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Emergent evolution was the hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points, usually because of an unpredictable rearrangement of the already existing entities. The term was originated by the psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan in 1922 in his Gifford Lectures at St. Andrews, which would later be published as the 1923 book Emergent Evolution.

Emergent evolution was the hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points, usually because of an unpredictable rearrangement of the already existing entities. The term was originated by the psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan in 1922 in his Gifford Lectures at St. Andrews, which would later be published as the 1923 book Emergent Evolution.

   

   

<font color="#ff8000">涌现进化</font> Emergent evolution 是一种假设，即在进化过程中，一些全新的特性，如心智和意识，在某些关键点出现，通常是由于已经存在的实体发生了不可预测的重新排列。这个术语是心理学家 康韦·劳埃德·摩根 C. Lloyd Morgan 于1922年在圣安德鲁斯的《吉福德讲座》中提出的，该讲座后来作为1923年的《涌现进化论》一书出版。

<font color="#ff8000">'''涌现进化'''</font> Emergent evolution 是一种假设，即在进化过程中，一些全新的特性，如心智和意识，在某些关键点出现，通常是由于已经存在的实体发生了不可预测的重新排列。这个术语是心理学家 <font color="#ff8000">'''康韦·劳埃德·摩根 C. Lloyd Morgan'''</font> 于1922年在圣安德鲁斯的《吉福德讲座》中提出的，该讲座后来作为1923年的《涌现进化论》一书出版。<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/emergentevolutio00morg_0|title=Emergent evolution : the Gifford lectures, delivered in the University of St. Andrews in the year 1922|last=Morgan|first=Conway Lloyd|date=1923|publisher=New York : Henry Holt and Company ; London : William and Norgate|others=MIT Libraries}}</ref><ref name="Bowler 2001">Bowler, Peter J. (2001). ''Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain''. University of Chicago Press. pp. 140-142, pp. 376-384. {{ISBN|0-226-06858-7}}</ref>

 

The hypothesis was widely criticized for providing no mechanism to how entirely new properties emerge, and for its historical roots in [[teleology]].

The hypothesis was widely criticized for providing no mechanism to how entirely new properties emerge, and for its historical roots in [[teleology]].

The hypothesis was widely criticized for providing no mechanism to how entirely new properties emerge, and for its historical roots in teleology.

The hypothesis was widely criticized for providing no mechanism to how entirely new properties emerge, and for its historical roots in teleology.

该假说被广泛批评，因为它没有为全新的属性如何涌现提供机制，而且它的历史根源于<font color="#ff8000">目的论 teleology</font>。

该假说被广泛批评，因为它没有为全新的属性如何涌现提供机制，而且它的历史根源于<font color="#ff8000">目的论 teleology</font>。<ref name="Bowler 2001"/>

== Historical context ==

== 历史背景 Historical context ==

The term ''[[emergence|emergent]]'' was first used to describe the concept by [[George Lewes]] in volume two of his 1875 book ''Problems of Life and Mind'' (p.&nbsp;412).  [[Henri Bergson]] covered similar themes in his popular 1907 book ''[[Creative Evolution (book)|Creative Evolution]]'' on the [[Élan vital]].  Emergence was further developed by [[Samuel Alexander]] in his [[Gifford Lectures]] at [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]] during 1916–18 and published as ''Space, Time, and Deity'' (1920).  The related term ''emergent evolution'' was coined by [[C. Lloyd Morgan]] in his own Gifford lectures of 1921–22 at [[University of St. Andrews|St. Andrews]] and published as ''Emergent Evolution'' (1923). In an appendix to a lecture in his book, Morgan acknowledged the contributions of [[Roy Wood Sellars]]'s ''Evolutionary Naturalism'' (1922).

The term ''[[emergence|emergent]]'' was first used to describe the concept by [[George Lewes]] in volume two of his 1875 book ''Problems of Life and Mind'' (p.&nbsp;412).  [[Henri Bergson]] covered similar themes in his popular 1907 book ''[[Creative Evolution (book)|Creative Evolution]]'' on the [[Élan vital]].  Emergence was further developed by [[Samuel Alexander]] in his [[Gifford Lectures]] at [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]] during 1916–18 and published as ''Space, Time, and Deity'' (1920).  The related term ''emergent evolution'' was coined by [[C. Lloyd Morgan]] in his own Gifford lectures of 1921–22 at [[University of St. Andrews|St. Andrews]] and published as ''Emergent Evolution'' (1923). In an appendix to a lecture in his book, Morgan acknowledged the contributions of [[Roy Wood Sellars]]'s ''Evolutionary Naturalism'' (1922).

