更改

跳到导航 跳到搜索
删除420字节 、 2020年12月27日 (日) 22:13
无编辑摘要
第9行: 第9行:  
==进化的新因素 A New Factor in Evolution==
 
==进化的新因素 A New Factor in Evolution==
   −
1896年,美国心理学家'''詹姆斯·马克·鲍德温 James Mark Baldwin'''在一篇名为《进化的新因素 A New Factor in Evolution》的论文中提出了这一效应,该效应当时还未曾命名。该文提出了一种针对一般学习能力的具体选择机制。正如'''罗伯特·理查兹 Robert Richards'''解释的那样:<ref name=Richards1987>{{cite book | author=Richards, Robert J. | year=1987 | title=Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior| publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago | isbn=978-0-226-71199-7 | page=399| author-link=Robert J. Richards }}</ref>
+
1896年,美国心理学家'''詹姆斯·马克·鲍德温 James Mark Baldwin'''在一篇名为《进化的新因素 A New Factor in Evolution》的论文中提出了这一效应,该效应当时还未曾命名。该文提出了一种针对一般学习能力的具体选择机制。正如'''罗伯特·理查兹 Robert Richards'''解释的那样:<ref name=Richards1987>{{cite book | author=Richards, Robert J. | year=1987 | title=Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior| publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago | isbn=978-0-226-71199-7 | page=399}}</ref>
    
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
第32行: 第32行:       −
正如'''<font color="#ff8000">斯蒂格勒定律 Stigler's Law</font>'''所指,随后的研究表明,鲍德温并不是第一个发现这个过程的人; '''道格拉斯·斯波尔丁 Douglas Spalding'''在1873年提到过这个过程。<ref>Noble, R.; [[Denis Noble|Noble, D.]] (2017) Was the Watchmaker Blind? Or Was She One-Eyed? ''Biology'' 2017, 6(4), 47; doi:10.3390/biology6040047, quoting Bateson, P. The adaptability driver: Links between behaviour and evolution. Biol. Theory 2006, 1, 342–345.</ref>
+
正如'''<font color="#ff8000">斯蒂格勒定律 Stigler's Law</font>'''所指,随后的研究表明,鲍德温并不是第一个发现这个过程的人; '''道格拉斯·斯波尔丁 Douglas Spalding'''在1873年提到过这个过程。<ref>Noble, R.; Denis Noble (2017) Was the Watchmaker Blind? Or Was She One-Eyed? ''Biology'' 2017, 6(4), 47; doi:10.3390/biology6040047, quoting Bateson, P. The adaptability driver: Links between behaviour and evolution. Biol. Theory 2006, 1, 342–345.</ref>
    
