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第9行： − + + − The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.<ref name=oed /> However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref> In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "'''wholism'''", and it may be contrasted with [[reductionism]] or [[atomism]].<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> − The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.+ − − 整体论的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用整体论来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。<ref name=oed /> 然而，在整体论的一般用法中，“整体论”通常指整体优于部分之和的观点。<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref>在这个含义下，整体论也被称为<font color="#ff8000">整体主义 wholism </font> ，并与<font color="#ff8000">还原论 reductionism</font>或<font color="#ff8000"> 原子论 atomism </font>形成对比。<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> − − − === Diet and health饮食与健康 === 第24行：
第19行： − 当用于饮食或医疗健康时，术语“整体”指的是对食物、饮食或生活方式的直觉方法。<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>举个例子，在整体医学的背景下，整体论是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是他/她的身体状况或症状。<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>从这个意义上讲，整体论也可以称为<font color="#ff8000"> 整体主义 holiatry </font>。<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref>医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人基础推荐几种方法。<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>宗教机构的信徒，如<font color="#ff8000">印度教 Hinduism </font> <ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref>、<font color="#ff8000">神道教 Shinto </font><ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref>和<font color="#ff8000">基督复临安息日会 Seventh-Day Adventist Church </font> <ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>的信徒，他们使用一个全面的饮食和健康的方法，事实证明，他们比周围人口的寿命更长。+ − −
→Meaning含义
==Meaning含义==
==含义==
'''整体论 holism'''的确切含义取决于语境。Smuts最初用整体论来指自然界中从单元结构的有序组合中产生整体的倾向。<ref name=oed /> 然而，在整体论的一般用法中，“整体论”通常指整体优于部分之和的观点。<ref name=poynton>J. C. Poynton (1987) SMUTS'S HOLISM AND EVOLUTION SIXTY YEARS ON, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 46:3, 181-189, DOI:10.1080/00359198709520121</ref>在这个含义下，整体论也被称为<font color="#ff8000">整体主义 wholism </font> ，并与<font color="#ff8000">还原论 reductionism</font>或<font color="#ff8000"> 原子论 atomism </font>形成对比。<ref> "wholism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/228738. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>
===饮食与健康 ===
The term holistic when applied to [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or medical [[health]] refers to [[intuitive]] approach to [[food]], [[eating]], or [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]].<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> One example is in the context of [[holistic medicine]], "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> In this sense, holism may also be called "'''holiatry'''".<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref> Several approaches are used by [[medical doctors]], [[dietitian]]s, and [[religion|religious]] institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref> [[Shinto]],<ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref> and the [[Seventh-Day Adventist Church]].<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
The term holistic when applied to [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] or medical [[health]] refers to [[intuitive]] approach to [[food]], [[eating]], or [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]].<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> One example is in the context of [[holistic medicine]], "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms.<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> In this sense, holism may also be called "'''holiatry'''".<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref> Several approaches are used by [[medical doctors]], [[dietitian]]s, and [[religion|religious]] institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis.<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref> [[Shinto]],<ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref> and the [[Seventh-Day Adventist Church]].<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
The term holistic when applied to diet or medical health refers to intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic medicine, "holism" refers to treating all aspects of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only his/her physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry". Several approaches are used by medical doctors, dietitians, and religious institutions, usually recommended based on an individual basis. Adherents of religious institutions, that practice a holistic dietary and health approach, have been shown have longer lifespans than those of surrounding populations, including Hinduism, and the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>
当用于饮食或医疗健康时，术语“整体 holistic”指的是对食物、饮食或生活方式的直觉方法。<ref name="Chesak 2018">{{cite web | last=Chesak | first=Jennifer | title=The No BS Guide to Holistic, Healthier Eating | website=Healthline | date=October 23, 2018 | url=https://www.healthline.com/health/food-nutrition/how-to-start-intuitive-eating | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>举个例子，在整体医学的背景下，整体论是指治疗一个人健康的所有方面，包括心理和社会因素，而不仅仅是他/她的身体状况或症状。<ref>"holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>从这个意义上讲，整体论也可以称为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 整体主义 holiatry </font>'''。<ref>[https://www.dictionary.com/browse/holism Dictionary.com: holism]</ref>医生、营养师和宗教机构通常根据个人基础推荐几种方法。<ref name="Fenton 2010">{{cite web | last=Fenton | first=Crystal | title=Holistic Diet | website=LIVESTRONG.COM | date=April 16, 2010 | url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/107401-holistic-diet/ | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="doctoroz.com 2011">{{cite web | title=28-Day Holistic Health Overhaul | website=doctoroz.com | date=January 27, 2011 | url=https://www.doctoroz.com/article/28-day-holistic-health-overhaul | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TODAY.com 2016">{{cite web | title=8 foods for a longer, healthier life | website=TODAY.com | date=October 21, 2016 | url=https://www.today.com/health/eat-adventist-8-foods-longer-healthier-life-t13901 | access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref>宗教机构的信徒，如'''<font color="#ff8000">印度教 Hinduism </font>''' <ref name="Fenton 2010"></ref>、'''<font color="#ff8000">神道教 Shinto </font>'''<ref name="Eesti Rahvaluule">{{cite web | title=FACING THE SPIRITS: ILLNESS AND HEALING IN A JAPANESE COMMUNITY | website=Eesti Rahvaluule | url=http://www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/ingl/kalland.html | access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref>和'''<font color="#ff8000">基督复临安息日会 Seventh-Day Adventist Church </font> '''<ref name="TODAY.com 2016"></ref>的信徒，他们使用一个全面的饮食和健康的方法，事实证明，他们比周围人口的寿命更长。
==参见 ==
==参见 ==