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Self-reference in art is closely related to the concepts of breaking the fourth wall and meta-reference, which often involve self-reference. The short stories of Jorge Luis Borges play with self-reference and related paradoxes in many ways. Samuel Beckett's Krapp's Last Tape consists entirely of the protagonist listening to and making recordings of himself, mostly about other recordings. During the 1990s and 2000s filmic self-reference was a popular part of the rubber reality movement, notably in Charlie Kaufman's films Being John Malkovich and Adaptation, the latter pushing the concept arguably to its breaking point as it attempts to portray its own creation, in a dramatized version of the Droste effect.

Self-reference in art is closely related to the concepts of breaking the fourth wall and meta-reference, which often involve self-reference. The short stories of Jorge Luis Borges play with self-reference and related paradoxes in many ways. Samuel Beckett's Krapp's Last Tape consists entirely of the protagonist listening to and making recordings of himself, mostly about other recordings. During the 1990s and 2000s filmic self-reference was a popular part of the rubber reality movement, notably in Charlie Kaufman's films Being John Malkovich and Adaptation, the latter pushing the concept arguably to its breaking point as it attempts to portray its own creation, in a dramatized version of the Droste effect.

艺术中的<font color="#ff8000"> 自指</font>与打破第四道墙和元参考的概念密切相关。豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯的短篇小说在许多方面玩弄着<font color="#ff8000"> 自指</font>和相关的悖论。塞缪尔 · 贝克特的<font color="#ff8000"> 话剧《克拉普的最后碟带》</font>完全由主人公自己听录音组成，大部分是关于其他录音的。在20世纪90年代和21世纪初，电影自指是橡胶现实运动的一个流行部分，特别是在查理考夫曼的《约翰·马尔科维奇》电影和改编中，后者可以说是把这一概念推动到了临近崩溃的边缘，它试图在一个德罗斯特效应剧本化的版本里描绘自己的创作。

艺术中的<font color="#ff8000"> 自指</font>与打破第四道墙和元参考的概念密切相关。豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯的短篇小说在许多方面玩弄着<font color="#ff8000"> 自指</font>和相关的悖论。塞缪尔 · 贝克特的<font color="#ff8000"> 话剧《克拉普的最后碟带》</font>完全由主人公自己听录音组成，大部分是关于其他录音的。在20世纪90年代和21世纪初，电影自指是橡胶现实运动的一个流行部分，特别是在查理考夫曼的电影<font color="#ff8000"> 《成为约翰·马尔科维奇》</font>和改编作品中，后者可以说是把这一概念推动到了临近崩溃的边缘，因为它试图在一个德罗斯特效应剧本化的版本里描绘自己的创作。

The surrealist painter René Magritte is famous for his self-referential works. His painting The Treachery of Images, includes the words "this is not a pipe", the truth of which depends entirely on whether the word ceci (in English, "this") refers to the pipe depicted&mdash;or to the painting or the word or sentence itself. M.C. Escher's art also contains many self-referential concepts such as hands drawing themselves.

The surrealist painter René Magritte is famous for his self-referential works. His painting The Treachery of Images, includes the words "this is not a pipe", the truth of which depends entirely on whether the word ceci (in English, "this") refers to the pipe depicted&mdash;or to the painting or the word or sentence itself. M.C. Escher's art also contains many self-referential concepts such as hands drawing themselves.

超现实主义画家勒内 · 马格利特以<font color="#ff8000"> 自指</font>著称。他的画作《形象的叛逆》有“这不是烟斗”的字样，其真实性完全取决于单词 ceci (英语中的“ this”)是指所描绘的烟斗，还是指画作或单词或句子本身。M.c.埃舍尔的艺术也包含了许多<font color="#ff8000"> 自指</font>的概念，比如手绘本身。

超现实主义画家勒内 · 马格利特以<font color="#ff8000"> 自指</font>著称。<font color="#ff8000"> 其真实性完全取决于单词 ceci (英语中的“ this”)是指画作所描绘的烟斗，还是指画作本身，抑或“ceci”这个单词，或者是指这个句子本身。</font>他的画作《形象的叛逆》有“这不是烟斗”的字样，M.c.埃舍尔的艺术也包含了许多<font color="#ff8000"> 自指</font>的概念，<font color="#ff8000"> 比如他的手绘作品</font>。

== In language 语言学==

== In language 语言学==

A word that describes itself is called an autological word (or autonym). This generally applies to adjectives, for example sesquipedalian (i.e. "sesquipedalian" is a sesquipedalian word), but can also apply to other parts of speech, such as TLA, as a three-letter abbreviation for "three-letter abbreviation".