The term emergent was first used to describe the concept by George Lewes in volume two of his 1875 book Problems of Life and Mind (p.&nbsp;412).  Henri Bergson covered similar themes in his popular 1907 book Creative Evolution on the Élan vital.  Emergence was further developed by Samuel Alexander in his Gifford Lectures at Glasgow during 1916–18 and published as Space, Time, and Deity (1920).  The related term emergent evolution was coined by C. Lloyd Morgan in his own Gifford lectures of 1921–22 at St. Andrews and published as Emergent Evolution (1923). In an appendix to a lecture in his book, Morgan acknowledged the contributions of Roy Wood Sellars's Evolutionary Naturalism (1922).

The term emergent was first used to describe the concept by George Lewes in volume two of his 1875 book Problems of Life and Mind (p.&nbsp;412).  Henri Bergson covered similar themes in his popular 1907 book Creative Evolution on the Élan vital.  Emergence was further developed by Samuel Alexander in his Gifford Lectures at Glasgow during 1916–18 and published as Space, Time, and Deity (1920).  The related term emergent evolution was coined by C. Lloyd Morgan in his own Gifford lectures of 1921–22 at St. Andrews and published as Emergent Evolution (1923). In an appendix to a lecture in his book, Morgan acknowledged the contributions of Roy Wood Sellars's Evolutionary Naturalism (1922).

刘易士 George Lewes 在其1875年出版的《生命和心灵问题 Problems of Life and Mind》一书的第二卷中首次使用了涌现一词来描述这一概念(p.&nbsp;412)。 亨利·柏格森  Henri Bergson 在他1907年流行的《创造进化论 Creative Evolution》（Élan vital）一书中也涉及了类似的主题。 1916-1918年间，塞缪尔·亚历山大 Samuel Alexander 在格拉斯哥的《吉福德讲座 Gifford lectures》中进一步发展了涌现这个概念，并以《空间、时间和神性 Space, Time, and Deity》（1920）的形式出版。 相关的术语"涌现进化"是由 C. Lloyd Morgan 于1921-1922年在自己在圣安德鲁斯的吉福德讲座中创造的，并以《涌现进化 Emergent Evolution》（1923）出版。C. Lloyd Morgan 在其书中的一篇讲座的附录中，承认了 塞拉斯 Roy Wood Sellars的《进化的自然主义 Evolutionary Naturalism》（1922）的贡献。

<font color="#ff8000">'''刘易斯 George Lewes '''</font>在其1875年出版的<font color="#ff8000">'''《生命和心灵问题 Problems of Life and Mind》'''</font>一书的第二卷中首次使用了涌现一词来描述这一概念(p.&nbsp;412)。 <font color="#ff8000">'''亨利·柏格森  Henri Bergson'''</font> 在他1907年流行的<font color="#ff8000">'''《创造进化论 Creative Evolution》'''</font>（Élan vital）一书中也涉及了类似的主题。 1916-1918年间，<font color="#ff8000">'''塞缪尔·亚历山大 Samuel Alexander '''</font>在格拉斯哥的《吉福德讲座 Gifford lectures》中进一步发展了涌现这个概念，并以<font color="#ff8000">'''《空间、时间和神性 Space, Time, and Deity》'''</font>（1920）的形式出版。 相关的术语"涌现进化"是由<font color="#ff8000">''' C. Lloyd Morgan '''</font>于1921-1922年在自己在圣安德鲁斯的吉福德讲座中创造的，并以《涌现进化》（1923）出版。C. Lloyd Morgan 在其书中的一篇讲座的附录中，承认了 塞拉斯 的<font color="#ff8000">'''《进化的自然主义 Evolutionary Naturalism》'''</font>（1922）的贡献。

== Origins ==

==起源 Origins ==

=== Response to Darwin's ''Origin of Species'' ===

=== 对达尔文“物种起源”的回应 Response to Darwin's ''Origin of Species'' ===