<br>
 
<br>
第48行: 第48行:  
==争议和认同 Controversy and acceptance ==
 
==争议和认同 Controversy and acceptance ==
   −
最初,鲍德温的观点与广泛流传但未加验证的关于遗传信息传递机制的观点并不矛盾,且在1896年至少有两位生物学家提出了非常相似的观点。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=C. L. |authorlink=C. Lloyd Morgan |year=1896 |title=On modification and variation |journal=Science|volume=4|issue=99 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1126/science.4.99.733|pmid=17735249 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448227 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=H. F. |authorlink=Henry Fairfield Osborne |year=1896 |title=Ontogenic and phylogenic variation |journal=Science |volume=4|issue=100 |pages=786–789 |doi=10.1126/science.4.100.786|pmid=17734840 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448151 }}</ref> 1901年,'''莫里斯·梅特林克 Maurice Maeterlinck'''提到不同种类的蜜蜂对当时气候的行为适应,称这种适应“因此,过去仅仅是一种昆虫的聪明才智,与本能相对立的东西,慢慢地变成了一种本能的习惯。<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Life of the Bee|last=Materlinck |first=Maurice |authorlink=Maurice Maeterlinck |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co. |year=1901 |location=New York |pages=Chapter VII section 102}}</ref>鲍德温效应理论随后变得更具争议性,学者们分化为“鲍德温支持者”和“鲍德温怀疑论者”。<ref name="depew03">Depew, David J. (2003), "Baldwin Boosters, Baldwin Skeptics" in: {{cite book |title=Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered |last=Weber |first=Bruce H. |first2=David J. |last2=Depew |year=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-23229-6 |pages=3–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBtRzBilw1MC&pg=PR9&dq=baldwin+effect#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> 1953年'''乔治·盖洛德·辛普森 George Gaylord Simpson'''首次命名该理论为“鲍德温效应”。<ref name="depew03" /> Simpson“承认该思想在理论上是一致的,即与现代综合观点不矛盾”,但他怀疑这种现象非常频繁地发生,或者是否可以被证实会发生。Simpson在接受鲍德温效应理论的讨论中指出,该理论似乎在'''新达尔文主义 neo-Darwinian'''和'''新拉马克主义 neo-Lamarckian'''方法之间提供了和解,而“'''孟德尔学说 Mendelism'''和后来的遗传理论如此彻底地排除了新拉马克主义的极端立场,以至于和解似乎是没有必要的”。<ref name="Simpson 1953">{{cite journal |title=The Baldwin effect|last=Simpson |first=George Gaylord |author-link=George Gaylord Simpson |year=1953 |journal=Evolution |volume=7 | issue=2 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}</ref>1942年,进化生物学家'''朱利安·赫胥黎 Julian Huxley'''将鲍德温效应作为现代进化综论的一部分加以推广,称进化论者过度忽视了这一概念。<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Baldwin effect |authorlink=George Gaylord Simpson |author=Simpson, George Gaylord |year=1953 |journal=Evolution |volume=7 | issue=2 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}</ref> <ref name=Julian1942>{{cite book | authorlink=Julian Huxley |author=Huxley, Julian |year=1942 |location=London |title=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd|title-link=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis }}</ref>
+
最初,鲍德温的观点与广泛流传但未加验证的关于遗传信息传递机制的观点并不矛盾,且在1896年至少有两位生物学家提出了非常相似的观点。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=C. L. |year=1896 |title=On modification and variation |journal=Science|volume=4|issue=99 |pages=733–740 |doi=10.1126/science.4.99.733|pmid=17735249 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448227 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=H. F. |year=1896 |title=Ontogenic and phylogenic variation |journal=Science |volume=4|issue=100 |pages=786–789 |doi=10.1126/science.4.100.786|pmid=17734840 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448151 }}</ref> 1901年,'''莫里斯·梅特林克 Maurice Maeterlinck'''提到不同种类的蜜蜂对当时气候的行为适应,称这种适应“因此,过去仅仅是一种昆虫的聪明才智,与本能相对立的东西,慢慢地变成了一种本能的习惯。<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Life of the Bee|last=Materlinck |first=Maurice |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co. |year=1901 |location=New York |pages=Chapter VII section 102}}</ref>鲍德温效应理论随后变得更具争议性,学者们分化为“鲍德温支持者”和“鲍德温怀疑论者”。<ref name="depew03">Depew, David J. (2003), "Baldwin Boosters, Baldwin Skeptics" in: {{cite book |title=Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered |last=Weber |first=Bruce H. |first2=David J. |last2=Depew |year=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-23229-6 |pages=3–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBtRzBilw1MC&pg=PR9&dq=baldwin+effect#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> 1953年'''乔治·盖洛德·辛普森 George Gaylord Simpson'''首次命名该理论为“鲍德温效应”。<ref name="depew03" /> Simpson“承认该思想在理论上是一致的,即与现代综合观点不矛盾”,但他怀疑这种现象非常频繁地发生,或者是否可以被证实会发生。Simpson在接受鲍德温效应理论的讨论中指出,该理论似乎在'''新达尔文主义 neo-Darwinian'''和'''新拉马克主义 neo-Lamarckian'''方法之间提供了和解,而“'''孟德尔学说 Mendelism'''和后来的遗传理论如此彻底地排除了新拉马克主义的极端立场,以至于和解似乎是没有必要的”。<ref name="Simpson 1953">{{cite journal |title=The Baldwin effect|last=Simpson |first=George Gaylord|year=1953 |journal=Evolution |volume=7 | issue=2 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}</ref>1942年,进化生物学家'''朱利安·赫胥黎 Julian Huxley'''将鲍德温效应作为现代进化综论的一部分加以推广,称进化论者过度忽视了这一概念。<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Baldwin effect |author=Simpson, George Gaylord |year=1953 |journal=Evolution |volume=7 | issue=2 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.2307/2405746|jstor=2405746 }}</ref> <ref name=Julian1942>{{cite book |author=Huxley, Julian |year=1942 |location=London |title=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis |publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd|title-link=Evolution: The Modern Synthesis }}</ref>
      第55行: 第55行:  
# 这个论点是从个体基因型的角度来阐述的,而真正暴露在选择压力下的是表型和遗传可变的种群;
 
