 − − − − − | known_for = {{Plainlist| − − 已知 | for = {{ Plainlist | − − − − − − − − − − − − − }} − − − }} − − − | signature = Ludwig Boltzmann signature.svg − − 签名 = 路德维希·玻尔兹曼/签名 − − − | field = Physics − − | field = 物理 − − | work_institution = {{Plainlist| − − − 2009年10月11日 − − − − − + − + − + − 1899年，马克斯 · 普朗克将这个常数命名为波兹曼常数。+ − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + + + + + + + + + + +
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{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| image = Boltzmann2.jpg
| image = Boltzmann2.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Ludwig Boltzmann
| caption = Ludwig Boltzmann
| birth_name = Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann
| birth_name = Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1844|2|20|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1844|2|20|mf=y}}
| birth_place= [[Vienna]], [[Austrian Empire]]
| birth_place= [[Vienna]], [[Austrian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1906|9|5|1844|2|20|mf=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1906|9|5|1844|2|20|mf=y}}
| death_place= [[Tybein]], [[Triest]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_place= [[Tybein]], [[Triest]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_cause = [[Suicide by hanging]]
| death_cause = [[Suicide by hanging]]
| nationality = Austrian
| nationality = Austrian
| alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Josef Stefan]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Josef Stefan]]
| academic_advisors = {{plainlist|
| academic_advisors = {{plainlist|
*[[Robert Bunsen]]
*[[Robert Bunsen]]
*[[Leo Königsberger]]
*[[Leo Königsberger]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Gustav Kirchhoff]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]}}
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz]]}}
| doctoral_students = {{Plainlist|
| doctoral_students = {{Plainlist|
* [[Paul Ehrenfest]]
* [[Paul Ehrenfest]]
* [[Philipp Frank]]
* [[Philipp Frank]]
* [[Gustav Herglotz]]
* [[Gustav Herglotz]]
* [[Franc Hočevar]]
* [[Franc Hočevar]]
* [[Ignacij Klemenčič]]}}
* [[Ignacij Klemenčič]]}}
| notable_students = {{Plainlist|
| notable_students = {{Plainlist|
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Stefan Meyer (physicist)|Stefan Meyer]]}}
*[[Stefan Meyer (physicist)|Stefan Meyer]]}}
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* [[Boltzmann constant]]
* [[Boltzmann constant]]
* [[Boltzmann equation]]
* [[Boltzmann equation]]
* [[Boltzmann distribution]]
* [[Boltzmann distribution]]
* [[Detailed balance]]
* [[Detailed balance]]
* [[H-theorem|''H''-theorem]]
* [[H-theorem|''H''-theorem]]
* [[Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution]]
* [[Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution]]
* [[Stefan–Boltzmann constant]]
* [[Stefan–Boltzmann constant]]
* [[Stefan–Boltzmann law]]
* [[Stefan–Boltzmann law]]
* [[Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics]]
* [[Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics]]
* [[Boltzmann factor]]
* [[Boltzmann factor]]
* [[Epistemological idealism]]
* [[Epistemological idealism]]
}}
}}
| signature = Ludwig Boltzmann signature.svg
| signature = Ludwig Boltzmann signature.svg
| field = [[Physics]]
| field = [[Physics]]
| work_institution = {{Plainlist|
| work_institution = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Graz]]
* [[University of Graz]]
* [[University of Vienna]]
* [[University of Vienna]]
* [[University of Munich]]
* [[University of Munich]]
* [[University of Leipzig]]}}
* [[University of Leipzig]]}}
| prizes = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] (1899)<ref name=frs/>
| prizes = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] (1899)<ref name=frs/>
}}
| prizes = ForMemRS (1899) Max Planck named the constant, , the Boltzmann constant.
'''Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann''' ({{IPA-de|ˈluːtvɪg ˈbɔlt͡sman}}; February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an [[Austria]]n [[physicist]] and [[philosopher]]. His greatest achievements were the development of [[statistical mechanics]], and the statistical explanation of the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. In 1877 he provided the current definition of [[entropy]], <math>S = k_{\rm B} \ln \Omega \!</math>, interpreted as a measure of statistical disorder of a system.<ref name="EncycloBritan">{{cite book
|last1= Klein
|first1= Martin
|year= 1970
|orig-year= 1768
|chapter= Boltzmann, Ludwig
|editor1-last= Preece
|editor1-first= Warren E.
|title= Encyclopædia Britannica
|type=hard cover
|language= English
|volume= 3
|edition= Commemorative Edition for Expo 70
|location= Chicago
|publisher= William Benton
|publication-date= 1970
|page= 893a
|isbn= 0852291353
}}
}}
</ref> [[Max Planck]] named the constant, {{math|''k''<sub>B</sub>}}, the [[Boltzmann constant]].<ref>{{Citation
| last = Partington
| first = J.R.
| author-link = J.R. Partington
| title = An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry
| volume = volume 1, ''Fundamental Principles'', ''The Properties of Gases''
| place = London
| publisher = [[Longman|Longmans, Green and Co.]]
| series =
| origyear =
| year = 1949
| page = 300}}</ref>