A word that describes itself is called an autological word (or autonym). This generally applies to adjectives, for example sesquipedalian (i.e. "sesquipedalian" is a sesquipedalian word), but can also apply to other parts of speech, such as TLA, as a three-letter abbreviation for "three-letter abbreviation".

一个描述自己的词叫做自动词(或自动词)。这通常适用于形容词，例如 多音节的sesquipedalian (即“ sesquipedalian”是一个多音节的的单词) ，但也可以用于其他词类，如 TLA，作为“三个字母缩写”的三个字母的缩写。

一个描述自己的词叫做自动词(或自动词)。这通常适用于形容词，例如 <font color="#ff8000">例如英文中“多音节”一词sesquipedalian </font>(即“ sesquipedalian”是一个多音节的的单词) ，但也可以用于其他词类，如 TLA，作为“三个字母缩写”的三个字母的缩写。

There is a special case of meta-sentence in which the content of the sentence in the metalanguage and the content of the sentence in the object language are the same. Such a sentence is referring to itself. However some meta-sentences of this type can lead to paradoxes. "This is a sentence." can be considered to be a self-referential meta-sentence which is obviously true. However "This sentence is false" is a meta-sentence which leads to a self-referential paradox. Such sentences can lead to problems, for example, in law, where statements bringing laws into existence can contradict one another or themselves. Kurt Gödel claimed to have found such a paradox in the US constitution at his citizenship ceremony.

There is a special case of meta-sentence in which the content of the sentence in the metalanguage and the content of the sentence in the object language are the same. Such a sentence is referring to itself. However some meta-sentences of this type can lead to paradoxes. "This is a sentence." can be considered to be a self-referential meta-sentence which is obviously true. However "This sentence is false" is a meta-sentence which leads to a self-referential paradox. Such sentences can lead to problems, for example, in law, where statements bringing laws into existence can contradict one another or themselves. Kurt Gödel claimed to have found such a paradox in the US constitution at his citizenship ceremony.

元语句中的句子内容与宾语中的句子内容相同是元语句句子的一种特殊情况。这样的句子指的是它自己。然而，这种类型的元句子也可能导致悖论。“这是一个句子。”可以认为是一个自指的元语句，这显然是正确的。然而，“这句话是假的”是一个元句子，它导致了一个自指悖论。这样的句子可能会导致问题，例如，在法律中，使法律存在的陈述可能会相互矛盾或自相矛盾。库尔特•哥德尔(Kurt Gödel)在他的公民身份仪式上宣称，他在美国宪法中发现了这样一个悖论。

元语句中的句子内容与宾语中的句子内容相同是元语句的一种特殊情况。这样的句子指的是它自己。然而，这种类型的元语句也可能导致悖论。“这是一个句子。”可以认为是一个自指的元语句，这显然是正确的。然而，“这句话是假的”是一个元句子，它导致了一个自指悖论。这样的句子可能会导致问题，例如，在法律中，<font color="#ff8000"> 元语句使法条的陈述</font>可能会相互矛盾或自相矛盾。库尔特•哥德尔(Kurt Gödel)在他的公民身份仪式上宣称，他在美国宪法中发现了这样一个悖论。

Self-reference occasionally occurs in the media when it is required to write about itself, for example the BBC reporting on job cuts at the BBC. Notable encyclopedias may be required to feature articles about themselves, such as Wikipedia's article on Wikipedia.

Self-reference occasionally occurs in the media when it is required to write about itself, for example the BBC reporting on job cuts at the BBC. Notable encyclopedias may be required to feature articles about themselves, such as Wikipedia's article on Wikipedia.

Fumblerules are a list of rules of good grammar and writing, demonstrated through sentences that violate those very rules, such as "Avoid cliches like the plague" and "Don't use no double negatives". The term was coined in a published list of such rules by William Safire.

Fumblerules are a list of rules of good grammar and writing, demonstrated through sentences that violate those very rules, such as "Avoid cliches like the plague" and "Don't use no double negatives". The term was coined in a published list of such rules by William Safire.

<font color="#ff8000"> 失球规则Fumblerules</font>是一系列好的语法和写作规则，通过一些违反这些规则的句子展现出来，比如“避免像瘟疫一样的陈词滥调”和“不要使用没有双重否定”。这个术语是威廉 · 萨菲尔在一份已发表的规则列表中创造出来的。

<font color="#ff8000"> 失球规则Fumblerules</font>是一系列好的语法和写作规则，<font color="#ff8000">描述这些规则的句子本身违反了这些规则 </font>，比如“避免像瘟疫一样的陈词滥调”和“不要使用没有双重否定”。这个术语是威廉 · 萨菲尔在一份她发表的规则列表中创造出来的。

==In popular culture在流行文化中==

==In popular culture在流行文化中==