# 这个论点是从个体基因型的角度来阐述的,而真正暴露在选择压力下的是表型和遗传可变的种群;
 
# 没有充分强调表型的改变程度本身是受遗传控制的;
 
# 没有充分强调表型的改变程度本身是受遗传控制的;
# 假定表型刚性选择地优于表型柔性。<ref name=Mayr1963>{{cite book| authorlink=Ernst Mayr |author=Mayr, Ernst |year=1963 |location=Cambridge, MA |title=Animal Species and Evolution| url=https://archive.org/details/animalspeciesevo00mayr | url-access=registration |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03750-2}}</ref>
+
# 假定表型刚性选择地优于表型柔性。<ref name=Mayr1963>{{cite book| author=Mayr, Ernst |year=1963 |location=Cambridge, MA |title=Animal Species and Evolution| url=https://archive.org/details/animalspeciesevo00mayr | url-access=registration |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03750-2}}</ref>
      −
1987年,'''杰弗里·辛顿 Geoffrey Hinton''' 和 '''史蒂芬·诺兰 Steven Nowlan''' 通过计算机模拟证明了学习可以加速进化,他们将此与鲍德温效应联系起来。<ref>{{cite journal |title=How learning can guide evolution |last=Hinton |first=Geoffrey E. |author-link=Geoffrey Hinton |last2=Nowlan |first2=Steven J. |year=1987 |journal=Complex Systems |volume=1 |pages=495–502}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=When learning guides evolution|authorlink=John Maynard Smith |author=Maynard Smith, John |year=1987 |journal=Nature |volume=329 |issue=6142 |pages=761–762 |doi=10.1038/329761a0|pmid=3670381 }}</ref><ref name=Puentedura2003>{{cite book| author=Puentedura, Ruben R. |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA |chapter=The Baldwin effect in the age of computation |title=Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered |editor-last=Weber |editor-first=Bruce H. |editor-last2=Depew |editor-first2=David J.|publisher=MIT press |pages=219–234}}</ref>
+
1987年,'''杰弗里·辛顿 Geoffrey Hinton''' 和 '''史蒂芬·诺兰 Steven Nowlan''' 通过计算机模拟证明了学习可以加速进化,他们将此与鲍德温效应联系起来。<ref>{{cite journal |title=How learning can guide evolution |last=Hinton |first=Geoffrey E. |last2=Nowlan |first2=Steven J. |year=1987 |journal=Complex Systems |volume=1 |pages=495–502}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=When learning guides evolution|author=Maynard Smith, John |year=1987 |journal=Nature |volume=329 |issue=6142 |pages=761–762 |doi=10.1038/329761a0|pmid=3670381 }}</ref><ref name=Puentedura2003>{{cite book| author=Puentedura, Ruben R. |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA |chapter=The Baldwin effect in the age of computation |title=Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered |editor-last=Weber |editor-first=Bruce H. |editor-last2=Depew |editor-first2=David J.|publisher=MIT press |pages=219–234}}</ref>
      −
'''保罗·格里菲斯 Paul Griffiths'''<ref name=Griffiths2003>{{cite book| author=Griffiths, Paul E. |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA|chapter=Beyond the Baldwin effect: James Mark Baldwin’s ‘social heredity,’ epigenetic inheritance, and niche construction|title=Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered|publisher=MIT press|pages=193–215|editor-last=Weber |editor-first=Bruce H. |editor-last2=Depew |editor-first2=David J.}}</ref>指出了人们对鲍德温效应怀有持久兴趣的两个原因。首先,我们可以理解心智在这种效应中所扮演的角色。二是其中发展与演变的关系。鲍德温关于神经生理和意识心理因素如何促成这种效应的解释,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Heredity and instinct|last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark |author-link=James Mark Baldwin|year=1896 |journal=Science |volume=3 |issue=64|pages=438–441, 558–561|doi=10.1126/science.3.64.438 |pmid=17780356|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448082 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Consciousness and evolution |last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark |author-link=James Mark Baldwin|year=1896 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=3 |issue=3|pages=300–309 |doi=10.1037/h0063996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A new factor in evolution |last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark |author-link=James Mark Baldwin|year=1896 |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=30 |issue=354|pages=441–451, 536–553 |doi=10.1086/276408|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0c1386d88cb54eb17c6a2745cd4bf15dbb3f2b09 }}</ref>使人们更加关注意识可能的存在价值问题。<ref name=Lindahl2001>{{cite book| author=Lindahl, B. I. B. |year=2001 |location=Amsterdam |chapter=Consciousness, behavioural patterns and the direction of biological evolution: implications for the mind–brain problem |title=Dimensions of Conscious Experience |publisher=John Benjamins |pages=73–99 |editor-last=Pylkkänen |editor-first=Paavo |editor-last2=Vadén |editor-first2=Tere |isbn=978-90-272-5157-2}}</ref>
+
'''保罗·格里菲斯 Paul Griffiths'''<ref name=Griffiths2003>{{cite book| author=Griffiths, Paul E. |year=2003|location=Cambridge, MA|chapter=Beyond the Baldwin effect: James Mark Baldwin’s ‘social heredity,’ epigenetic inheritance, and niche construction|title=Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered|publisher=MIT press|pages=193–215|editor-last=Weber |editor-first=Bruce H. |editor-last2=Depew |editor-first2=David J.}}</ref>指出了人们对鲍德温效应怀有持久兴趣的两个原因。首先,我们可以理解心智在这种效应中所扮演的角色。二是其中发展与演变的关系。鲍德温关于神经生理和意识心理因素如何促成这种效应的解释,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Heredity and instinct|last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark|year=1896 |journal=Science |volume=3 |issue=64|pages=438–441, 558–561|doi=10.1126/science.3.64.438 |pmid=17780356|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448082 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Consciousness and evolution |last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark |year=1896 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=3 |issue=3|pages=300–309 |doi=10.1037/h0063996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A new factor in evolution |last=Baldwin |first=J. Mark|year=1896 |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=30 |issue=354|pages=441–451, 536–553 |doi=10.1086/276408|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0c1386d88cb54eb17c6a2745cd4bf15dbb3f2b09 }}</ref>使人们更加关注意识可能的存在价值问题。<ref name=Lindahl2001>{{cite book| author=Lindahl, B. I. B. |year=2001 |location=Amsterdam |chapter=Consciousness, behavioural patterns and the direction of biological evolution: implications for the mind–brain problem |title=Dimensions of Conscious Experience |publisher=John Benjamins |pages=73–99 |editor-last=Pylkkänen |editor-first=Paavo |editor-last2=Vadén |editor-first2=Tere |isbn=978-90-272-5157-2}}</ref>
     
7,129

个编辑

导航菜单